LIBRARY 


University  of  California.""^^ 


GIF^T   OF^ 


Mrs.  SARAH  P.  WALSWORTH. 

Received  October,  18^4. 
z/lccessions  No,  S*Y/>^3'      Class  No. /c?Q  - ; 


.•4/  Jj'mii/ 


/ 


'/ 


^liU  , 


Sr^'  :^^ 


^-■"- 


Uil 


'^■ 


Anthon's    Latin    Grammar.  —  Part   I. 


FIRST    LATIN    LESSONS,' 


CONTAINING 


TIIE  MOST  IMPORTANT  TARTS  OF  THE 


GRAMMAR  OF  THE  LATIN  LANGUAGE, 


TOGETHER 


WITH   APPROPRIATE   EXERCISES   IN    THE    TRANS- 
LATING   i»4i)-W-**a:iNG   OF 


i»«)-W-**j;i 

LATIN, 


THE    USE     OF     BEGINNERS. 


CHARLES  ANTHON,  LLC, 


VY-PROFESSOR  OF  THE  GREEK  AND  LATIN  LANGUAGES  IN  COLUMBIA  COLLEGE, 
NEW  YORK,  AND  RECTOR  OF  THE  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL 


m 


^iJIPOlC 


NE.W    YORK; 
HARPER    &    BROTHERS,   PUBLISHERS, 

PEARL   STREET,   FRANKLIN   SQUARE 
1857. 


)  J  ^ 


/ 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1838,  by 

Charles  Anthon, 
In  the  Clerk's  Oj2ice  of  the  Southern  Di«trict  of  New  York. 


1 9'^7  •        ^^viiii 

REV.  WILLIAM  C.  LARRABEE,  A.M., 

PRINCIPAL  OF   THE   MAINE   WESLEYAN   SEMINARY, 

WHO   HAS 

RECOMMENDED    HIMSELF   TO  THE    FRIENDS    OF   I.ITERATUBF 

BY    HIS    TALENTS    AND    VIRTUES, 

\ND    ESPECIALLY    BY    HIS    UNTIRING   LABOURS    IN    THE 

CAUSE    OP    SOUND    EDUCATION, 

T  H  I  S    W  O  R  K 

18  RESPECTFULLY   AND   SINCERELY   DEDICATED. 


™i7BESIT7] 


...  i 


.>ui 


PREFACE  An 

THE      SIXTH      EDITION.  ^^  ^  Jt/Lj 


The  object  of  the  present  work  is  to  make  the  young 
itudent  practically  acquainted,  at  each  step  of  his  prog 
ress,  with  those  portions  of  the  grammar  which  he  may 
from  time  to  time  commit  to  memory,  and  which  re- 
late principally  to  the  declension  of  nouns  and  conju- 
gation of  verbs.  The  advantages  which  this  system 
has  over  the  old  method  of  teaching  the  Latin  gram* 
mar  are  so  obvious  as  hardly  to  require  any  particular 
mention.  By  the  old  p^9*>  th**  student  was  required  to 
plod  through  his  grammar  several  times  before  he  was 
allowed  to  enter  on  the  process  of  translation,  and,  as 
a  natural  consequence,  he  acquired  a  disrelish  for  the 
language  on  its  very  threshold,  while  many  things  were 
continually  escaping  from  his  memory  which  might 
have  been  firmly  fixed  there  had  something  like  the 
present  plan  been  adopted. 

The  work  here  offered  to  the  public  purposes  to  rem- 
edy this  evil.  As  soon  as  the  beginner  has  mastered 
some  principle  relative  to  the  inflections  of  the  lan- 
guage, his  attention  is  directed  to  exercises  in  transla- 
ting ?md  writing  Latin,  which  call  for  a  practical  appli- 
cation of  the  knowledge  he  may  have  thus  far  acquired ; 
and  in  this  way  he  is  led  on  by  easy  stages,  until  he  is 
made  thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  the  important  rules 
that  regulate  the  inflections  of  the  Latin  tongue. 

The  work  ends  with  a  brief  sketch  of  Latin  syntax, 
the  main  object  of  which  is  to  give  the  student  merely 
a  general  idea  of  this  part  of  Latin  grammar,  prepar- 


PREFACE. 


flioiRr  to  his  entering  hn  the'  Second  Pa^i,.  Tliis  Second 
Part  forms  a  separate  volume,  and  is  arranged  on  a  plan 
^osely  resembling  that  of  the  present  work,  the  object 
beinfe  to  make  the  student  acquainted,  by  exercises  in  wri- 
ting^atin,  with  not  only  the  general  principles,  but  also 
the  nicer  points,  of  the  Syntax  of  that  tongue.  These  two 
parts,  therefore,  will  form  a  Grammar  of  the  Latin  Lan- 
guage, possessing  this  decided  advantage  over  other  gram- 
mars, in  its  containing  a  complete  course  of  exercises,  which 
have  a  direct  bearing  on  each  step  of  the  student's  prog- 
ress ;  while  the  subject  of  Prosody,  which  is  crowded  into 
a  corner  of  the  ordinary  school-grammars,  will  be  found 
discussed  in  a  separate  work  just  published.  The  author's 
Latin  Prosody,  therefore,  may  not  unaptly  be  regarded  as 
forming  the  third  part  of  his  Latin  Lessons,  and  comple- 
ting, in  fact,  his  Grammar  of  the  Latin  Tongue. 

The  grammatical  portion  of  the  present  volume  is 
based  upon  the  excellent  work  of  Zumpt,  as  it  appears 
in  the  translation  of  Kenrick.  The  exercises  have 
been  taken  from  some  of  the  best  collections  prepa- 
red by  the  scholars  of  Germany,  and,  wherever  they 
require  any  previous  acquaintance  with  the  Latin  syn- 
tax, such  aid  is  always  afforded  at  the  outset. 

It  remains  but  to  add  that  the  vocabulary  at  the  end 
of  the  volume  has  been  made  as  complete  as  possible, 
and  that  several  words  that  were  omitted  in  preparing 
it  are  now  printed  in  the  form  of  a  supplement. 

Columbia  College,  New- York,  i 
Sept.  I,  1811.  S 


M 


<&ti{ 


CONTENTS. 


Alphabet 1 

Vowels  and  Diphthongs       1-2 

Consonants 2 

Parts  of  Speech ,  2 

Noun •    .     .     .  3 

Declensions  of  the  Noun 3 

General  rules  for  declension 3 

First  Declension 4-7 

Exercises  on  the  First  Declension 8-11 

Second  Declension 12-16 

Exercises  on  the  Second  Declension 17-20 

First  and  Second  Declensions  of  Adjectives  .     .     .  20-23 

Exercises  on  Adjectives 23-26 

Third  Declension 26-47 

Remarks  on  the  cases  of  the  Third  Declension       .  47-62 

Exercises  on  the  Third  Declension 52-63 

Third  Declension  of  Adjectives 63-68 

Exercises  on  Adjectives  of  Third  Declension          .  69-71 

Fourth  Declension      . 71-74 

Exercises  on  the  Fourth  Declension 74-76 

Fifth  Declension 76-77 

Exercises  on  the  Fifth  Declension 77-79 

Heterochtes 81-82 

Comparison  of  Adjectives 83-87 

Exercises  on  Comparison 87-92 

Numerals 92-95 

Exercises  on  the  Cardinal  Numbers      .         ...  96-98 

Exercises  on  the  Ordinal  Numbers 99-101 

Exercises  on  the  Distributive  Numbers     ....  103*105 

Pronouns 105-121 

Exercises  on  the  Pronouns 121-128 

Verb 128-135 

Conjugation  of  the  Verb 135 

Formation  of  the  Tenses 136-141 

Auxiliary  Verb  Bum 141-143 

Exercises  on  Bum  and  its  Compounds 144-147 

First  Conjugation,  Active  Voice   ........  148-151 


\ 


CONTENTS. 


J 


Rxercises  on  the  Active  Voice,  First  Conjugation  .  151-155 

First  Conjugation,  Passive  Voice 155-159 

Exercises  on  the  Passive  Voice,  First  Conjugation  159-162 
Irregulctr  Verbs  of  the  First  Conjugation  ....  163-164 
Exercises  on  Irregular  Verbs,  First  Conjugation  .  164-165 
Deponent  Verbs  of  the  First  Conjugation  ....  160 

Exercises  on  Deponents  of  the  First  Conjugation   .  166-167 

Second  Conjugation,  Active  Voice 168-171 

Exercises  on  the  Active  Voice,  Second  Conjugation  171-174 

Second  Conjugation,  Passive  Voice       175-178 

Exercises  on  the  Passive  Voice,  Second  Conjugation  178-180 

Deponents  of  the  Second  Conjugation 181 

Exercises  on  Deponents  of  Second  Conjugation     .  181-182 
Third  Conjugation,  Active  Voice      ......  183-186 

Exercises  on  the  Active  Voice,  Third  Conjugation     186-190 

Third  Conjugation,  Passive  Voice 190-193 

Exercises  on  the  Passive  Voice,  Third  Conjugation  193-195 
Exercises  on  Deponents  of  the  Third  Conjugation     196-197 

Fourth  Conjugation,  Active  Voice 198-20' 

Exercises  on  the  Active  Voice,  Fourth  Conjugation  201-20o 

Fourth  Conjugation,  Passive  Voice 203-206 

Exercises  on  the  Passive  Voice,  Fourth  Conjugation  207-208 
Exercises  on  Deponents  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation  208-209 

Remarks  on  the  Conjugations       210-213 

Exercises  on  the  Gerunds  and  Supines      ....  213-215 

Exercises  on  the  Gerundives 216-218 

Irregular  Verbs       219-227 

Exercises  on  the  Irregular  Verbs 227-236 

Defective  Verbs 237-240 

Exercises  on  the  Defective  Verbs     ......  240-242 

Impersonal  Verbs 242-244 

Adverbs     244-245 

Exercises  on  Adverbs 245-247 

Prepositions       247-256 

Exercises  on  Prepositions 256-259 

Conjunctions 259-261 

Exercises  on  Conjunctions 261-263 

Interjections 263-264 

Sketch  of  Latin  Syntax 264-277 

Dictionary 279-363 


LATIN    LESSONS.    Ctiy£/evu 


I.  ALPHABET. 

I.  The  Latin  alphabet  is  the  same  as  the  English,  except 
in  its  wanting  the  w,  and  also  the  capital  y, 

II.  The  w  can  only  be  used  when  modern  names  are  to 
be  expressed  in  Latin.  The  smaller  y  occurs  merely  in 
words  derived  immediately  from  the  Greek ;  as,  syllaba^ 
Cyrus^  and  corresponds  to  the  Greek  upsilon  or  u. 

III.  The  reason  of  no  capital  y  appearing  m  Latin  is 
simply  this  :  every  Greek  word  beginning  with  an  upsilo7i 
has  that  upsilon  aspirated,  that  is,  pronounced  as  if  com- 
mencing with  an  h;  hence  no  word  in  Latin  can  begin 
with  a  y,  but  must  always  commence  with  hy. 

IV.  H  is  only  an  aspiration,  and  therefore,  when  joined 
with  a  consonant,  does  not  lengthen  the  preceding  vowel 

V.  J  and  V  were  written  by  the  Latins  with  the  same 
letters  as  the  A'^owels  i  and  w,  namely,  I  and  V,  but  were 
distinguished  in  pronunciation. 

VI.  K  became  a  superfluous  letter,  C  having  supplied  its 
place  ;  but  it  still  continued  to  be  employed  in  a  few  words, 
when  followed  by  the  vowel  a,  as,  for  example,  in  Kalendm. 

WW.  Z  occurs  only  in  words  derived  from  the  Greek. 

II.  VOWELS  AND  DIPHTHONGS. 

I.  Six  of  the  letters  are  vowels,  namely,  «,  e,  i,  o,  m,  y ; 
the  remainder  are  consonants. 

II.  The  vowels  are  combined  into  eight  diphthongs, 
namely,  ae,  oe,  at,  ei,  oi,  ui,  au,  eu. 

III.  The  diphthongs  ei^  oi,  ui,  occur,  however,  only  in  a 

1 


^^5  •/•   V5i)ist«t^NTiVP'*'^T6    OF    SPEECH. 

few  words,  chiefly  interjections,  as  Aei,  eia,  oiet,  kui,  and 
,  >^en  4€in,  proin,  Huic,  cui,  are  cgntracted  into  one  syllable, 
as  tliey  commonly  are  in  verse.  The  diphthong  ei  was 
written  for  the  long  i  in  keic  (for  hie,  "here"),  and  queis 
\(6t  quis,  i.  e.,  quibus),2LndL.  in  those  accusatives  plural  of  the 
third  declension  which  are  formed  in  is ;  as,  amneis,  arteis 
for  omnes,  artes. 

IV.  The  diphthong  yi,  occurring,  for  example,  in  Har- 
pyia  (three  syllables),  is  nothing  more  than  the  Greek  ui  {vl) 

III.  DIVISION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

I.  The  consonants  are  divided  into  semi-vowels  and  mute^ 

II.  The  semi-vowels  are^,  Z,  m,  n,  r,  s,  v ;  the  remaining 
consonants  are  mutes,  and  are  so  called  because  they  can- 
not be  formed  without  an  interruption  of  the  sound  by  the 
closing  of  the  lips,  on  which  account  they  always  need  an 
accompanying  vowel  in  order  to  be  fully  enunciated. 

III.  Four  of  the  semi-vowels,  namely,  /,  m,  n,  r,  are 
called  liquids,  from  the  ease  with  which,  in  pronunciation, 
ihey  follow  other  consonants. 

IV.  X  and  Z  are  double  consonants,  the  former  being 
equivalent  to  cs,  ks,  or  gs,  and  the  latter  to  ds. 

V.  The  consonants,  exclusive  of  the  liquids,  are  divided, 
according  to  the  organ  by  which  they  are  enunciate!,  into 
labials,  palatals,  and  dentals. 

VI.  The  labials  are  formed  by  the  lips,  and  are  v,  b,  p,f. 
The  palatals  are  formed  by  the  tongue  against  the  roof  of 
ihe  mouth,  and  are  g,  c,  h,  q.  The  dentals  are  formed  by 
»he  tongue  against  the  teeth,  and  are  d,  t. 

IV.  PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 

I.  There  are  nine  parts  of  speech  in  Latin,  five  of  whicn 
admit  of  inflection,  that  is,  are  either  declined  or  conjugated  ; 
the  remaining  four  admit  of  no  inflection. 

II.  The  parts  of  speech  which  admit  of  inflection  are  the 
Noun,  Adjective,  Pronoun,  Verb,   Participle,  of  which  the 


^(UOZ/T' 


NOUN. 

noun,  aJjecti^^e,  pronoun,^and  participle  are  declined^  and 
the  verb  is  conjugated, 

III.  The  parts  of  speech  which  admit  of  no  inflection  are 
tlie  Adverb,  Preposition,  Conjunction,  and  Interjection, 

V.  THE  NOUN. 

I.  The  Noun  is  the  name  of  any  person,  place,  or  thing. 

II.  Nouns  are  of  two  kinds,  Proper  and  Common.  Prop- 
er nouns  are  the  names  of  individual  men  or  other  objects. 
Common  nouns  are  those  which  denote  a  whole  class  of 
objects,  and  can  only  be  applied  to  individuals  so  far  as  they 
belong  to  that  class. 

III.  Nouns  have  three  genders,  the  Masculine,  Feminine, 
and  Neuter. 

IV.  The  cases  are  six  in  number,  namely,  the  Nomina- 
Hve,  Genitive,  Dative,  Accusative,  Vocative,  and  Ablative. 

V.  There  are  two  numbers,  namely,  the  Singular  and 
Plural. 

VI.   DECLENSION  OF  THE  NOUN. 

I.  Declension  is  the  varying  of  a  noun  by  cases  and 
numbers. 

II.  There  are  Jive  declensions,  distinguished  from  each 
other  by  the  termination  of  the  genitive  singular.     Thus, 

The  genitive  of  the^r^^  declension  ends  in  ae; 


second 

11 

(C 

i; 

third 

(I 

(( 

is; 

fourth 

a 

a 

us; 

fifth 

(( 

a 

e'i. 

III.  The  following  general  rules,  regulating  the  different 
declensions,  must  be  carefully  remembered. 

GENERAL    RTJLES. 

1.  Nouns  of  the  neuter  gender  have  the  nominative,  ac- 
cusative, and  vocative  alike  in  both  numbers,  and  these 
cases  in  the  plural  end  always  in  a. 

2.  The  vocative  singular,  except  in  Greek  nouns  in  a.s 


4  FIRST    DECLENSION. 

aixi  es  of  the  first,  and  in  some  nouns  of  the  second,  is 
like  the  nominative ;  but  in  the  plural  the  vocative 
and  nominative  are  alike  in  all  the  declensions. 
3-  The  accusative  singular  ends,  where  no  exception 
arises  from  neuters,  in  m.  Thus  we  have  in  the  dif- 
ferent declensions, 

12         3        4         5 

cm,     um,     em,     urn,     em, 

4.  The  genitive  plural  ends  always  in  um,  and  hence  we 
have  in  the  different  declensions, 

12  3  4  5 

drum,     drum,      um,      uum,     erum. 

5.  The  dative  plural  has  the  same  termination  as  the  ab- 
lative plural  in  all  the  declensions.  The  ending  in  the 
different  declensions  are  as  follows : 

12  3  4  5 

is,       is,        thus,        thus  or  Tibus,        ehus. 

VII.  FIRST  DECLENSION. 

I.  Nouns  of  the  first  declension  end  in  a,  e,  as,  and  es. 

II.  Those  nouns  of  this  declension  that  end  in  a  are  of 
Latin  origin,  the  remainder  are  Greek. 

III.  Nouns  in  a  have  the  following  terminations  in  the 
different  cases  of  the  singular  and  plural. 


Singular. 

PI 

ural 

Nom. 

a,  <fec. 

Nom. 

<B, 

Gen 

<B, 

Gen. 

drum. 

Dat. 

(B. 

Dat. 

is 

Ace. 

am. 

Ace 

as 

Voc. 

a. 

Voc. 

a. 

Abl. 

a. 

Abl. 

tg. 

^eti  IcU. 


FIRST    DECLENSION. 


EXAMPLE. 

lingular* 
a  table, 
of  a  table, 
to  or  for  a  table, 
a  table, 
oh  table  ! 
with,  from,  in,  or  by  a  table* 

Plural, 
tables, 
of  tables, 
to  or  for  tables, 
tables, 
oh  tables! 
with,  from,  in,  or  by  tables 

IV.  Some  feminine  nouns  have  dbus  in  the  dative  and 
ablative  plural  instead  of  is ;  as,  dedbus,  flidbus,  and  this 
ending  in  dbus  serves  to  distinguish  them  from  their  cor- 
responding masculines  in  us  of  the  second  declension, 
which  have  the  dative  and  ablative  plural  ending  in  t> 
The  following  are  some  of  these  nouns  :^ 

^  Deus,  a  god. 

Films,  a  son. 

Equus,  a  horse. 

Mulus,  a  mule. 

AsTnus,  an  ass. 

Natus,  a  son. 

Animus,  the  mind. 

Famula,  a  maid-servant.  J  ;« -5   t  Famulus,  a  man-servant. 


N. 

Mens-a, 

G. 

Mens-ae, 

D. 

Mens-ae, 

Ace. 

Mens-am, 

V. 

Mens-a, 

Ab, 

Mens-a, 

N 

Mens-ae, 

G. 

Mens-arum, 

D. 

Mens-Ts, 

Ace. 

Mens-as, 

V. 

Mens-ae, 

Ab. 

Mens-Ts, 

Dea, 

a  goddess. 

Filla, 

a  daughter. 

Equa 

a  mare. 

Mula, 

a  she-mule. 

Asina, 

a  she-ass. 

Nata, 

a  daughter. 

Anima, 

the  soul. 

.s  a 


1.  These  are,  in  fact,  very  old  forms,  since,  in  the  earlier  periods  of  the 
language,  the  termination  bus  was  common  to  datives  and  ablatives  in 
ill  the  declensions.  In  good  prose  writers,  however,  the  form  is  of  dea^ 
filia,  equa.  and  mula  is  the  more  common,  especially  if  an  adjective  b« 
joined  with  it,  as  in  filiis  duahus,  for  this  removes  all  the  ambiguity. 

I* 


6  FIRST   DECLENSION 

V.  The  terms  ambo,  "  both,"  and  duo,  "  two,"  have  like 
wise  dbus  in  the  dative  and  ablative  plural ;  as,  ambdhus, 
dudbus, 

VI.  After  nouns  in  a,  we  proceed  to  consider  those  in 
as,  es,  and  e,  which  we  have  already  said  are  of  Greek  origin. 

VII.  Nouns  in  as  and  es  are  masculine,  those  in  e  femi 
nine. 

VIIL  The  declension  of  nouns  in  as  is  as  follows  : 


Singular. 

■N. 

Tiar-as, 

a  turban. 

G. 

Tiar-ae, 

of  a  turban. 

D. 

Tiar-ae, 

to  or  for  a  turban. 

Ace. 

Tiar-am  or 

-an,     a  turban. 

V. 

Tiar-a, 

oh  turban! 

Ab. 

Tiar-a, 

with,  from,  by,  or  in  a  turban 
Plural. 

N. 

Tiar-ae, 

turbans. 

G. 

Tiar-arum, 

of  turbans. 

D. 

Tiar-is, 

to  ox  for  turbans. 

Ace. 

Tiar-as, 

turbans. 

V. 

Tiar-ae, 

oh  turbans! 

Ab. 

Tiar-is, 

with,  from,  in,  or  by  turbans 

IX.  Nouns  in  es  are 

declined  as  follows : 

Singular. 

N. 

Comet-es, 

a  comet. 

G. 

Comet-c«, 

of  a  comet 

D. 

Comet-ae, 

to  or  for  a  comet. 

Ace 

Comet-en, 

a  comet. 

V. 

Comet-e, 

oh  comet! 

Ab. 

Comet-e, 

with,  from,  in,  or  by  a  comet 

i 


FIRST    DECLENSION 


Plural 

iN. 

Comet-ae, 

comets. 

G. 

Comet-arum, 

of  comets. 

D. 

Comet-is, 

to  ox  for  comets 

Ace 

Comet-as, 

comets. 

V. 

Comet-ge, 

oh   com.ets  ! 

Ab. 

Comet-is, 

with,from^  in,  or  hy  cometi> 

X.  In   the   same  way  are  to  be  declined  such  propc.i 
names  as  Anchises,  gen.  AncMsiB ;   Thersites,  gen.  Thersi 

(s,  Sic,  except  that  they  want  the  phiral. 

XI.  Nouns  in  e  are  declined  as  follows  : 

Singular. 

N.  Epitom-e,  an  epitome. 

G.  Epitom-es,  of  an  epitome. 

D.  Epitom-e,  to  oi  for  an  epitofne. 

Ace.  Epitom-en,  an  epitome. 

V.  Epitom-e,  oh  epitome ! 

Ab.  Epitom-e,  vnth^from,  hj^  or  in  an  epitome. 

Plural. 
N.  Epitom-ae,  epitomes. 

G.  Epitom-arum,    of  epitomes. 

D  Epitom-is,  to  ox  for  epitomes. 

Ace.        Epitom-as,         epitomes. 
V.  Epitom-as,  oh  epitomes ! 

Ab.  Epitom-is,  with,  from,  in,  or  hy  epitomes. 

Xir.  In  the  same  way  are  to  be  declined  such  prof.ci 
nouns  as  Penelope^  gen.  Penelopes,  (fee. 


b'  EXERCISES    ON    THE   FIRST   DECLENSION 

VIII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  FIRST  DECLENSION. 
Preliminary  Rules} 

1.  Substantives  referring  to  the  same  thing  agree  in 
case  ;  as,  Cicero  orator,  "  Cicero  the  orator ;"  Urhs 
Athen(B,  "  the  city  Athens." 

2 .  One  substantive  governs  another  in  the  genitive  when 
they  refer  to  different  things ;  as,  Timor  Dei,  "  the 
fear  of  God  ;"   Lex  naturm,  "  the  law  of  nature." 

3.  Any  verb  may  have  the  same  case  after  it  as  before 
it,  when  both  words  refer  to  the  same  thing ;  as.  Jus- 
titia  est  virtus,  "  Justice  is  a  virtue  ;"  Cicero  vacatur 
orator,  "  Cicero  is  called  the  orator." 

4.  A  verb  signifying  actively  governs  the  accusative ; 
as,  amo  Deum,  "  I  love  God ;"  habemus  divitias,  "  we 
have  riches." 

5  The  preposition  in  governs  the  ablative  when  motion 
or  rest  in  a  place  is  signified ;  as,  divitics  non  sunt  in 
pecunid  sed  in  sapientid, "  riches  consist  not  in  m(>«*>y. 
but  in  wisdom." 

Vocabulary.    ^-^ 

Est        .....  He,  she,  or  it  is. 

sunt They  are, 

erat He,  she,  or  it  was. 

erant They  were. 

fuit        He,  she,  or  it  has  been,  or  was,^ 

fuerunt They  have  been,  or  were, 

habet He,  she,  or  it  has, 

habent They  have, 

et      .     .     .  .     .  and. 

1.  A  few  rules  are  here  anticipated,  in  order  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  th« 
exercises  in  the  different  declensions.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the 
short  vocabulary  which  follows  immediately  after. 

2.  Whenfutt  has  the  meaning  of  "  has  been,"  it  is  called  the  perfect 
when  it  signifies  *'  was,"  it  is  the  aorist.     And  so  of  fuerunt. 


BXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    DECLENSION. 


I. 

In  what  numbers  and  cases  are  the  following  words  found  ? 

Cura.         Belluae.         Semita.  Animabus.    Tydides. 

Penelopen.  FilTam.         Priamrden. 

Boream.  Mida !  Tydidae. 

Borean.  Aloes.  Alcida. 

ThersTte !  Rhetoricen.  Pyrlten. 

Thersite.  Rhetorices.  Musa ! 


Cura.  Belliia. 

Cura  Vitap. 

Curam.  Vitis. 

Curarum.  iEneam. 

Curae !  Crambes, 


Translate  the  following, 
where  they  are  found. 
Ala,  "  a  wing^'* 
alas, 
alis, 
alam, 
alarum, 
ala, 
ala. 

Aqua,  **  water ^"^ 
aquam, 
aquarum, 
aqua! 
aquis. 

Alauda,  "  a  lark,^^ 
alaudis, 
alaudas, 
alaudae 

Anguilla,  "  an  ceZ," 
anguillarum, 
anguilla ! 
anguillis. 

Scriba,  "  a  scrihe,^^ 
scriba, 
scribis, 
ficribf^. 


II. 

and  mention  at  the  same  time 

Gallina,  "  a  hen^^ 

galllnas, 

galllnam, 

galllnae ! 

Insula,  "  an  island ^^ 

insulae, 

insulis, 

insularum. 

Ripa,  "  a  hank^^ 

ripis, 

ripam, 

ripa! 

Agricola,  "a ycrmer,'* 

agricolas, 

agricolarum 

agricolae, 

agricolae ! 

Occa,  "a  harrow, ^^ 

occa! 

occa. 

Penna,  "  a  feather  or  pen  * 

pennas, 

pennis, 

penna. 


4 


10  EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    DECLENSION. 

III. 

Convert  the  following  into  Latin,  and  name  the  case 
and  number  as  in  the  previous  exercise. 

(Musca,  ''  apf),     (Aqulla,  *'  an  eagle''),  (Vita,  "  life'% 

oh  fiy  !  hy  eagles,  oh  life  ! 

with  ajly,  with  an  eagle,  of  lives, 

of  flies,  to  an  eagle,  in  life, 

^f  ^flVi  io  eagles,  lives, 

to  a  fly,  oh  eagles!  of  life, 

with  flies.  eagles.  with  life, 

(Via,  "  a  way''),  (Ara,  "  an  altar"), 

oh  ways!  of  altars, 

oh  way !  to  an  altar, 

with  ways,  altars, 

with  a  way,  -  of  an  altar, 

of  ways,  oh   altar! 

of  a  way.  with  an  altar. 


IV. 

fransl^e  the  following,  and  explain  the  agreement  oi 
[overnment  in  each  clause  or  phrase. 

Ripam  insulae. — Ripis  insularum. — Ripae  insulae  ! — Galli- 
uis  agricolarum. — Alis  gallinarum  agricolae.— Pennae  alae 
alaudae. — Penna  scribae  ! — Alas  alaudarum. — Pennae  ala- 
rum ! — Pennas  alarum  alaudae  et  gallinae. — Occis  agri- 
colarum.—  Occae  agricolae  ! — Anguilla  aquae.  —  Anguilla 
aquae. — Anguilla  aquarum! — Agricolae  et  scribae! — Gallina? 
agricolarum. —  Occarum  agricolarum. —  Gallinae  agricola- 
rum ! — Aquila  insulae. — Musca  aquae ! — Viam  vitae.—Via- 
nim  vitae. — Vita  et  ara. 

Anglia  est  insula. — Columba  est  arnica  munditiae. — Aquila 
ost  incola  silvae. — Columbae  sunt  amicae  munditiae. — Aquilae 
sunt  incolae  silvarum. — Anglia,  Sicilia,  et  Corsica  sunt  in- 
sulfe. — Asir?ea  tiiit  dea  justitiae.— -Alaudae  et  columbae  hab- 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    DECLENSION. 


11 


ent  caudas. — Januaa  et  portag  habeiit  seras. — Vita  agrico- 
larum  est  magistra  diligentiee  et  parsimoniaj. — In  aqua  sunt 
Lnsulae. — Ranae  sunt  incola3  aquae  et  terrae. — India  est  pa- 
tria  gemmarum. — Pieria  fuit  provincia  Macedoniae. — Pieria 
provincia  Macedoniae  fuit  patria  Musarum. — Agricolae  ha- 
bent  vaccas,  columbas,  galllnas  et  occas. — In  fossis  silva- 
rum  est  aqua. — In  cullnis  sunt  oUae  et  patlnae. — Graecia  osi 
patria  gloriae  et  sapientiae. — Graecia,  patria  gloriae  et  sapien- 
tiae,  est  peninsula. — Persae  et  Scythae  erant  incolae  Asiae. — 
Pugnae  et  victoriae  Persarum  et  Scytharum,  incolarum 
Asiae. — Columba,  arnica  munditiae,  est  praeda  aquilae,  incola? 
silvarum. — In  silvis  Asiae  sunt  lupae,  leaenae  et  simiae  ;  in 
aulis  agricolarum  sunt  gallinae,  columbae  et  vaccae. 


Convert  the  following  examples  of  ungrammatical  Latin 
into  grammatical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite 


Diana  vbas  the  daughter  of 
hatona. 

A.sia  and  Europe  are  penin- 
sulas. 

There  are  thorns  to  roses. 

There  are  wings  to  eagles. 

The  scribes  have  pens. 

History  and  philosophy  are 
teachers  of  wisdom  and  jus- 
tice. 

hi  the  island  is  a  poetess. 

To  the  doors  are  holts. 

The  owl  is  a  friend  of  dark- 
ness. 

The  money  of  the  maid-servant 
is  in  a  lurking-place  in  the 
woods. 


Diana  sum  filia  Latona. 

Asia  et  Europa  sum  peninsu- 
la. 

Rosa  sum  spina. 

Aquila  sum  ala. 

Scriba  habeo  penna. 

Historia  et  philosophia  sum 
magistra  sapientia  et  justi- 
tia. 

In  insula  sum  poetria. 

Janua  sum  sera. 

Noctua  sum  amica  tenebriu 

(pi) 

Pecunia  famula  sum  in  lat(} 
brae  (pi.)  in  silva. 


12  SECOND    DECLENSION. 

IX.  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

I.  Nouns  of  the  second  declension  end  in  er,  tV,  wr,  us, 
um,  OS,  and  on. 

II.  The  terminations  os  and  on  belong  to  Greek  nouns. 

III.  Nouns  in  um  and  on  are  neuter,  the  rest  are  masculine 

IV.  The  terminations  of  this  declension  are  as  follows 

Terminations, 
Singular.  Plural, 

N.      -f,  in  the  neuter  -a 

G.      'drum. 

D.      'is. 

Ace.  'OS,  in  the  neuter  -d. 

V.      -f,  in  the  neuter  -a 

Ab.    'is. 


S .      er,  ir,  ur,  us,  U7?i,  os,  on 

G.      'i, 

D,      '6. 

ice.  'Um,  -on. 

V.      '6,  or  like  nominative 

Ab.    '6. 


V.  Nouns  in  us  form  the  vocative  in  e.  The  rest  have  i\ 
like  the  nominative. 

VI.  Originally,  all  of  the  nouns  in  er,  ir,  ur,  ended  in  us, 
and .  consequently,  all  originally  made  e  in  the  vocative.  But 
in  the  course  of  time  many  dropped  the  ending  us  from^the 
nominative,  and  along  with  it  e  from  the  vocative. 

VII.  Most  nouns  in  er  reject  e  before  r  in  the  oblique 
cases ;  as,  ager,  gen.  agri,  &c.  Others  are  declined  by 
adding  the  terminations  of  the  cases  to  the  nominative ;  as. 
puer,  ^en.  puer-i,  &c. 

Examples. 

AgeT,''aJield:' 

Singular. 


N. 

Ager, 

afield. 

G. 

Agr-T, 

of  a  field. 

D. 

Agr-o, 

to  ox  for  afield. 

Ace. 

Agr-um, 

a  field. 

V. 

Ager, 

oh  field! 

Ab. 

Agr-o, 

with,  <fec.,  afield 

SECOND   DECLENSION. 


18 


Plural 


N. 

Agr-i, 

fields. 

G. 

Agr-orum,                     of  fields. 

D. 

A^-Is, 

to  ox  for  fields 

Ace. 

Agr-os 

iields. 

V. 

Agr-T, . 

oh  fields  ! 

Ab. 

Agr-is, 

with,  Slc,  field 
Puer,  "  a  boy.'' 
Singular, 

N. 

Puer, 

a  hoy. 

a 

Puer-I, 

of  a  hoy. 

D. 

Puer-6 

to  ox  for  a  hoy 

Ace. 

Puer-um, 

,                       a  hoy. 

V. 

Puer, 

oh   hoy  ! 

Ab. 

Puer-6, 

with,  &c.,  a  ho^ 
Plural, 

N. 

Puer-i, 

hoys. 

G. 

Puer-orum,                   of  hoys. 

D. 

Puer-Ts, 

to  ox  for  hoys. 

Ace. 

Puer-os, 

boys. 

V. 

Puer-i, 

oh  hoys  ! 

Ab. 

Puer-is, 

with,  (fcc.,  hoys 
Vir,  **  a  man:' 
Singular, 

N. 

Vir, 

a  man. 

G. 

Vir-r 

of  a  man. 

D. 

Vir-o, 

to  ox  for  a  man. 

Ace. 

Vir-um, 

a  man. 

V. 

Vir, 

oh   man  ! 

Ab. 

Vir-o, 

with,  &e.,  a  maj 

14 


SECOND    DECLENSION. 


Plural. 

N 

Vir-i, 

men 

G. 

Vir-orum, 

of  men. 

D. 

Vir-is, 

to  or  for  wen. 

Ace. 

Vir-os, 

men. 

V. 

Vlr-i, 

oh  men  I 

Ab. 

Vir-is, 

with,  ^.c  ,  men. 

Gladius,  "  a  sword.'" 

Singular 

', 

N. 

Gladi-us, 

a  sword. 

G. 

Gladl-T, 

of  a  sword. 

D. 

Gladi-o, 

to  ox  for  a  sword. 

Ace. 

Gladi-um, 

a  sword. 

V. 

Gladi-e, 

oh  sword  I 

Ab. 

Gladi-o, 

Plural. 

with,  Slc,  a  swora 

l\. 

Gladi-i, 

swords. 

G. 

Gladi-orum, 

} 

of  swords. 

D. 

Gladi-Is, 

to  ox  for  sxLwrds 

Ace. 

Gladi-os. 

swords. 

V. 

GladT-T, 

oh   swords  ! 

Ab. 

GladMs, 

with,  &c.,  sworJs 

VII.  Neuters  in  um  are  declined  in  the  same  way  ae 
nouns  in  us,  except  that  they  have  the  termination  d  in  the 
nominative,  accusative,  and  vocative  plural ;  and  thts  voca 
tive  singular  like  the  nominative  and  accusative, 

Scamnum,  "  a  bench.^^ 
Singular. 
N.  Scamn-um,  a  bench. 

G.  Scamn-T,  of  a  bench. 

D.  Scamn-o,  to  ox  for  a  bench. 

Ace        Scamn-um,  a  bench. 

V.  Scamn-um,  oh   bench ! 

Ab.  Scamn-o,  mth,  <fec.,  a  hevrh 


SECOND    DECLENSION.  15 


Plurat 

N. 

Scamn-a, 

benches. 

G. 

Scamn-orum 

1 

of  benches. 

D. 

Scamn-is, 

to  or  for  benches. 

Ace. 

Scamn-a, 

benches. 

V. 

Scamn-a, 

oh  benches! 

Ab. 

Scamn-is, 

tcith,  <fec.,  benches. 

IX,  The  genitive  of  words  in  ius  and  ium  was  not 
formed  in  ii  in  the  best  age  of  the  Latin  language,  but  in  i 
alone ;  as,  Tullius,  gen.  TuUi ;  mancipium,  gen.  mancipi. 

X.  Substantives  in  ius,  if  they  are  proper  names,  as  Vir- 
gilius,  Terentius,  Tullius,  make  the  vocative  in  i;  as,  F?r- 
gili,  Terenti,  Tulli :  so  also  do  flius,  "a  sod,"  and  genius, 
*'  a  genius,"  Sisfili,  geni, 

XL  Other  substantives  in  ius,  and  proper  names  that  con- 
tinue adjectives,  form  the  vocative  in  e ;  B,s,gladie,  Belie,  &:c. 

XIL  Deus  makes  the  vocative  like  the  nommative  ;  as, 
Oh  Deus  ! 

XIIL  The  genitive  plural  of  some  words,  especially  those 
which  denote  value,  measure,  and  weight,  is  commonly 
formed  in  um  instead  of  orum ;  particularly  nummUm,  ses 
tertium,  modium,  Sic. 

XIV.  Deus  has  in  the  nominative  plural  three  forms,  dei, 
dii,  and  di ;  and  three  forms  also  in  the  dative  and  ablative 
plural,  deis,  diis,  and  dis. 


X.  GREEK  NOUNS  OF  THE  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

I.  Greek 

nouns  in  as 

are  declined  like  the  Latin  nouns 

m  us,  except  that  they 

make  the 

accusative  end  in  on  in- 

Rtead  of  um. 

Thus: 

N. 

Del-OS, 

Singular 

Delos. 

G. 

Del-i, 

of  Delos. 

D 

Del-o, 

to  or  for  Delos. 

Ace 

Del-on, 

Delos. 

V. 

Del-e, 

oh  Delos! 

Ab 

Del-o, 

with,  Szc  Delos. 

16 


SECOND   DECLENSION, 


Singular, 


N. 

Tened-os, 

Tenedos, 

G 

Tened-T, 

of  Tenedos, 

D. 

Tened-o, 

to  ox  for  Tened'js. 

Ace. 

Tened-on, 

Tenedos, 

V. 

Tened-e, 

oh    Tenedos  ! 

Ab. 

Tened-o, 

with,  <fcc.,  Tenedos 

II.  Greek  nouns  in  eus  {evg)  are  declined  two  ways. 
Either  the  eus  is  pronounced  as  one  syllable,  and  then  the 
declension  belongs  to  the  third ;  or  else  eus  is  pronounced 
as  eus,  two  syllables,  and  the  manner  of  declining  is  like 
that  of  Latin  nouns  in  us.  In  both  modes  of  inflecting 
however,  the  vocative  ends  in  eu.     Thus  : 


Singular, 

N. 

Orph-eus, 

Orpheus. 

G. 

Orph-eos, 

of  Orpheus, 

D. 

Orph-ei, 

to  or  for  Orpheus 

Ace. 

Orph-ea, 

Orpheus, 

V. 

Orph-eu, 

oh   Orpheus! 

Ab. 

Orph-eo, 

Singular 

with,  (fee,  Orpheus 

N. 

Orphe-us, 

Orpheus, 

G. 

Orphe-I, 

of  Orpheus. 

D. 

Orphe-o, 

to  or  for  Orpheus, 

Ace. 

Orphe-um, 

Orpheus. 

V. 

Orph-eu, 

oh   Orpheus  ! 

Ab. 

Orphe-6, 

with,  fkc,  Orpheus. 

III.  The 

preferable  i 

node  of  declining,  for  prose,  is  Or 

ke-iis,  gen 

.  Orphe-i,  &c.     The  other  mode  is  poetical. 

EXERCISES    ON    IHE    SECOND    DECLENSION. 


17 


XL  EXERCISES  ON  THE  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

T 

1. 

In  what  numbers  and  cases  are 

)  the  following  words  found 

Animus.     Servos.    Paron. 

Denarium.     Ilion. 

Anime.       Seryo.      Legatum. 

Deus !            Persea. 

Animos.     Serve.      Antro. 

Oppida.          Donorum. 

Animi !      Bella.       Idomeneu ! 

Persei.           Duumvirum 

Animum.    Bella !      Athon. 

Arbltri.           Negotia. 

Animi.       Horati !    Phalereum. 

Austri.           Idomeneos. 

Animis.      Horati.     Phalerea. 

Generi.          IdomeneL 

IL 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention,  at  the  «^ame  time 

where  they  are  found. 

Nidus,  "  a  nest,'' 

Corvus,  "  a  rav^n;' 

nidum. 

corve. 

nide ! 

corvi ! 

nidos. 

corvos. 

nidis, 

corvis, 

nidi ! 

corvo, 

nidorum, 

corvi, 

nidi, 

corvorum. 

nido. 

corvum. 

Poprdus,  '*  a  poplar'' 

Liber,  "a  book," 

populo, 

libro. 

populi ! 

librorum, 

populorum. 

libris. 

popule. 

Pratum,  "c  meadow,' 

Ovum,  "  an  egg," 

prata, 

ova! 

prata! 

ova, 

pratorum, 

ovo. 

prati. 

2« 


insriviEsiT 


18  EXERCISES    ON    THE    SECOND    DECLENSlOJf. 

III. 

Convert  the  following  into  Latin,  and  name  the  case 
and  number,  as  in  the  previous  exercise. 

(Fluvius,  "  a  river''),     (Remus,  "  an  oar''),  oh  Lucretim 

of  a  river,  of  oars,  of  Septimius 

with  rivers,  with  oars,  oh  Menoeceu^. 

oil   rivers  !  with  an  oar,  of  Paros. 

with  a  river,  of  an  oar.  to  Ilium. 

to  a  river,  (Aper,  "  a  hoar'"),  to  Ceos. 

to  rivers,  oh   hoar  I  in  Cos. 

(Sonrnmm,^^  a  dream"),  of  a  boar,  oh  Laertius - 

oh   dream  !  of  boars,  oh   son  ! 

to  dreams,  with  a  boar  of  a  genius. 

in  a  dream,  (Sen^us,  "  a  slave"),  oh  genius  1     • 

of  dreams,  of  a  slave,  of  Terentiuk. 

in  dreams.  oh  slaves  1  oh    Terentius  I 

IV. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  agreement  or 
government  in  each  clause  or  phrase. 

Nidum  corvi. — Nide  corvi! — Nidi  corvorum. — Nidos  et 
ova  corvorum. — Nidis  et  ovis  corvorum. — Nidos  merula- 
rum  et  ova  alaudarum. — Corvos  et  aquilas  silvarum. — Popu- 
lorum  in  ripis  fiuviorum. — Prata  et  aratra  agricolarum. — 
Populis  pratorum. — Popule  prati ! — Pratum  viri ! — Libri  pu- 
eri. — Libros  puerorum. — Libris  puerorum  et  virorum. — 
Liber  pueri. — Equi  et  asini  ungidaB. — Ccelum,  throne 
Dei ! — Aquilas  rostrum. — Monumenta  Teucri,  Alexandri,  et 
Phalereos. 

Nilus  est  fluvius. — iEgyptus  est  patria  pesti  entiae  — Can- 
cer est  insectum. — Nilus  e«t  fluvius  ^Egypti. — Cancri  sunt 
insecta. — In  Nilo,  fluvio  ^gypti,  sunt  crocodili  et  hippo- 
potami.— Cancro  sunt  chelas,  apro  sunt  setae. — Terra  habe 
figiiram  globi. — Mercurius,  Alius  Maiae,  fuit  nuntius  deo- 
rum. — Tvivi  et  fluvii  sunt  domicilia  cancrorum,  siJva:*  apro- 


EXERCISES  ON   THE    SECOND    DECLENSION.  19 

rum. —  Mercurio,  nuntio  deorum,  fuit  caduceus. — Rhenus  ei 
Danubius  sunt  fluvii  Europee. — Rhene,  fluvie  Germaniae  ! — 
Lucreti,  poeta  Romse  !— Fabri  habent  sfcalpra  et  malleos. — 
In  officinis  fabrorum  sunt  mallei  et  scalpra ;  in  bibliothecis 
doctorum  sunt  libri. — In  campo  sunt  herbae  et  plantae,  in 
horto  sunt  mali,  piri  et  cerasi ;  in  silva  sunt  fagi,  fraxini;  et 
tiliae. — Oipheu,  poeta  Graeciae  ! — Vir  est  praesidium  patriae 
— Agricolce  habent  equos,  asinos,  porcos,  agnos,  vaccas, 
gallinas,  et  columbas. — Virgfli,  poeta  Mantuas  ! — Socer  Qst 
amicus  generi,  et  gener  soceri. — In  Co  insula  sunt  campi, 
prata,  fluvii,  herbae  et  plantae. — Terenti,  Properti,  et  Tibulle, 
poetae  Romanorum ! — Mercufi,  fili  Maias,  nuntie  deorum  ! — 
Tergum,  collum,  et  brachium,  sunt  membra. — Viti%  Ido- 
meneu !  sunt  morbi  animi. — Uvae  et  vinum  auctumni  sunt 
dona  Liberi. — Mala,  pTra,  et  cerasa,  sunt  gaudium  puero- 
rum. — Treviri  sunt  Germani. — Memoriaest  beneficium  dei, 
domini  coeli  et  terrae. — Malo  sunt  mala,  piro  sunt  pira,  ce- 
raso  sunt  cerasa. — Silvae  sunt  domicilia  cervorum,  luporum, 
ursorum,  luparum,  merularum,  et  aquihirum. — Domine  coeli 
et  terrae  ! — Thebae  sunt  patria  Pindari. 

V. 

Convert  the  following  examples  of  ungrammatical  Latin 
into  grammatical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Drusus  ivas  the  son  of  Tibe- 
rius. 

Oh  Tiberius,  tyrant  and  7non- 
ster ! 

Bacchus  was  the  god  of  toine. 

To  Corinth,  a  town  of  Greece, 
there  was  a  theatre. 

Ploughs  are  the  instruments 
of f aimers. 

Stars  are  the  ornaments  of 
heaven. 


Drusus  sum  filius  Tiberius. 

Tiberius,  tyrannus  et  mon 
strum. 

Bacchus  sum  deus  vmum. 

Corinthus,  oppidum  Graecia, 
sum  theatrum. 

Aratrum  sum  instrumentum 
agricola 

Astrum  sum  ornamentum  cae- 
lum. 


^0  ADJECTIVES. 

Javelins  were  the  weapons  of  Pilum  sum  telum  Romanus. 

the  Romans, 
Wars  are  evils  and  causes  of\  Bellum  sum  malum  et  causa 

tears,  lacryma. 

Hoofs   are   the   arms  of  the    Ungula  sum  arma  equus 

horse. 
The  apple  of  discord  was  the    Pomum  discordia  sum  causa 

cause  of  the  ruin  of  Troy.         excidium  Troja. 
The  eyelids  are  the  coverings   Palpebra    sum    tegumentum 

of  the  eyes,  \      oculus. 


Brooks  and  rivers  are  the  ali- 
ment of  meadows  and  gar- 
dens. 


Rivus  et  fluvius  sum  aliment- 
um  pratum  et  hortus 


XII.  ADJECTIVE. 

I.  The  adjective  denotes  quality,  and  is  either  joined 
with  a  substantive  or  pronoun  in  the  sentence,  or  refers  to 
some  one  understood. 

II.  Some  adjectives  have  different  terminations  for  all 
three  genders.  Some  have  one  for  the  masculine  and  fem- 
inine, and  another  for  the  neuter.  Some  again  have  only 
one  (in  most  of  their  cases)  for  all  the  genders. 

III.  Adjectives  have  two  declensions,  namely,  the  first  and 
second,  forming  one  combined  declension,  and  the  third, 

IV.  Adjectives  of  the  frst  and  second  declension  follow 
the  terminations  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  of  nouns. 

V.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declension  follow  the  termina- 
tions of  the  third  declension  of  nouns. 

XIII.  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSION  OF  ADJEC- 
TIVES. 

I.  Adjectives  of  this  declension  are  of  three  terminations, 
namely,  -us  or  -er  for  the  nominative  singular  masculine, 
a  for  the  feminine,  and  -um  for  the  neuter ;  as, 
M.  F.  N. 

Nom.  Magn-us,^     Magn-a,       Magn-um,       "  great.** 
Ten-er,  Tener-a,      Tener-um,       "  tender " 


ADJECTIVES. 


21 


IT.  The  termination  in  -er  was,  in  early  Latin,  -ems^  as 
tentrus ;  so  that,  at  one  period  of  the  language,  the  ending 
m  'US  marked  the  nominative  singular  masculine  of  all  the 
adjectives  of  this  declension. 

III.  Hence  it  becomes  plain  why  tenerus,  afterward 
changed  to  tener,  makes  tener-a  in  the  feminine  and  tener- 
um  in  the  neuter.     And  so  of  the  other  adjectives  in  r.' 

IV.  The  following  adjectives  in  er  reject  e  before  r  ia 
declining :  namely. 


JEger, 

(Bgr-a, 

(Bgr-um, 

"  sick." 

Ater^ 

atr-a. 

atr-um. 

"  coal-black." 

Creber, 

crebr-a, 

crebr-um. 

"  frequent." 

Macer, 

macr-a, 

macr-um. 

"lean." 

Niger, 

nigr-a, 

nigr-um. 

"  black." 

Pulcher, 

pulchr-a, 

pulchr-um, 

"  fair." 

Ruber, 

rubr-a, 

rubr-um, 

"  red." 

Sacer, 

sacr-a, 

sacr-um. 

"  sacred." 

Scaber. 

scabr-a, 

scabr-um. 

"  rough." 

Tmter, 

i(Btr-a, 

t<Btr-um, 

"  foul." 

Vafer, 

vafr-a, 

vafr-um. 

"  cunning." 

Sinister, 

sinist:  -a, 

sinistr-um. 

"left." 

V.  Miser, 

"  wretched  ' 

and  the  other 

adjectives  m  t 

exclusive  of  those  mentioned  in  the  previous  paragraph, 
retain  the  e  before  r.  Dexter,  "  right,"  sometimes  retains 
the  e  and  sometimes  rejects  it.  Sinister,  "left,"  always 
rejects  it. 

1.  The  same  remark  will  apply  to  nouns  in  gr,  ir,  and  vr  of  thf 
second  declension.  These  all  ended  originally  in  us,  as  Alexander-us 
(compare  the  Greek  'APuc^avf^p-of),  vir-us,  &-c.,  and  hence  the  termina 
tion  in  i  of  the  genitive  singular,  like  other  nouns  in  us.  In  forming 
the  genitive  in  i  some  of  these  nouns  in  r  retained  the  preceding  e,  but 
the  greater  number  dropped  it.  The  case  is  just  the  reverse  with  the 
aljective,  the  greater  number  retaining  the  e.  Many  of  the  so-called 
nouns  in  r,  however,  of  the  second  declension  are,  in  fact,  only  adjec- 
tives, with  a  noun  understood. 


22 

ADJECTIVES. 

EXAMPLES. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Magn-us, 

Magn-i 

a,        Magn-um,        *'  Great." 

Singular. 

, 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut, 

N. 

Magn-us, 

Magn-a, 

Magn-um, 

,      great. 

G 

Magn-I, 

Magn-se, 

Magn-i, 

of  great. 

D. 

Magn-6, 

Magn-se, 

Magn-o, 

to  or  for  great. 

Ac 

.  Magn-um, 

Magn-am,      Magn-um 

,      great. 

V. 

Magn-e. 

Magn-a, 

Magn-um 

,      oh  great! 

Ab, 

.  Magn-o, 

Magn-a, 

Magn-o, 
Plural. 

with,  &LC,,  great 

Masc, 

Fern, 

Neut. 

JN. 

Magn-i, 

Magn-ae, 

Magn-a, 

great. 

G. 

Magn-orum,  Magn-arum,  Magn-orum,  of  great. 

D. 

Magn-is, 

Magn-Ts, 

Magn-is, 

to  ox  for  great 

Ac. 

,  Magn-6s, 

Magn-as 

Magn-a, 

great. 

V. 

Magu-i, 

Magn-ae, 

Magn-a, 

oh  great! 

Ab. 

,  Magn-is, 

Magn-is, 

Magn-is, 

with,  ^c,  great. 

Miser, 

Miser-a, 

Miser-iim, 

''Wretched." 

Singular. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

Miser, 

Miser-a, 

Miser-um, 

loretched. 

G. 

Miser-Tj 

Miser-ae, 

Miser-i, 

of  wretched. 

D. 

Miser-o, 

Miser-ae, 

Miser-o, 

to  or  for  wretched 

Ac. 

,  Miser-um, 

Miser-am 

,     Miser-um, 

wretched. 

V. 

Mise.r, 

MTser-a, 

Miser-um, 

oh  wretched! 

lb 

Miser-o, 

Miser-a, 

Miser-o, 
Plural 

with,  Sic,  wretched 

Masc 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N". 

MTser-i, 

Miser-ae, 

Miser-a, 

wretched 

G. 

Mlser-orum 

I,  Miser-arum,  Miser-oriim 

i,  of  wretched. 

D. 

Miser-Is, 

MTser-Is, 

Miser-Ts, 

to  ox  for  wretched 

EXERCISES    02i    ADJECTIVES. 


23 


Ac.  IMiser-os, 

Miser-as, 

Miser-a,       wretched. 

V.   Miser-i, 

Miser-se, 

Miser-a,       oh 

wretched ! 

Ab.  Miser-Is, 

Miser-is, 

Miser-Is,      with,  &c.,  wrete  hed 

Pulcher, 

Pulchr-d, 

Pulchr-um, 

"  Fair ' 

Singular, 

^     Masc. 

Fern, 

Neut, 

N.   Pulcher, 

Pulchr-a, 

Pulchr-um, 

fair 

G.   Pulchr-i, 

Pulchr-ae, 

Pulchr-i, 

of  fair. 

1).   Pulchr-o, 

Pulchr-re, 

Pulchr-o, 

to  QX  for  fair. 

.4.C.  Pulchr-um, 

Pulchr-am, 

,     Pulchr-um, 

fair. 

V.   Pulcher, 

Pulchr-a, 

Pulchr-um, 

oh  fair ! 

A.b.  Pulchr-5, 

Pulchr-a, 

Pulchr-o, 

with,  S>LQ.,Jai7 

Flural, 

Masc. 

Fern. 

NeuU 

N.   Pulchr-i, 

Pulchr-ae, 

Pulchr-a, 

fair. 

G.   Pulchr-orum,  Pulchr-arum,  Pulchr-orum,  of  fair, 

D.   Pulchr-Is,       Pulchr-Is,       Pulchr-Is,       to  ox  for  fair, 

Ac.  Pulchr-os,      Pulchr-as,      Pulchr-a,       fair. 

V.   Pulchr-T,         Pulchr-a),        Pulchr-a,        oh  fair! 

Ab.  Pulchr-Is,       Pulchr-Ts,       Pulchr-Is,       with,  &c.,  fair 


XIV.  EXERCISES  ON  THE 
SIGNS  OF 

Translate  the  following, 
Globus  rotundus. 
terra  rotunda, 
malum  rotundum. 
terra  rotunda ! 
globi  rotundi. 
malo  rotundo. 
equus  magnus. 
silva  magna. 
{)ra>tiim  magnum. 


FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLEN* 
ADJECTIVES. 

I. 

and  show  the  case  and  number, 
silvae  magnae. 
equorum  magnorum. 
prata  magna ! 
populus  procera. 
scriba  sedule ! 
hortus  pulcher. 
convlvae  satiiri. 
convii  se  saturi ! 
colluni  lon<nim. 


EXBRCISES    ON    A.DJECTIVES. 


nauta  perlto. 
tbeatri  pulchri. 
theatra  pulchra ! 
libro  lacero. 
cems  timidis. 
lupe  carnivore ! 
aquila  cariiivora. 
poetarum  clarorum. 
fonnicam  sedulam. 
Corinthe  opulenta' 
divitiis  incertis. 
Persa  bellicosus. 
Persae  bellicosi. 
Persa  bellicose  ! 
pirus  annosa. 
pire  annosa ! 
pirum  oblongum. 
pira  oblonga ! 
vannus  lignea. 
pharmacopolam  doctum. 
belli  exitiosi. 
puer  attehte  ! 
puercJs  attentos. 
cultri  acuti ! 
aprorum  setosonira. 


specula  vitrea ! 
vulgus  crediilura. 
guttae  rotundae. 
agni  teneri. 
violarura  teneraruaL 
foliis  teneris. 
folia  tenera. 
taure  comiger! 
tauri  comigeri ! 
tauri  comigeri. 
vaccae  cornigerae ! 
cerasus  aha. 
cerasum  matQrum 
virorum  liberonim, 
librorum  muitorum 
profundo  fluvio. 
diuturnae  pluviae. 
patiila  mains, 
pulchro  theatro. 
densarum  silvarum 
maturum  fragum  ! 
odoriferae  rosas ! 
nigram  talpam 
nigro  corvo. 
discipulos  pigros. 


Nidus  ciconiae  est  magnus. — Ociili  magnorum  elephanlo» 
rum  sunt  parvi. — Numerus  incolarum  terrae  est  magnus. — 
l$c}"thae  bellicosi,  magna  popule  Asiae ! — Germania  habeft 
mul'os  latos  et  profundos  fluvios. — Belli  gloria  populi  Ro- 
raaiii  erat  magna. — Rubrae  et  odoriferae  rosae  sunt  omamenta 
pulchrorum  bortorum. — Folia  rosarum  sunt  pulcbraet.odor- 
ifera. — Coma  Germanorum  priscorum  erat  flava. — Apri  sunt 
setosi  et  incolae  magnarum  et  densarum  silvarum. — Poetoe 
sunt  amici  lusciniarum  canorarum  et  fluviorum  rapidorum.— 
f^orvi  habent  plumas  atras. — Silvgp  sunt  domirilinm  mor«' 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    SECOND    DECLENSION. 


25 


/arum  nigrarum  et  aqiiilarum  c ami vor arum. — Nidi  corvo- 
rum  et  picarum  sunt  in  ramis  populi  procerse  tuti. — In  mag- 
nis  silvis  sunt  rnultae  fagi  patuiae. — Liberi  Lacedaemoniorum 
Qon  eraiii  delicati. — Agni  lanigeri  sunt  magnum  gaudium 
paerorum. — Stelligerujn  coelum  est  thronus  dei. — Lupus 
satur  non  est  damnosus  agno  tenero. — Pretium  pociili  aurei 
est  magnum. — Clara  Corinihus  erat  oppidum  opulentum. — 
Malum  aureum  deae  Discordiae  fuit  causa  belli  Trujani  et 
multarum  lacrymarum. — In  humo  sicca  sunt  herbae  macree. 
— Cyprus  opima  provincia  fuit  imperii  Romani. — Graecis  et 
Romanis '  specula  vitrea  ignota  fuerunt. — Teneri  pampini 
sunt  ornamentum  ministrorum  Liberi. — Virus  multarum  vi- 
perarum  et  plantarum  est  mortifenim. 

IL 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  liatin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


The  eagle    has  a    thick    and 

fleshy  tongue. 
The  nests  of  larks  are  small, 

and  the  nests  of  storks  are 

large. 
The  reindeer  is  peculiar   to 

cold  Lapland. 
The   temples   of  the    ancient 

Greeks  were  magnificent. 
Oh  Olympus  I   lofty  abode  of 

the  Grecian  gods  I 
Frequent  rains  are  often  pleaS' 

ing  to  the  husbandman. 
Cooked  crabs  are  red. 
With  black  feathers  of  ravens. 
Abodes  of  fleecy  lamSs. 
The  garments  of  various  com- 

iinmities  are  various. 


Aquila  habeo  crassus  et  car 

nosus  lingua. 
Nidus  alauda  sum  parvus,  et 

nidus  ciconia  sum  magnus. 

Tarandus  sum  frigidus  Lap 

ponia  proprius. 
Templum    priscus     Graecus 

sum  magnificus. 
Olympus !    altus  domicilium 

deus  Graecus ! 
Creber  pluvia  sum   agricola 

saepe  gratus. 
Cancer  coctus  sum  ruber, 
Pluma  ater  corvus. 
DomiciliiuTi  laniger  agnus. 
Vestimentum  varius  populus 

sum  varius. 


8 


26 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


Golden  cups  are  rare,  but 
wooden  writing-desks  are 
many. 

Oh  deep  and  broad  Rhine  ! 

True  friends  are  a  great  good. 

Bears  are  black,  doves  are 
white. 


Poculum  aureus  sum  rarus, 

sed  scrinium  ligneus  sure 

multus. 
Latus  et  profundus  Rhenus. 
Verus  amicus    sum  magnu 

bonum. 
Ursus    sum   niger,    columb. 

sum  albus. 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 

I.  The  number  of  final  letters  in  this  declension  is 
twelve,  of  which  five  are  vowels,  a,  e,  i,  o,  and  y,  and  the 
remaining  seven  are  consonants,  c,  Z,  n,  r,  s,  t,  and  x. 

II.  The  following  is  a  general  scheme  of  the  terminations. 


Singular. 
N.    a,  e,  i,  o,  y,  c,  I,  n,  r,  s,  t,  x. 
G.    IS. 
D.    1. 

Ac.  em,  im.  Neut.  like  Nom. 
V.    like  Nom. 
Ab.  e,  I. 


Plural. 
N.    ts,  Neut.  a  or  id. 
G.    um,  ium. 
D.    ibus, 

Ac.  es,  Neut.  like  Nom 
V.    like  Nom. 
Ab.  ibus. 


EXAMPLES. 

I.  Nouns  in  a. 
Nouns  in  a  are  of  Greek  origin  and  the  neuter  gender 
and  make  dtis  in  the  genitive ;  as,  poema,  gen.  poem&iis 
Thus, 

Singular. 


N. 

Poem-a, 

a  poem. 

G. 

Poemat-is, 

of  a  poem. 

D. 

Poemat-i, 

to  ox  for  a  poem. 

Ace. 

Poem-a, 

a  poem. 

V. 

Poem-a, 

oh  poem  ! 

Ab. 

Poemat-e, 

with,  (fee,  a  poem 

THIRD    DECLENSION.  27 


Plural 

N. 

Poemat-a, 

poems. 

G. 

Poemat-um, 

of  poems. 

D. 

Poemat-ibus, 

to  or  for  poems. 

Ace. 

Poemat-a, 

poems. 

V. 

Poemal-a, 

oh  poems! 

Ab. 

Poemat-ibus, 

with,  (fee,  pOSm^^ 

II.  Nomis  in  e. 

Nouns  ill  e  change  e  into  is  in  forming  the  genitive,  and 
are  of  the  neuter  gender.     Thus, 
Singular. 


N. 

Mar-e, 

a  sea. 

G. 

Mar-is, 

.  of  a  sea. 

D. 

Mar-i, 

to  ox  for  a  sea. 

Ace. 

Mar-e, 

a  sea. 

V. 

Mar-e, 

oh  sea! 

Ab. 

Mar-i, 

with,  Slc,  a  sea. 

Plural. 

N. 

Mar-ia, 

seas. 

a 

Mar-ium, 

of  seas. 

D. 

Mar-ibus, 

to  or  for  seas. 

Ace.. 

Mar-ia, 

seas. 

V. 

Mar-ia, 

"oh  seas! 

Ab. 

Mar-ibus, 

with,  &c.,  seas. 

/ 


III.  Nouns  in  i  and  y, 

I.  Nouns  in  i  and  y  are  of  Greek  origin.  They  are 
partly,  as  neuters,  indeclinable ;  as,  gummi,  "  gum ;"  and 
partly  have,  as  feminines,  is,  yis,  or  yos  in  the  genitive ; 
as,  sinapi,  "  mustard,"  gen.  sindpis  ;  misy,  "  a  mushroom,^ 
gen.  misyis  or  misyos, 

II.  Compounds  in  meli,  however,  have  melitis  or  melt- 
co,,  in  imitation  of  the  Greek;  RS,hydromeU,  "mead,'*  gen 
iydromelttis  or  hydromelitos. 


J^iAXrmv  <UeVldl<rpi£^ 


28 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


IV.  Nouns  in  o. 

I.  Nouns  in  o  (where  the  o  is  common,  that  is,  eitJi«r 
long  or  short)  add  nis  to  form  the  genitive,  sometimes  only 
lengthening  the  o  (that  is,  keeping  it  long)  and  sometimes 
changing  it  to  t,        "  '' 

II.  The  following jye  some  of  the  nouns  which  make  o 
ong  t«4oB?^/:y,-andy  consequently,  have  it  long  also  in  the 
ther  oblique  cases,  namely, 


carbo. 

a  coal, 

gen. 

carbonis. 

iatro, 

a  robber. 

u 

latronis. 

leo, 

a  lion, 

u 

leonis. 

ligo, 

a  spade. 

« 

ligonis. 

p^vo. 

a  peacock, 

a 

pavonis. 

praedo, 

a  robber,^ 

ti 

prseSonis. 

sermo. 

a  discourse. 

ti 

sermonis. 

aquilo. 

the  northeast  wind, 

a 

aquilonis. 

bufo, 

a  toad, 

(< 

bufo  nis. 

%  III.  All  words  in  io  have  the  long  o  in  the  genitive ;  as, 
f^tio,  "reason,"  gen.  rationis ;  pugio,  "  a.  dagger,"  genvjow- 
gionis,  <fec., 


EXAMPLES. 

Leo, 

"  a  lion:'' 

Singular, 

Plural.    ^ 

N. 

Leo, 

N. 

Leon-es, 

G. 

Leon-is, 

G. 

Leon-um. 

D. 

Leon-i, 

D. 

Leon-Ibus, 

Ace. 

Leon-em, 

Ace. 

Leon-es, 

V. 

Leo, 

V. 

Leon-es, 

Ab. 

Le5n-e. 

Ab. 

Leon-ibus. 

1.  The  Eng  ish  designation  of  the  cases  will  be  henceforth  dropped 
and  the  student  must  be  able  to  supply  them  for  himself. 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


29 


Ratio,  " 

reason.^^ 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Ratio, 

N. 

Ratlon-es, 

G. 

Ration-Ts, 

G. 

Rati5n-um, 

D. 

Ratlon-i, 

D. 

Ration-ibus, 

Ace 

Ration- em, 

Ace. 

Ration-es, 

V. 

Ratio, 

V. 

Ratlon-es, 

Ab. 

Ration-e. 

Ab. 

Ratio  n-ilms. 

IV.  Of  nouns  that,  in  forming  the  genitive,  change  o  into 
i  are,  1".  All  names  of  qualities  in  do;  as,  consuetiido, 
**  habit,"  gen.  consiietudinis.  2.  Most  words  in  go ;  as, 
imago.  "  an  image,"  gen.  imaginis.  3.  Some  others  that 
cannot  be  reduced  to  any  particular  class  ;  as, 

cardo,  a  hinge,  gen.  cardtnis. 

hirundo,  a  swallow,  "     hirundinis 

turbo,  a  whirlwind,  "     turbmis. 

homo,  a  man,  "     hominis. 

nemo,  nohody,  "     neminis. 

V.  Caro,  "  flesh,"  makes  carnis,  but  the  earlier  form  was 
cartnis,  of  which  carnis  is  merely  a  contraction.  And  so 
likewise  of  the  other  cases,  such  as,  carni  (for  carlni),  car^ 
nem  (for  carinem),  (fee. 

VI.  Most  names  of  nations  have  a  short  o;  as,  Saxones 
Senones,  Macedones,  <fec.  But  the  following  are  exceptions 
namely,  Ltacones,  lones,  Nasamdnes,  Suessones,  Vettone^ 

EXAMPLES. 

Consuetudo,  "  a  habit." 


Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Consuetudo, 

N. 

Consuetudin-es, 

G. 

Consuetudln-is, 

G. 

Consuetudin-um, 

D. 

Consuetudln-i, 

D. 

Consuetudin-ibus, 

Ace. 

ConsuetudTn-em, 

Ace. 

Consuetudln-es, 

V. 

Consuetudo, 

V. 

Consuetudm-es, 

Ab. 

Consuetudin-e. 

Ab, 

Cowsuetudin-ibus. 

THIRD  DECLENSION. 


Imago,  " 

an  image. 

jj 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N 

Imago, 

N. 

Imagm-eSj 

G. 

Imagin-is, 

G 

Imagm-um, 

D. 

Imagm-i, 

D. 

Imagm-Ibus, 

Ace 

Imagln-em, 

Ace. 

Imagin-es, 

V. 

Imago, 

V. 

Imagln-es, 

Ab. 

Imagin-e. 

Ab. 

Imagin-ibus. 

Homo,  ' 

a  man.''^ 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Homo, 

N. 

Homln-es, 

G. 

Homin-is, 

G. 

Homln-um, 

D. 

Homln-I, 

D. 

Homin-Ibus, 

Ace. 

Homin-em, 

Ace. 

Homm-es, 

V. 

Homo, 

V, 

Homin-es, 

Ab. 

Homm-e. 

Ab. 

Homin-Ibus. 

V.  Nouns  in  c. 

Only  two  nouns  end  in  c,  namely,  halec,  *' pickle,'' 
gen.  halecis,  and  lac,  "  milk,"  gen.  lactis. 

VI.  Nouns  in  I, 

Nouns  in  I  add  is  to  the  nominative ;  as,  animal,  '*  an 
animal,"  gen.  animdlis ;  sol,  "  the  sun,"  gen.  solis,  &c. 
But  mel,  "honey,"  makes  mellis,  plural  mella.  So  also 
fel,  "  gall,"  makes  fellis,  bat  has  no  plural. 

EXAMPLE. 

AnTmal,  "  an  animal. ^^ 


Singular. 

Plural 

N. 

Animal, 

N. 

Animal-ia, 

G. 

Animal-Ts, 

G. 

Animal-ium, 

D. 

Animal-i, 

D. 

Animal-Ibus, 

Ace 

Animal, 

Ace. 

x4nTmal-ia, 

V. 

Animal, 

V. 

Anlriial-ia, 

Ab. 

Anlmal-i. 

Ab. 

Anlmal-ibus. 

THIRD   DECLENSION 


31 


VII.  'Nouns  in  en, 

I.  Nouns  in  en  make  enis  in  the  genitive  ;  as,  lien,  \he 
spleen,"  gen.  lienis ;  attdgen,  "a  species  of  bird,"  gen  oi 
t  agents. 

II.  Nouns  in  en  make  mis ;  as,  carmen,  "  a  song,"  gii) 
tarminis;  nomen,  "  a  name,"  gen.  nomims. 

III.  Greek  words  in  an,  en,  in,  yn,  and  on  make  tht 
vowel  long  or  short  in  the  genitive,  according  as  it  is  in 
Greek.  Those  which  insert  t  in  the  Greek  do  the  same 
in  the  Latin.  Thus,  agon,  gen.  agonis ;  canon,  gen.  ca- 
nonis ;  Xenophon,  gen.  Xenophontis,  Sic. 

EXAMPLES. 

Lichen,  "  a  tetter'''  or  "  ringworm.'''* 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Lichen, 

N. 

Lichen-es, 

G. 

Lichen-is, 

G. 

Lichen-ura, 

D. 

Lichen-I, 

D. 

Lichen-ibus 

Ace. 

Lichen-em, 

Ace. 

Lichen-es, 

V. 

Lichen, 

V. 

Lichen-es, 

Ab. 

Lichen-e. 

Ab. 

Lichen-Tbus. 

Carmen, 

"  a  song. 

u 

Singular. 

Plural 

N. 

Carmen, 

N. 

Carmin-a, 

G. 

Carmln-Ts, 

G. 

Carmin-um, 

D. 

Carmm-i, 

D. 

Carmm-ibus, 

Ace. 

Carmen, 

Ace. 

Carmin-a, 

V. 

Carmen, 

V. 

Carmm-a, 

Ab. 

Carmm-e. 

Ab. 

Carmln-ibus 

VIIL  Nouns  in  r. 

Nouns  in  r  are  to  be  distinguished  according  tc  Ui^ 
vowel  which  precedes. 

I.  Those  in  ar  have  generally  dris  in  the  genitive  ;  as. 
calcar^  "a  spur,"  gen.  calcaris.     But  some  have  aris ;  as 


32 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


CcBsar,  gen.  CcBsaris ;  juhar,  "a. beam  of  the  sun,"  geiw 
juharis ;  lar,  "  a  household  god,"  gen.  Idris.  So  also  the 
adjective  par,  "  equal,"  and  its  compounds ;  as,  par,  gen. 
pdris ;  impar,  "  unequal,"  gen.  imparls,  Sic. 

II.  Far,  "  a  species  of  grain,"  has  farris,     Hepar,  "  thfi 
liver  "  has  hepatis. 

EXAMPLES. 

Cilcar,  "  a  spur." 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ah. 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 


Singular. 

Calcar, 

Calcar-is, 

Calcar-i, 

Calcar, 

Calcar, 

Calcar- 1. 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 


Plural. 
Calcar-ia, 
Calcar-ium, 
Calcar-Ibus, 
Calcar-ia, 
Calcar-Ta, 
Calcar-ibus. 


Lar,  "  a  household  god," 


Singular. 
Lar, 
Lar-is, 
Lar-T, 
Lar-em, 
Lar, 
Lar-e. 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 


Plural. 

Lar-es, 

Lar-ium, 

Lar-Tbus, 

Lar-es, 

liar-es, 

Lar-Ibus. 


III.  Nouns  in  er  have  eris ;  as,  mulier,  "  a  female,  gei; 
muUeris ;  career,  "  a  prison,"  gen.  carceris. 

IV.  Some  nouns  in  er,  hovirever,  throw  out  the  e;  as 
pater, "  a  father,"  gen.patris,  and,  along  with  pater,  all  nouns 
in  tcr  except  later,  ^^  a  brick,"  gen.  lateris.  The  following 
also  throw  out  e,  namely,  imher,  "  a  shov^rer,"  gen.  imbris, 
and  the  names  of  some  of  the  months  ;  as,  September,  Oc 
iober,  November,  December,  gen.  Septembris,  Octobris,  Slc. 

V.  Iter,  "  a  journey,"  makes  itineris  in  the  genitive,  the 
old  nominative,  besides  z'^er,  having  been  also  itiner ;  while 
iter  itself  made,  in  early  liatin,  the  genitive  ite.ris. 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


33 


VI.  Ver  makes  veris,  being  derived  from  the  Greek, 
where  the  penult  of  the  genitive  is  contracted,  and,  conse- 
quently, long. 

VII.  Greek  words  follow  the  Greek  declension ;  as» 
character,  gen.  characteris ;  aer,  "  air,"  gen.  a^ris. 

VIII.  Jupiter  makes  Jovis,  But  in  early  Latin  Jupiter 
made  Jupiteris,  and  Jovis  is,  in  fact,  the  genitive  of  an  old 
nominative  Jovis,  just  as  we  shall  presently  see  nouns  in  u 
making  is  also  in  the  genitive. 


EXAMPLES. 

Mulier,  " 

a  female. 

» 

.lingular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Mulier, 

N. 

Mulier-es, 

G. 

Mulier-is, 

G. 

Mulier-um, 

D. 

Muller-T, 

D. 

Mulier-ibusj 

Ace. 

Mulier-em, 

Ace. 

MulTer-es, 

V. 

Mulier, 

V. 

Mulier-es, 

Ab. 

Mulier-e. 

Ab. 

Muirer-ibA3« 

Pater,  **  i 

I  father:' 

Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Pater, 

N. 

Patr-es. 

G. 

Patr-is, 

G. 

Patr-um, 

D. 

Patr-i, 

D. 

Patr-ibus, 

Ace 

Patr-em, 

Ace. 

Patr-es, 

V. 

Pater, 

V. 

Patr-es, 

Ab. 

Patr-e. 

Ab. 

Patr-ibus. 

Iter,  "a^ 

journey'' 

Singular* 

Plural. 

N. 

Iter, 

N. 

Itiner-a, 

G. 

Itiner*is, 

G. 

Itiner-um, 

D. 

Itiner-i, 

D. 

Itiner-ibu* 

Ace 

Iter, 

Ace. 

Itiner-a, 

V. 

Iter, 

V. 

Itiner-a, 

Ab. 

Itiner-e 

Ab. 

Itiner-ibiis. 

84 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


IX.  Nouns  in  yr  are  Greek,  and  form  their  cases  aitei 
the  Greek  ;  as,  martyr^  "  a  martyr,"  gen.  martyris, 

X.  Nouns  in  or  have  oris ;  as,  amor,  "  love,"  gea 
amoris ;  soror^  "  a  sister,"  gen.  sororis ;  but  arbor,  "  a  tree,'' 
ador,  "  a  species  of  wheat,"  and  the  neuters  cequor  and  mar- 
mor,  have  oris. 


xuA.a.aL 

Soror,  " 

a  sister,^^ 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

Soror, 

N. 

Soror-es, 

G. 

Soror-is, 

G. 

Soror-um, 

D. 

Soror-i, 

D. 

Soror-ibus, 

Ace. 

Soror-em, 

Ace. 

Soror-es, 

V. 

Soror, 

V. 

Soror-es, 

4b. 

Soror-e. 

Ab. 

Soror-ibus. 

Arbor,  *' 

a  tree,'' 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

Arbor, 

N 

Arbor-es, 

G. 

Arbor-is, 

G. 

Arbor-um, 

D. 

Arbor-i, 

D. 

Arbor-ibus, 

Ace. 

Arbor-em, 

Ace. 

Arbor-es, 

V. 

Arbor, 

V. 

Arbor-es, 

Ab. 

Arbor-e. 

Ab. 

Arbor-ibus. 

JGquor,  ' 

'  the  sea." 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

MquoTy 

N. 

iEqu6r-a, 

G. 

iEqu6r-is, 

G. 

-^qu6r-um. 

D. 

w^qu6r-I, 

D. 

iEquor-ibus, 

Ace. 

iEquor, 

Ace. 

iEqu6r-a, 

V. 

-^quor, 

V. 

iEqu6r-a, 

Ab. 

iEquor-e. 

Ab. 

iEquor-ibus. 

XI.  Nouns  in  wr  have  uris ;  as,  murmur,  gen.  murmnris; 
sulphur,  gen.  sulphUris,  Except  fur,  "  a  thief,"  which 
makes /i/n>. 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


35 


XII.  The  four  neuters,  eJwr," ivory," /mwr,  "the  thigh,' 
jecur,  "  the  liver,"  and  rohur,  "  strength,"  have  oris ;  and 
jecur^  moreover,  has  jecinoris,  jocinoris,  and  jocmens 

EXAMPLES. 

Murmur,  "  a  murmur.''^ 


Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Murmur, 

N. 

Murmur-a, 

G. 

Murmur-is, 

G. 

Murmur-um, 

D. 

Murmur-I, 

D. 

Murmur-ibus, 

Ace. 

Murmur,     . 

Ace. 

Murmur-a, 

V. 

Murmur, 

V. 

Murmur-a, 

Ab 

Murmur-e 

Ab. 

Murmur-ibus. 

Robur,  « 

strength. 

1 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Robur, 

N. 

Robor-a, 

G. 

Robor-is, 

G. 

Robor-um, 

D. 

Robor-T, 

D. 

Robor-ibus, 

Ace. 

Robur, 

Ace. 

Robor-a, 

V. 

Robur, 

V. 

Robor-a, 

Ab. 

Robor-e. 

Ab. 

Robor-ibus. 

IX.  Nouns  in  s. 
Nouns  which  end  in  s  have  either  «,  e,  i,  o,  w,  y,  au,  ci 
a  consonant  before  s. 

I.  Those  in  as  have  in  the  genitive  dtis ;  as,  (Btas,  "  an 
age,"  gen.  cetdtis ;  except  anas^  "  a  duck,"  which  makes 
andtis. 

II.  Mas,  "  a  male,"  makes  maris.  Vas,  "  a  surety," 
makes  vddis ;  but  vas,  "  a  vessel,"  vdsis.  The  noun  as^ 
'  a  pound,"  makes  assis. 

III.  Greek  words  form  their  genitives  according  to  their 
gender,  the  mascuUnes  in  antis,  the  feminines  in  ddis,  and 
the  neuters  in  atis ;  as,  addmas,  "  a  diamond,"  gen.  ada- 
mantis ;  lampas,  "  a  torch,"  gen.  lampddis ;  artocreas,  '*  a 
meat-pie,"  gen.  artocredtis. 


S6 


THIRD    DECLhINSlON. 


IV.  The  words  Areas,  "  an  Arcadian,'^  and  nomas,  "  ont; 
that  pastures  flocks,"  which  are  of  the  common  gender, 
make  the  genitive  in  ddis. 

V.  Greek  nouns,  which  form  the  genitive  in  adis  or 
aiitis  terminate  the  accusative  either  in  a  or  m,  the  former 
according  to  the  Greek,  the  latter  according  to  the  Roman 
form* 

EXAMPLES. 

iEtas,  "  an  age,^^ 


Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Mtsis, 

N. 

JStat-es, 

G. 

jEtat-is, 

G. 

iEtat-um, 

D. 

iEtat-i, 

D. 

iEtat-ibus, 

Ace. 

iEtat-em, 

Ace. 

iEtat-es, 

V. 

iEtas, 

V. 

iEtat-es, 

Ab. 

iEtat-e. 

Ab. 

^tat-ibus 

Mas,  "  < 

2  male.^^ 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Mas, 

N. 

Mar-es, 

G. 

Mar-is, 

G. 

Mar-ium, 

D. 

Mar-I, 

D. 

Mar-ibu», 

Ace. 

Mar-em, 

Ace. 

Mar-es, 

V. 

Mas, 

V. 

Mar-es, 

Ab. 

Mar-e. 

Ab. 

Mar-ibus. 

Vas,  "  a 

surety:'^ 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Vas, 

N. 

Vad-es, 

G. 

Vad-is, 

G. 

Vad-Ium, 

D. 

Vad-i, 

D. 

Vad-ibus, 

Ace. 

Vad-em, 

Ace. 

Vad-es, 

V. 

Vas, 

V. 

Vad-es, 

Ab. 

Vad-e. 

Ab. 

Vad-ibus. 

1.  Consult  remarks  on  Greek  nouns  of  this  declension,  page  51. 

2.  Vas,  vdsis,  is  neuter,  and  is  also  irregular  in  the  plural,  making 
vasa,  vasorum,  vasis,  &c.,  according  to  the  second  declension  of  neuters 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


37 


Adamas,  "  a  diamond,''^ 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Adamas, 

N. 

Adamant-es, 

G. 

Adamant-is, 

G. 

Adamant-um, 

D 

Adamant-i, 

D. 

Adamant-ibus, 

Ace. 

Adamant-a  &: 

-em. 

Ace. 

Adamant-as,' 

V. 

Adamas, 

V. 

Adamant-es, 

Ab. 

Adamant-e. 

Ab. 

Adamant-ibus, 

Lampas,  * 

*  a  torch. 

jj 

Singular. 

Plural 

N. 

Lampas, 

N. 

Lampad-es, 

G. 

Lampad-is, 

G. 

Lampad-um, 

D. 

Lampad-i, 

D. 

Lampad-ibus, 

Ace. 

Lampad-a  <fe 

-em, 

Ace. 

Lampad-as, 

V, 

Lampas, 

V. 

Lampad-es, 

Ab. 

Lampad-e. 

Ab. 

Lampad-ibus. 

VI.  Nouns  in  es  form  their  genitive  in  several  v-^av's 
Thus, 

1 .  Some  change  es  into  is ;  as,  (Ldes,  gen.  adis. 

2.  Some  change  es  into  ttis ;  as,  comes,  gen.  comttis. 

3.  Some  change  es  into  etis ;  as,  seges,  gen.  segetis. 

4.  Some  change  es  into  etis ;  as,  lehes,  gen.  lehetis. 

5.  Some  change  es  into  ?'J^.y ;  as,  obses,  gen.  obsidis. 

6.  Some  change  <?5  into  edis ;  as,  pe^*,  gen.  pedis. 

7.  Some  change  e.?  into  edis ;  as,  h(£res,  gen.  hmredis. 

VII.  But  j9r<E5  makes  prcedis ;  <bs  makes  <Bris ;  bes  makes 
bessis ;  and  Ceres  makes  Cereris. 

1.  Greek  accusative  plural,  not  adamant-ts  like  nouns  of  Latin  origia, 
though  adamant-cm  occurs  in  the  singular.  The  same  remark  applies 
to  Lampad-as.  The  termination  as  of  the  Greek  accusative  plural  ii 
short,  of  the  regular  Latin  form  long.  The  accusative  plural  in  as  i? 
admissible  in  all  words  which  have  the  termination  in  Greek,  but  i? 
rarely  used  in  prose. 

4 


18 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


EXAMPLES. 

Nubes,  "  a  cloud' 

Singular. 

Plural, 

N. 

Nub-es, 

N. 

Nub-es, 

G. 

Nub-is, 

G. 

Nub-ium, 

D. 

Nub-i, 

D. 

Nub-ibus, 

Ace 

Nub-em, 

Ace. 

Nub-es, 

V. 

Nub-es, 

V. 

Nub-es, 

Ab 

Nub-e. 

Ab. 

Nub-fous. 

Comes,  "  a 

companion" 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N 

Comes, 

N. 

Comit-es, 

G. 

Comit-is, 

G. 

Comit-um, 

D. 

Comit-i, 

D. 

Comit-ibus, 

Ace 

Com!t-em, 

Ace. 

Comit-es, 

V. 

Comes, 

V. 

Comit-es, 

Ab. 

Comit-e. 

Ab. 

Comit-ibus. 

Obses,  "  c 

t  hostage,^ 

> 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Obses, 

N. 

Obsid-es, 

G. 

Obsid-is, 

G. 

Obsid-um, 

D. 

Obsrd-i, 

D. 

Obsid-ibus, 

Ace. 

Obsid-em, 

Ace. 

Obsid-es, 

V. 

Obses, 

V. 

Obsid-es, 

Ab. 

Obsid-e. 

Ab. 

Obsid-ibus. 

VIII.  Nouns  in  is  have  generally  is  in  the  genitive, 
without  increase  ;  as,  avis,  "  a  bird,"  gen.  avis ;  piscis,  "  a 
fish,"  gen.  piscis. 

IX  Some  receive  an  additional  syllable,  and  make  tdis, 
His,  or  eris ;  as,  cassis,  "a  helmet,"  gen.  cassXdis ;  lis, 
"  strife,"  gen.  litis ;  pulvis,  "  dust,"  gen.  pulveris. 

X.  Glis,  "  a  dormouse,"  makes  gliris ;  sanguis,  "  blood," 
sanguinis,  though  the  adjectives  derived  from  it  do  not  in- 
crease ,  as,  exsangms,  "•  bloodless,"  gen.  exsanguis      The 


T«1RD    DECLENSION. 


39 


word  semis,  "  the  Half  of  an  as,"  as  being  compounded  with 
as,  makes  semissis. 

XL  Greek  words  in  is  and  ys  will  be  noticed  hereaftev 


EXAMPLES. 


Avis,  "  a  bird. 


'  ■• 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Av-is, 

N. 

Av-es, 

G. 

Av-is, 

G. 

Av-ium, 

D. 

Av-i, 

D. 

Av-ibus, 

Ace. 

Av-eni, 

Ace. 

Av-es, 

V. 

Av-is, 

V. 

Av-es 

Ab. 

Av-e. 

Ab. 

Av-ii.ais*. 

Cassis, " 

a  helmet.'' 

Singular,         "    ' "' 

*'   '      -'-'V|  . 

Plural, 

N. 

Cassis, 

N. 

Cassid-es, 

G. 

Cassid-is. 

G. 

CassTd-um, 

D. 

Cassid-i, 

D. 

Cassid-ibus, 

Ace. 

Cassid-em, 

Ace. 

Cassid-es, 

V. 

Cassis, 

V. 

Cassid-es, 

Ab. 

Cassid-e. 

Ab. 

Cassid-ibus. 

' 

Quiris,  '-  a  R 

Oman  citizen." 

Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Quiris, 

N. 

Quirit-es, 

G. 

Quirit-is, 

G. 

Quirlt-um, 

D. 

Quirit-T, 

D. 

Quirit-ibus, 

Ace. 

Quirit-em, 

Ace. 

Quirit-es, 

V. 

Quiris, 

V. 

Quirit-es, 

Ab. 

Quirit-e. 

Ab. 

Quirit-ibus. 

.     ,    _              Pulvis 

■'  dust." 

Singular. 

'Piurdl. 

N. 

Pulvis, 

N. 

Pulver-es, 

G 

Pulver-Ts 

G. 

Pulver-um, 

D 

Pulver-I 

D. 

Pulver-ibus, 

40 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


Acc 

Pulver-em, 

Acc. 

Piilver-es, 

V. 

Pulvis, 

V. 

Pulver-es, 

Ab. 

Piilver-e. 

Ab. 

Pulver-ibus 

XII.  Nouns  in  os  make  atis ;  as,  cos,  "a  whetstone, 
gen.  cotis ;  dos,  "  a  dower,"  gen.  dotis. 

XIII.  Or  else  they  take  oris ;  as,  os,  "the  mouth,"  gen 
oris ;  ros,  "  dew,"  gen.  roris. 

XIV.  But  OS,  *'  a  bone,"  makes  ossis ;  custos, "  a  keeper,' 
custodis ;  and  hos,  "  an  ox,"  hovis. 

XV.  Some  Greek  words,  as  heros,  "  a  hero,"  Minos 
Tros,  &c.,  make  dis  in  the  genitive ;  as,  kerois,  Minois- 
Trots. 


EXAMPLES. 

Nepos,  ''  a 

grandsor 

l" 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Nepos, 

N. 

Nepot-es, 

G. 

Nepot-Ts, 

G. 

Nep5t-um, 

D. 

Nepot-I, 

D. 

Nepot-ibus, 

Acc. 

Nepot-em, 

Acc. 

Nepot-es, 

V. 

Nepos, 

V. 

Nepot-es, 

Ab. 

Nepot-e. 

Ab. 

Nepot-ibus 

Flos,  "  a 

,  flower:' 

Singular. 

Plural 

N. 

Flos, 

N. 

Flor-es, 

G. 

Flor-is, 

G. 

Flor-um, 

D. 

Flor-I, 

D. 

Flor-ibus, 

Acc. 

Flor-em, 

Acc. 

Flor-es, 

V. 

Flos, 

V. 

Flor-es, 

Ab. 

Flor-e. 

Ab. 

Fl5r-ibus. 

XVI.  Of  nouns  in  us,  the  feminines  in  Us  make  utis ;  as, 
virtus,  "virtue,"  gen.  virtHtis.  But  tellus,  "the  eartb,^' 
makes  telluris,  and  Venus,  *'  Venus,"  Veneris. 

XVII.  Neuters    in  us   have  either  eris :  B,s,  fcedns.  *S-) 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


4i 


league,"  gen.  f(zderis ;  or  oris ;  as,  decus,  '*  honour,"  gen 
decoris. 

XVI II.  All  words  in  us  of  one  syllable,  which  have  u 
long,  form  the  genitive  in  uris ;  as,  crus,  "  a  leg,"  gen.  era 
ris ;  as  also  jus^  pus,  rus,  thus,  and  mus. 

XIX.  Incus,  "  an  anvil,"  palus,  "  a  marsh,"  and  subscus^ 
"  a  dovetail,"  make  iidis,  Grus,  "  a  crane,"  and  sus,  **  jj 
hog"  or  "  sow,"  make  gruis  and  suis, 

XX.  Greek  proper  names  in  us  make  untis ;  as,  Amd 
thus,  gen.  Amathuntis ;    Trapezus,  gen.  Trapezuntis. 

XXI.  The  compounds  oiirovg  make  dc?2^;  as,  ^ripws, 
tripod,"  gen.  tripodis. 

EXAMPLES. 

Virtus,  ^'' virtue.''^ 


Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Virtus, 

N. 

Virtut-es, 

G. 

Virtu  t-Ts, 

G. 

Virtut-um, 

D. 

Virtut-T, 

D. 

Virtut-ibus, 

Ace. 

Virtut-em, 

Ace. 

Virtut-es, 

V. 

Virtus, 

V. 

Virtut-es, 

Ab. 

VirifU-e. 

Ab. 

Virtut-ibus 

Foedus,  " 

a  league,^ 

> 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Foedus, 

N. 

Foeder-a, 

G. 

Foeder-is, 

G. 

Foeder-um, 

D. 

Foeder-i, 

D. 

Foeder-ibus, 

Ace 

Foedus, 

Ace. 

Foeder-a, 

V. 

Foedus, 

V. 

Foeder-a, 

Ab 

Foeder-e. 

Ab. 

Foeder-ibus. 

Decus,  " 

honour,^ 

Singula! 

Plural 

N. 

Decus, 

N. 

Dec6r-a, 

G. 

Decor-is, 

G. 

Dec6r-um, 

D. 

Dec6r-i, 

D. 

Decor-ibus, 

42 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


Acc 

Decus, 

Ace. 

Dec6r-a, 

V. 

Deeiis, 

V. 

Decor-a, 

Ab 

Deeor-e. 

Ab. 

Deeor-ibuft* 

Mus,  **  a  mouse. ^ 

Singular. 

Plural 

NT. 

Mus, 

N. 

Mur-es, 

G. 

Mur-Ts, 

G. 

Mur-um, 

D. 

Mur-i, 

D. 

Mur-ibus, 

Ace. 

Mur-em, 

Ace. 

Mur-es, 

V. 

Mus, 

V. 

Mur-es, 

Ab. 

Mur-e. 
Singular, 

Jus,  **  c 

Ab. 

5  right  r 

Mur-ibus. 
Plural 

N. 

Jus, 

N. 

Jur-a, 

G. 

Jur-is, 

G. 

Jur-um, 

D. 

Jur-i, 

D. 

Jur-ibus, 

0 

Ace. 

Jus, 

Ace. 

Jur-a, 

V. 

Jus, 

V. 

Jur-a, 

Ah. 

Jur-e. 
Amathus. 
Singular. 

Ab. 

Jur-ibus. 
Trapezus. 
Singular. 

N. 

Amathus, 

N. 

Trapezus, 

G. 

Amalhunt-is 

J 

G. 

Trapezunt-is^ 

D. 

Amathunt-T, 

D. 

Trapezunt-i, 

Ace. 

Amathunt-em  &  -a, 

Ace. 

Trapezunt-em 

cfe-a, 

V. 

Amathus, 

V. 

Trapezus, 

Ab. 

Amathunt-e. 

Ab. 

Trapezunt-e. 

XXII.  Only  two  nouns  of  this  declension  end  in  aus^ 
namely,  laus,  "  praise,"  gen.  Jaudis ;  and  fraus^  **  fraud," 
gen.  fravdis. 

XXIII.  Of  those  which  have  a  consonant  before  s,  the 
nouns  in  Is,  ns,  rs,  change  s  into  tis ;  a.Sj  puis,  fons,  mons 
urs,  pars,  which  make  in  the  genitive  puUis,fontis,  montis 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


43 


artis^  partis,  &:c.  But  frons^  **  a  leaf,"  makes  frondis ; 
whereas  frons^  *'  a  forehead,"  follows  the  general  rule,  and 
makes  frontis. 

XXIV.  Nouns  in  hs  make  the  genitive  in  his ;  nouns  in 
ms  in  mis,  &c. ;  as,  irahs,  "  a  beam,"  gen.  trahis ;  hiems 
'*  winter,"  gen.  hiemis. 

XXV,  Coelebs  makes  codihis.  Compounds  in  ceps  (from 
capioy  *'  to  take"),  as  municeps,  make  ipis ;  as,  municipis 


EXAMPLES. 

Ars,  " 

an  art,^^ 

Singular, 

Plural, 

N. 

Ars, 

N. 

Art-es, 

a 

Art-is, 

G. 

Art-ium, 

D. 

Art-T, 

D. 

Art-ibus, 

Ace 

Art-em, 

Ace. 

Art-es, 

V. 

Ars, 

V. 

Art-es, 

4b. 

Art-e 
Singular. 

Trabs,  " 

Ab. 
a  heamy 

Art-ibus. 
Plural. 

N. 

Trabs, 

N. 

Trab-es, 

G. 

Trab-is, 

G. 

Trab-ium, 

D. 

Trab-I, 

D. 

Trab-ibus, 

Ace. 

Trab-em, 

Ace. 

Trab-es, 

V. 

Trabs, 

V. 

Trab-es, 

Ab 

Trab-e. 

Ab. 

Trab-ibus. 

Particeps,  *' 

a  partaker  y* 

Singular, 

Plural, 

N. 

Particeps, 

N. 

Particip-es, 

G. 

Particip-is, 

G. 

PartTcip-um, 

D. 

Particip-T, 

D. 

ParticTp-fbus, 

Ace. 

ParttcFp-em, 

Ace. 

Particip-es, 

V. 

Particeps, 

V. 

Particip-es, 

Ab. 

ParticTp-e. 

Ab. 

PartTcip-ibus. 

44  THIRD    DECLENSION. 

X.  Nouns  in  *.  .  ^\y.r^ 

The  termination  t  is  only  found  in  capvt^  ''  the  head  " 
gen.  capitis,  and  its  compounds  occiput,  sinciput,  which 
make  occipitis  and  sincipitis. 

XI.  Nouns  in  x. 

I.  Of  those  that  end  in  x  the  declension  varies,  according 
IS  the  X  has  been  derived  from  cs  or  gs,  which  must  be  de- 
termined by  the  root.     The  former  is  more  common. 

II.  The  following  rules  may  serve,  however,  in  some  de- 
gree, as  a  guide. 

1.  Words  of  one  syllable,  with  a  consonant  preceding  a?, 
have  cis  in  the  termination  of  the  genitive ;  as,  falx^ 
gen.  folds ;  lanx,  gen.  lands  ;  arx,  gen.  arcis, 

2.  Nouns  in  ax  make  ads ;  as,  pax,  gen.  pads.  But  fax, 
and  some  Greek  words,  such  as  corax,  climax,  make 
ads.  Proper  names  in  nax,  from  the  Greek  ava§ 
(anax),  make,  however,  actis ;  as,  Demonax,  gen.  De- 
monactis. 

3.  Nouns  in  ex  make  ids ;  as,  judex,  gen.  judicis.  But 
vibex  makes  vihicis,  and  lex  and  rex  make  legis  and 
regis.  And  again,  grex  makes  gregis ;  nex  makes 
necis ;  remex  makes  remtgis ;  senex,  senis ;  and  su- 
pellex,  supellectilis. 

4.  Nouns  in  ix  make  their  genitives  in  tcis  or  ids. 
Among  the  latter  are  cervix^  '*  the  neck,"  gen.  ceroids ; 
dcatrix,  "  a  scar,"  gen.  cicatricis ;  phoenix,  "  a  fabulous 
bird,"  gen.  phmiiicis ;  radix, "  a  root,"  gen.  radicis ;  and 
all  female  appellations  ;  as,  inventrix,  '*  an  inventress," 
gen.  inventrids  ;  nutrix,  "  a  nurse,"  gen.  nutrids,  &c. 

6.  Nix,  "snow,"  makes  ntvis ;  and  strix,  "a  screech- 
owl,"  strigis. 

6.  Words  in  ox  make  ods ;  as,  vox,  "the  voice,"  gen 
vods.  But  CappHdox,  "  a  Cappadocian,"  makes  Cappa- 
docis ;  Allobrox,  "  an  Allobrogian,"  makes  Allobrogis . 
and  nox,  "  night,"  makes  noctis. 


THIRD   DECLENSION 


45 


7.  Words  in  ux  make  iicis ;  as,  crux,  "  a  cross,"  gen. 
crucis ;  dux, "  a  leader,"  gen.  ducis.  But  lux,  "  light," 
makes  liicis ;  Pollux,  a  proper  name,  makes  Pollucis ; 
conjux,  "  a  wife,"  makes  conjiigis.  Frugis  is  the  gen- 
itive of  the  obsolete  frux ;  and  fauces  the  plural  of  the 
obsolete  faux. 

8.  Words  in  yx  are  Greek,  and  formed  variously;  a? 
Eryx,  gen.  Hrycis ;  hombyx,  gen.  homhycis,  &c 


EXAMPLES. 


Arx,  "  a  citadel.''^ 


Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Arx, 

N. 

Arc-es, 

G. 

Arc-is, 

G. 

Arc-ium, 

D. 

Arc-i, 

D. 

Arc-ibus, 

Ace. 

Arc-em, 

Ace. 

Arc-es, 

V.' 

Arx, 

V. 

Arc-es, 

Ab. 

Arc-e. 

Ab. 

Arc-ibus 

Judex,  " 

a  judge  J^ 

Singular, 

PlitraL 

N 

Judex, 

N. 

JudTc-es, 

G. 

Judic-is, 

G. 

Judic-um, 

D. 

Judlc-i, 

D. 

Judic-ibus, 

Ace. 

Judic-em, 

Ace. 

JudTc-es, 

V. 

Judex, 

V. 

Judic-es, 

Ab. 

Judic-e, 

Ab. 

Judic-Ibus. 

Lex,  « 

a  law:' 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Lex, 

N. 

Leg-es, 

G. 

Leg-is, 

G. 

Leg-um 

D. 

Leg-i, 

D. 

Leg-ibus 

Ace. 

Leg-em, 

Ace. 

Leg-es, 

V 

Lex, 

V. 

Leg-es, 

Ab. 

Leg-e. 

Ab. 

Leg-ibu^r 

46 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


Appendix,  "  an  addition.^^ 


Singular, 

N.  Appendix, 

G.  Appendic-is, 

D.  Appendic-T, 

Ace  Appendic-em, 

V.  Appendix, 

Ab.  Appendic-e. 


Plural, 

N.  Appendic-es, 

G.  Appendlc-um, 

D.  AppendTc-ibus 

Ace.  Appendic-es, 

V.  Appendic-es, 

Ab.  Appendie-ibufi 


Radix,  "  a  root,'' 

Singular. 

^ 

^H:>j|"'*  ,rrA 

Plural 

N. 

Radix, 

N. 

Radie-es, 

G. 

Hadic-is, 

G. 

Radie-um, 

D. 

Radic-i, 

D. 

Radlc-ibus, 

Ace. 

Radic-em, 

Ace. 

Radlc-es, 

V. 

Radix, 

V. 

Radlc-es, 

Ab. 

Radlc-e. 

Ab. 

Radic-ibus. 

Vox, 

"  a  voice, ^' 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

Vox, 

N. 

Voc-es, 

G. 

Voe-is, 

G. 

Voc-um, 

D. 

Voc-r, 

D. 

Voc-ibus 

Ace 

Voc-em, 

Ace. 

V6e-es, 

V. 

Vox, 

V. 

Voc-es, 

Ab. 

Voc-e, 

Ab. 

Voc-ibus. 

Dux, 

*  a  leader:' 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

Dux, 

N. 

Duc-es, 

G. 

Diie-is, 

G. 

Duc-um, 

D. 

Diic-T, 

D. 

Duc-ibus, 

Ace. 

Due-em, 

Ace. 

Duc-es, 

V. 

Dux, 

V. 

Duc-es, 

Ab. 

Duc-e 

Ab. 

Duc-ibus. 

THIRD   DECLENSION. 


47 


Conjux,  '* 

a  spouse. 

j> 

Singular. 

Plural 

N. 

Conjux, 

N. 

Conjug-es, 

G. 

Conjiig-Ts, 

G. 

Conjug-um, 

D. 

Conjug-i, 

D. 

Conjug-ibus, 

Ace 

Conjug-em, 

Ace. 

Conjug-es, 

V. 

Conjux, 

V. 

Conjug-es, 

Ab. 

Conjug-e. 

Ab. 

Conjug-ibus 

Bombyx,  **  a 

silk-worm.''^ 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

Bombyx, 

N. 

Bombye-es, 

G. 

Bombyc-is, 

G. 

Bombyc-um, 

D. 

Bombye-i, 

D. 

Bombyc-ibus, 

Ace. 

Bombyc-em, 

Ace. 

Bombyc-es, 

V. 

Bombyx, 

V. 

Bombye-es, 

Ab. 

Bombye-e. 

Ab. 

Bombyc-ibup 

REMARKS  ON  THE  CASES. 
1.  Genitive  Singular. 

I,  The  apparent  variety  in  the  formation  of  the  genitive  case  become  i 
greatly  simplified  and  limited  in  extent  if  we  suppose,  what  is  no  doubt 
actually  the  case,  that  the  genitive  singular  is  formed  from  the  root  c 
the  noun  by  merely  adding  is,  and  that  the  final  letter  of  the  root  is  ei- 
ther B.  t  or  some  other  consonant  more  or  less  concealed  in  the  nomina- 
tive. 

II.  The  following  table  will  serve  to  illustrate  this  remark  more  clearly 


Nominative. 

RooT.i 

Genitive. 

Poema, 

Poemat, 

Poemat-Is 

Mare^ 

Mar, 

Mar-is. 

Carbo, 

Carbon, 

Carbon-is. 

Imago, 

Imagin, 

Imagin-is 

Sol, 

Sol, 

Sol-is. 

Lichen, 

Lichen, 

Lichen-is. 

Carmen, 

Carmin, 

Carmin-is. 

Calcar; 

Calcar, 

Calcar-is. 

Career, 

Career, 

Carc§r-i9. 

1.  .Sf/em  or  theme  would  bo  a  more  correct  name,  as  roots,  strictly  spoakinj?,  nif 
ifii  mt>n<iRvl]abic     We  hn^p:  followed,  he  w«^'vr,  th«^  orrliiwrv  phras«'nlfi,T,- 


48 


THIRD    DECLENSION 


S.;ror, 

Soror, 

Soro'  'j8 

JEtas, 

^tat. 

^tat-is. 

Caedes. 

Caed, 

Csed-is. 

Comes, 

Comit, 

Comil  is. 

Haeres, 

Haered, 

HaBr€3(.  is, 

Avis, 

Av, 

Av-is, 

Nepos, 

Nepot, 

Nepot  is. 

Tellus, 

Tellur, 

Telliir-i». 

Opus, 

Oper. 

Oper-is, 

Fraus, 

Fraud, 

Fraud-is. 

Mons, 

Mont, 

Mont-i?. 

Caput, 

Capit, 

Capit-is. 

Arx, 

Arc, 

Arc-is. 

Lex, 

Leg, 

Leg-is. 

Nix, 

Niv, 

Niv-is. 

Conjux, 

Conjiig, 

Conjug-is 

2.  Accusative  Singidar. 

I.  The  regular  ending  of  the  accusative  singul 

ar,  in  this  declension, 

.8  em,  with  the  exception,  of 

course,  of  neuter  nouns,  the  accusative  o 

which  is  always  like  the  nominative. 

2    Many  words 

m  isj  however,  which  do  not  increase  in  i\n  genitiTa. 

have  tm  instead  o 

em,  of  which  the  follow 

ing  are 

a  few. 

amussis, 

a  mas  oil's  rule, 

accus. 

amussimu 

sitis. 

thirst, 

sitim. 

tussis, 

a  cough. 

tussim. 

vis, 

force, 

vim. 

ravis, 

hoarseness. 

ravim. 

buris, 

a  plough-tail, 

burim. 

cannabis 

,        hemp, 

cannabim. 

mephitis 

,       foul  air, 

mephitim. 

3.  The  following  have  im, 

and  sometimes  also  em. 

febris. 

a  fever, 

accus. 

febrim 

(or  -om>. 

puppis. 

a  stern, 

" 

puppim            ". 

turris. 

a  tower. 

(( 

turrim 

(t 

Testis, 

a  rope. 

i( 

restim 

« 

securis, 

an  axe. 

(( 

securim           ** 

aqualis,       a  water-pot,  "         aqualim 

4.  But  the  following  have  em,  and  very  rarely  tm. 

navis,  a  skip,  accus.     navem. 

avis,  a  hird,       *  "        avem. 


THIRD    DECLENSION. 


49 


clavis,         a  key^ 

pelvis,  a  basin. 

messis,        a  harvest, 

ovis,  a  sheep, 

ratis,  a  raft, 

sentis,         a  briar, 
5.   (Jniek  words  will  be  considered  presently  by  themselves.     Many 
(>rL>)>rr  names  of  cities  and  rivers,  however,  not  Greek,  form  tlieir  accu 
natives  in  im,  after  the  analogy  of  the  Greek;  as, 


accus. 

clavem 

(( 

pelvem. 

(( 

messem. 

u 

ovem. 

ti 

rateiu. 

(( 

sentem. 

Albis, 

the  Elbe, 

accus.     Albim. 

Athesis, 

the  Adige, 

*'         Athesim. 

BjEtis, 

the  Guadalquiver, 

"         Baetim. 

Bilbilis, 

Calatajud, 

"         Bilbilim. 

Hispalis, 

Seville,         "  ^ 

*          Hispalim. 

Tiberis, 

the  Tiber, 

"         Tiberim. 

3.  Ablative  Singular. 

1.  The  regular  ending  of  the  ablative  singular  is  in  e;  but  all  words 
which  have  im  in  the  accusative,  except  those  Greek  words  which  have 
idis  in  the  genitive,  make  the  ablative  in  i  instead  of  e. 

2.  The  ablative  of  restim,  however,  is  reste ;  while,  on  the  ether 
hand,  navi  is  more  common  than  nave. 

3.  Neuters  in  e,  al,  and  ar  have  also  i  in  the  ablative  ;  as,  mari,  vec- 
tigdli,  calcdri.  But  far,  bacca. ,  jubar,  hepar,  and  nectar  keep  e  ;  and 
sal,  even  when  used  as  a  neuter,  has  only  sale. 

4.  Kus  has  both  rure  and  ruri,  but  with  this  difference  of  meaning, 
namely,  rure,  "  from  the  country,"  and  ruri,  "  in  the  country." 

5.  Names  of  months  in  is  and  er  have  i  in  the  ablative;  as,  Aprili, 
Septembri ;  and  also  those  substantives  in  is  which  were  originally  ad 
jectives  ;  as,  cedllis,  affinis,  anndlis,  familidris,  gentUis,  soddlis,  &.c. 
But  when  such  adjectives  become  proper  names,  they  always  make  the 
ablative  in  e  ;  as,  Juvendle,  Martidlc,  &.c. 

4.  Nominative,  Accusative,  and  Vocative  Plural. 

I.  In  the  nominative,  accusative,  and  vocative  plural,  the  neuters  in 
c,  al,  and  ar  make  ia ;  as,  maria,  vectigalia,  calcaria. 

2  But  far  makes  farra  ;  while  jubar,  hepar,  and  nectar  have  no  piu- 
ral.     Sal  has  no  neuter  plural,  but  makes  sale^,  "  witticisms." 

5.   Genitive  Plural 
The  regular  ending  of  the  genitive  plural  is  in  um  ;  but  the  follovviRg 
make  ivm  instead  of  it. 


50  THIRD    D&CLEMblOW. 

I.  Neuters  in  e^  a/,  and  r,  which  make  m  il  the  nominative  plumt, 
as,  marium,  animalium^  calcarium. 

m.  Nouns  which  do  not  increase  in  the  genitive  singular ;  as,  nubeSf 
nubium;  civis^  civium,  &c. ;  except  vatcs,  strues,  canisj  panis 
juxcniSf  which  form  the  genitive  plural  in  um ;  while,  on  the  othei 
hand,  Quiriies  and  Samniles,  which  do  increase  in  the  genitive  sin- 
gular, have  Quirilium  and  Samnitium.  The  words  apis  and  vol 
ucris  have  sometimes  iwm,  but  more  commonly  um. 

J.  The  following  in  er ;  as,  imher,  linier^  venter,  uter ,  but  paia  ^ 
mater yfralcT,  and  accipller  form  the  genitive  in  vm. 

4.  Of  monosyllabic  substantives,  those  in  s  and  x  preceded  by  a  con- 
sonant make  turn ;  as,  montium,  arcium,  dentium.  Lynx  alone 
makes  lyncum,  and  the  obsolete  ops  (from  which  we  have  the  plu 
ral  opes)  opum.  * 

5.  Of  monosyllabic  words  endmg  in  s  preceded  by  a  vowel,  the 
greater  part  make  the  genitive  in  um;  as,  cms,  crurum;  crux, 
crucum ;  dos,  dotum ;  flos,  Jlorumy  &c. ;  but  glis,  lis,  mas,  vis, 
and  OS  (ossis)  make  ium. 

0.  Of  monosyllabic  words  ending  in  x  preceded  by  a  vowel,  only 
four  have  ium,  namely,  faux  (obsolete  in  the  singular),  nix,  strix, 
and  nox ;  all  the  rest  have  um. 

?  Substantives  of  two  or  more  syllables  in  ns  and  rs  have  the  ter- 
mination ium  along  with  that  in  um,  which  is  less  common ;  as, 
cliens,  clientium  (less  frequently  clientum) ;  cohors,  cohortium  (less 
frequently  coliortum),  &c.  Also  those  which  are  properly  particip- 
les ;  as,  adolescens,  infans,  parens,  serpens,  sapiens,  which,  from 
being  used  as  substantives,  admit  also  the  termination  um ;  as,  pa- 
rentum  ;  but  ium  is  more  common. 

H.  The  names  of  festivals  in  alia,  which  are  in  use  only  in  the  plural , 
as,  Bacchanalia,  Saturnalia,  form  the  genitive  in  ium  and  orum, 
as,  Bacchanulium  and  Bacchanaliorum. 

XXVIII.  IRREGULAR  DECLENSION. 

I.  Two  nouns  are  here  to  be  considered,  the  declension 
of  which  presents  an  anomalous  or  irregular  appearance 
namely,  Jupiter  and  bos. 

II.  The  proper  name  Jupiter  made  originally  Jupiteris 
in  the  genitive,  Jupittri  in  the  dative,  Jupiterem  in  the  ac- 
cusative, and  Jupitcre  in  the  ablative,  the  vocative  being 
!!  X     \ho  nominative'. 


4i»^ 


TIURD    DECLENSION. 


^^^11.  Ill  process  of  time,  however,  the  nominative  and 
Kycative  of  this  form  of  declension  were  alone  retamed; 
and  the  other  cases  were  borrowed  from  another  nomina- 
tive Jovis,  which  made  Jovis  also  in  the  genitive.  Hence 
we  have  the  following  mode  of  declining  the  proper  namp 
Jupiter. 


N. 

Jupiter 

G. 

Jovis, 

D. 

JovT, 

Ace. 
V. 

Ab. 


Jovem, 
Jupiter, 
Jove. 


IV.  The  declension  of  hos  is  as  follows ;  the  u  in  tin 
oblique  ca^es  c^PKng  from  the  Greek  digamma. 

Bos,  '*  an  ox^^  or  "  cow?." 
Singular.  Plural. 

N.      Bos,  N.  B6v-es, 

G.      B6v-is,  G.  B6-um  (old  form  bov-um), 

D.      Bov-i,  D.  Bu-bus  (less'frequently  Z>d-iwv) 

Ac.    B6v-em,  Ac.  Bov-es, 

V.  Bos,  V.  Bov-es, 

Ab.    Bov-e.  Ab.  Bu-bus  (less  frequently  bo-bus). 

XXIX.  GREEK  WORDS  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION. 

I.  In  the  genitive  singular  the  poets  often  use  the  Greek  terminatioi 
f.-.v  for  is,  especially  of  words  in  is,  gen.  idis ;  as,  Daphnis,  gen.  Daph 
rnilos  ;  Phasis,  gen.  Phasidos,  &.C.,  and  of  nouns  in  as  and  ys  ;  as,  Pal 
I'ls,  gen.  Pallados  ;  Tethys,  gen.  Telhyos.  In  prose  the  Greek  form  i* 
uncommon. 

TI  Feminines  in  o ;  as,  Dido,  Sappho,  echo,  have  usually  the  Grepl 
genitive  in  us  ;  as,  Didus,  Sapphus,  echus.  The  Latin  genitive  in  onij 
also  occurs  for  the  proper  names,  but  is  less  usual ;  as,  Didonis,  Sappho 
)iis.  The  dative  and  accusative  end  either  in  o,  according  to  the  Greek 
or  in  oni  and  onem,  according  to  the  Latin. 

III.  The  Greek  accusative  of  the  third  declension  in  a  is  seldom  use^ 
by  the  best  prose  writers,  with  the  ^ception  of  aera,  cBihera.  Pana,  whic) 
are  the  common  forms.  Words  in  is  and  ys  make  their  accusatives 
3ven  in  prose,  in  in  and  yn,  as  well  as  im  and  ym  :  as,  for  example. 
Nabin,  Halyn.     But,  in  general,  the  Latin  form  is  prcferajble. 

^V     Aji  Greek  word?  vhich  in  that  lan^uacre  fonri  'heii  arcusaiiv^  ii 


'm, 


52  EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    DECLENSION. 

iv  (in)  have  in  Latin  their  accusative  in  irn  ;  as,  basim,  poestm, 
Greek  nouns,  on  the  other  hand,  which  have  in  that  language  an  acute 
accent  on  their  final  syllable  in  the  nominative,  form  in  Latin  their  accu- 
sative in  idevi,  never  m  im  ;  as,  pyrdmis,  accus.  pyramidem  ;  Chalcis, 
accus.  Chalcidem. 

V.  Proper  names  in  es,  genitive  is,  which  in  Greek  are  of  the  first 
declension,  have  in  Latin,  along  with  the  accusative  in  cm,  the  termina- 
tion en ;  as,  Achillen,  JEschtncn  ;  especially  barbarous  names  ;  as,  Xer- 
ten,  EuphrdUn. 

VL  Words  which  in  Greek  are  doubly  declined  in  ov  (ou)  and  t/toj 
{etos)  have  in  Latin  also  both  forms  is  and  efis,  and  in  the  accusative 
make  also  en ;  as,  Chremes,  genitive  Chrcmis  and  ChremeLis  ;  accusa 
tive  Chrcmem,  Chremelcm^  and  Chremen.  flfe 

VIL  The  vocative  singular  is  commonly  in  GWJjp  the  same  with  the 
nominative,  as  in  Latin.  But  words  in  w,  ys,  a.nd'as  (antis),  which  in 
Greek  reject  s  in  the  vocative,  do  it  also  in  poetry  in  Latin  ;  as,  Daph- 
7iis,  voc.  Daphni ;  Tethys,  voc.  Tethy ;  Calchas,  voc.  Calcha  (nevei 
Calchan). 

VIII.  In  the  nominative  plural  neuters  in  of  (os)  have  the  Greek  ter- 
mination e ;  as,  cete,  mele,  Tempi. 

IX.  Of  Chaos,  besides  the  nominative  and  accusative,  only  the  abla- 
tive Chao  occurs. 

X.  In  the  genitiv^plural  only  a  few  words  have  the  Greek  termina- 
tion on  {o)v),  and  that  only  as  titles  of  books  ;  as,  metamorphoscbn,  epi- 
grammalbn. 

XL  The  accusative  plural  in  as  is  admissible  in  all  words  which  have 
the  termination  in  Greek,  but  is  rarely  used  in  prose;  as,  harpagonds 
The  form  Macedonas,  however,  occurs  frequently  in  Livy. 

XXX.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  THIRD  olcLENSION. 

Translate  the  following,  and  show  the  agreement  or 
government  in  each  clause  or  phrase. 

1 .  Nouns  in  a,  e,  o. 
Aroma  est  condimentum  cibi. — India  est  patria  aromatis 
— Baptisma  est  institiitum  Dei.— Geremonia?  baptismatis 
Christianis  notae  sunt. — Mar^est  domicilium  balaenarum 
alveare  apum  (apium),  ovile  ovium. — Maris  aqua  est  salsa. 
— Apes  sunt  incolae  alvearis,  oves  ovilis.— Picus  alveari 
ilamnosus  est. — In  mari    sunt  ♦r^i     -*    -^  -i.^..--^  f.^.--    •-. 


^^  EXEKCISBS    ON     TllK    THIRD    DECLENSION.  53 

ovili  eves. — In  terra  sunt  maria,  rivi  et  fluvii. — t'ancri 
marium  sunt  magni. — Fila  retium  plerumqiie  sunt  crassa.— 
Imago    animi    est    sermo. — Carbones    sunt    reliquiae    ligrj 

•  combusti. — Ligo  est  instrumentum  ferreum.-r-Manubriuni 
llgonis  est  longum. — Praedones  iaabent  pugiones.-^Lingua 
leonis  habet  formam  limae. — Legiones  Romanorum  erani 
multffi. — Legionibus  Romanis  erant  signiferi. — Verbum  est 
jignum  cogitationis. — Poemata  Virgilii  sunt  iniitationcs 
poetarum  Grsecoriini. — Pretium  unionum  est  magnum.—  -Jf- 
Scorpioni  est  aculous  venenatus. — Papilionibus  sunt  alse 
pulchrai. — Pulchritudo  est  bonum  caducum. — Judicia  mui- 
titudinis  sunt  varia. — Homo  est  dominus  terrae. — Homlnis 
iigura  est  erecta. —  Bestiae  hominibus  sunt  subjectag. — Rana 
bufoni  rion  exosa  est. — Pennae  strutliionis  sunt  pulchrae  et 
pretiosae. — Rostrum  hirundinis  est  rectum. — Hirundinibus 
sunt  rostra  recta. — Caudae  pavonum  sunt  pulchrae. — Ne- 
mini   futura  sunt  nota. — Lupi  sunt    avidi    carnis  agnorum   - 

i  tenerorum. — Lupi  famelici  carni  damnosi  sunt. — Apollinis 
sagittae  priscis  Graecis  fuerunt  causa  multorum  morborum. — 
Apollmi  corvus  invisus  erat. — Platonis  prfficepta  sunt  egre- 

2.  Nouns  in  c,  I,  n,  ar. 
Lac  est  primum  alimentum  tenerorum  liberorum. — Mus 
cae  lacti  noxi<e  j^nt. — Sal  et  aromata  sunt  condimenta  cibo- 
rum. — Leone^,  lupi,  elephanti  et  equi  sunt  animalia. —  Ter- 
ra est  domicilium  hominum  et  animalium. — Venenum   est 
hominibus  et   animalibus  mortiferum. — Decimae   et  porto- 
rium  sunt  vectigalia. — In  lectis  sunttcervicalia. — In  alveari 
est   mel. — Ursi    melli  alv^earium    dami^si  sunt.^^In   f'elle 
est  origo  multorum  morborum. — Iracundia  felli  periculosa 
est.— Grascis  et  Romanis  erant  pugTles. — Janus,  deus  Ro 
manorum,  fuit  symbolum  solis  et  anni. — Prudentia  Cicero 
nis  consulis  fuit  magna. — Brutus  et  Collatinus  fuerunt  con 
gules  Romanorum. — Attagen  est  avis. — Ionia  est  patria  at 
tagcnis. — Attagenes    erant  Romanis  deliciae. — Rhenus  esi 

5* 


64      EXERCISES  ON  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION      ^^ 

Humen. — Ripae  Rheni  fluminij?  sunt  fecundas  et  amcenae.-  - 
In  Rheno  flumine  sunt  multae  insulae. — Daianbius  et  Albia 
sunt  flumina.T— Stramen,  cardui,  et  folia  svnt  pabulum  asi- 
Qoruin. — Nidi  gallinarum  sunt  in  strammc  horreorura. — 
Carmina  Horatii,  poetae  Romani,  sunt  imitationes  poet  arum 
Graecorum. — Sol  est  lumen  mundi. — Gloria  nominis  Aes- 
chyli,  poetas  tragici,  est  magna. — Luscinia  est  oscen.—  Lus- 
ciniae  sunt  oscines. — Rostra  oscinum  sunt  recta  et  acuta. — 
Calcuris  rota  est  rotunda  et  dentata. — Rotae  calcarium  sunt 
rotunda3  etdentatas. — Formicas  et  apes  sunt  exemplaria  in- 
dustrice  et  concordiae. — Cochlearia  sunt  instrumenta  neces- 
saria. — Munificentia  Caesaris  est  nota. — Pompeius  fuit  Cae- 
sari  afflnis. — Hannibal  fuit  filius  Haniilcaris. — Aquila  est 
amica  jubaris  solis. — Dii  Graeci  erant  aniTci  nectaris. — 
Lares  erant  dii  ficti  Romanorum. — Altare  larum  fuit  in  atrio. 
— In  hepate  est  officina  fellis.— ^In  magno  acervo  farris  saepe 
est  magna  copia  curculionum. 

3.  Nouns  in  cr,  or,  U7\ 

Poena  carceris  viro  ingenuo  ignominiosa  est. — Ferruir 
7omeris  est  durum. — Passer  et  anser  sunt  aves. —  Passeres 
et  anseres  sunt  aves. — Agricolae  habent  anseres,  aratra,  e. 
vomeres. — Muri  Babylonis  fuerunt  e  lateribus.-/-Zingil)er  et 
piper  sunt  aromata. — India  est  patria  zingiberis,  piperis 
et  pavonis. — Virus  papaveris  est  somniferum.^^-Cadavera 
sunt  nonnullis  bestiis  gratus  cibu^?— Hasdrubal  fuit  frater 
ilannibalis  et  filius  Haniilcaris. :r-Accipitres  et  falcones 
sunt  hostes  columbarum  et  gallinarum. — Exhalationes  ter- 
ra?, marf^^et  fluminum,  sunt  causa  imbris. — Mala,  pira  et 
uvae  maturae  sunt  dona  Oct5bris. — Hirundines  sunt  prae- 
Quntiae  veris. — Initium  veris  est  finis  Martii. — Finis  vcris 
est  initium  Julii. — Vita  nostra  est  iter.— In  itinere  fidus 
amicus  necessarius  est. — Aves  sunt  incolae  aeris.-^In  acre 
8UQt  aves,  in  mari  sunt  pisces,  in  alveari  apes,  in  ovil? 
oves. — Jupiter,  Pluto,  et  Neptunus  fuerunt  fratres. — Satui 


EXKRCISES    ON    THE    TlHriI)Pki:c  LENS  ION  56 

rkus  fiiit  pater  Jovis.'  -Delus  insiik  Apollini  et  Dian8e  sacra 
fiiit.— Jovi  aquila  ScJcra  fuit— Diana,  soror  ApoUinis,  fuii 
dea  venationis. — Ignis  est  causa  caloris. — Galba  fuit  suc- 
cessor imperatoris  Neronis.—Puer  attentus  pra3ceptori  carus 
est. — Aqua  pura  neque  saporeiii  habet,  neque  odorem,neqi!e 
rolorem.—Incolai  desertorum  sunt  pastores,  venatores,  la 
Irenes,  et  mercatores. — Divitia?  mere atorum  sunt  inc^rta^.— 
!"'aIlor  labiorum  est  indicium  terroris,  aut  morbi. — Grarft^ii 
oryza  et  folia  arborum  sunt  pabulum  elephantorum. — Figura  ^ 
cordis  est  oblonga. — Gra^cis  priscis  fuit  sedes  animi  in  cor- 
de. — Achilles  fuit  iaterfector  Hectoris. —  Poeta?  sunt  amici 
murmuris  rivorum.-- Jupiter   fuit   deus    fulguris. — Furgnra  ■ 
habent  odorem  sulphuris. — Vultur  et   turtui^|unt  aves. — 
Avari  vulturibus    similes   sunt. — Turtiires  sunt   symbolum 
amoris  et  amicitiae. — Tenebra?  furi  gratac  sunt.— -Neptunus 
erat  deus  maris ;  Mercurius,  nuntius  deorum,  et  deus  elo- 
quentiae,  mercalorum  et  furum. — India  est  patria  eboris. — 
Sunt  multae  status  ex  ebore. — In  jecore  est  officlna  fellis. 
FiOO  est  symbolum  roboris  et  animi  magnitudinis  -  /* 

4.   Nouns'  in  {/;>,  cs. 

Libertas  est  magnum  bonum. — Inilium  aestatis  est  Julili::, 
—  Finis  ajstatis  est  September. — Multi  ludi  sanitati  pericu- 
losi  sunt.— Apes  et  formica  sunt  exeraplaria  sedulitatis. — 
Rostrum  anatis  est  fiavii-n,-— Caro  anatum  et  anserum  Coi 
cibus  -sapTdus.  -  Jugulum  mutis  attagenis  est  nigrum. — Pai- 
las  fuit  dea  sapientiae. — Herculi  populus  sacra  fuit. — Astutia 
vulpis  est  nola. — Socrates  fuit  pra^ceptor  Xenophontis. — 
^schlnes,  Socratis  discipulus,  fuit  Atheniensis. — Numerus 
orationum  Demosthenis  oratoris  est  magnus. — Aquilarum  ei 
falconum  nidi  pleruinquc  sunt  in  rupibus. — Orestes  fuit  pri- 
mus matriclda. — Feles  sunt  hostes  avium.--  In  ripis  .ig^Kiim 
ot  fluminum  plerumque  sunt  rupes. — /Eschylus,  Sophocles. 
ct  EuripTdes  fucrunt  poeta)  tragici. — Apollo  fuit"  inventor 
medicina?  et  antistes  Musarum. — Diana,  dea  venationis,  fuii 


56  EXERCISES    (ff  THE    THIRD    DECLENSION. 

J 

soror  Apollinis,  antistltis  Musarum. — Canes  saepe  sunt  in 
itinere  comites  viatorum. — Puicher  equus  equiti  carus  est. 
— Milltes  sunt  defensores  patriae. —  Vita  militum  est  honor* 
ifica. — Pedites  et  equites  sunt  defensores  patriae. — Luna 
/est  comes  et  satelles  terr^. — Lunae,  comiti  et  satelliti  terrae, 
saepe  est  halo. — In  marl  et  fluminibus  sunt  gurgltes. — In 
silvis  sunt  stipTtes,  in  campis  tramites,  in  agris  mergites. — 
f.imites  saepe  sunt  causae  magnarum  rixarum. — Rami  abie- 
tum  sunt  sedes  avium. — Lana  arietis  est  alba  aut  nigra. — 
Parietes  plerumque  sunt  e  lateribus. — Interpres  et  satelles 
Jovis  fuit  aquila.  —  iMinisterium  aquilee,  interpretis  et  satel- 
)itis  Jovis,  fuit  honorificum. — Sine  segete  non  est  messis. — 
In  culTnis  sunt  ollae,  patinae  et  lebetes — Tapetes,  imagines 
et  specula  pulchra  sunt  ornamenta  parietum. — Thales  fuit 
philosophus. — Miletus  erat  patria  Thaletis  philosophi. — 
Natura  magnetis  est  mira. — Vita  obsidum  saepe  est  pericu- 
losa. — Jupiter  erat  praeses  hospitalitatis. — Praeceptores  sunt 
pra?.sTdes  scholarum. — Vermibus  non  sunt  pedes. — Leones, 
lupi,  feles,  vulpes  et  oves  sunt  quadrupedes. — Sunt  multae 
statuae  ex  asre. — Ceres  fuit  dea  agriculturae. — Proserpina 
'■"i  Ulia  Cereris. 

5.  Nouns  in  is^  os. 

Cibi  condimentum  est  fames,  potionis  sitis. — Mensis  De- 
cen'  -r  est  linis  anni. — Accipitres  et  feles  sunt  hostes 
avium. — Structura  auris  est  artificiosa. — Pisces  sunt  in- 
colae  marium,  fluminuni  et  rivorum ;  aves  aeris. — Nidi  ci- 
coniarum  sunt  in  altis  tectis  et  in  turribus. — Apes  habent 
reglnam. — Equites  habent  cassides,.— Parietes  multorum 
'oediiiciorum  sunt  e  iapidibus. — Pyramldes  /Egyptiorum  sunt 
magna  aedificia.— Thetis  fuit  uxbr  Pelei,  patris  Achillis. — 
Achilles  fuit  filius  Thetldis  et  l^elei. — Malum  aureum  fuii 
donum  ErTdis. — In  pyxide  Panddrae  fuerunt  multae  molostiip. 
— Paris  fuit  frater  Hectoris. — Liniites  saepe  sunt  causae 
litis.— -Samnitcs  erant  populus  bellicosus. — Romarjii  fuerun^ 


\ 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD  -DECLENSION.     '       57 

v^ictores  Samnltium. — Carbones  cineris  saupe  sunt  causs 
magnorum  incendiorura. — Cucumeres  sunt  cibus  sapidus. — 
Cauda  gliris  est  longa. — Caudae  glirium  sunt  longae. — -Coj 
est  receptaculum  sanguinis. — Sacerdotes  sunt  antistite;: 
populi. — Elephantus  est  hostis  rhinocerotis.^ — Romulus  c! 
iiemus  erant  nepotes  Numitoris. — Saspe  cibus  ori  gratus, 
It  stomacho  noxius  est. — Flores  arborum  sunt  indiciiiin 
veris. — Similitudo  morum  est  firmum  vinculum  amicitiae. — 
Vapores  terra?  sunt  causa  roris. — Duritia  ossis  est  magna. — 
Numerus  ossium  hominis  est  magnus. — Salii  fuerunt  cus- 
todes  ancilium. — Pastores  sunt  custodes  ovium. — Cauda 
Dovis  est  longa  et  pilosa. — Gramen  est  bovi  gTatum  pabu 
lum. — Gramen  est  bubus  bonum. 

6.  Nouns  in  us. 

Honos  est  praemium  virtutis. — Virtuti  nulla  via  invia  est. 
— Pietas  et  modestia  sunt  virtutes. — Modestia  est  orna- 
mentum  juventutis,  sapientia  senectutis.--Vitia  juventuti 
perniciosa  sunt. — In  tellure  sunt  multa  metalla. — Titan es 
fuerunt  filii  Telluris. — Jupiter  fuit  presses  hospitalitatis  et 
foederum. — Vita,  valetudo,  et  divitia?  sunt  munera  bcnigni 
dei.— Corpora  inhumata  sunt  prada  vulturum. — Leones 
sunt  e  genere  felium. — Dolores  lateris  sunt  magnae  moles- 
tiae. — Lactuca  et  asparagi  sunt  olera.— *-Sol,  stellae  et  terra 
sunt  opera  dei. — Scelera  Catillnse  fuerunt  ruina  civitatis. — 
Sol  est  oculus  mundi  et  dominus  siderum; — Jecur,  splen,  et 
renes,  sunt  viscera. — Vulnera  militum  sunt  signum  fortitu 
dinis. — Venus  fuit  uxorVulcani. — Cupidofuit  filius  Veneris 
deae  gratiarum  et  venustatis. — Ulcera  sunt  morbi  corporis.—- 
Mare  habet  litora. — Gramen  est  pabulum  pecoris. — Candoi 
et  levilas  sunt  decora  eboris. — Leporis  pili  sunt  rutili. — 
Silvas  et  campi  sunt  domicilium  leporum. — Asia  est  patria 
luris. — In  vulneribus  et  ulceribus  est  pus.  —  Ulpianus  fuit 
conditor  juris. — Mures  sunt  terror  elephantorum. — Felea 
sunt  hostes  murium. — Incudes  et  folles  sunf  instrumenta 


SES    ON    THE    THIRD    DECLENSION. 

brorum  ferrariorimi. — Ferrum  incudis  est  dn- 
dum  sanitati  hominiim   noxia   est. —  Sir. 


gratinnest. — Semina  cucumerum  sunt  pabulum  su\uTi 
""-"Niflus  jjruis  est  magnus. — Grues  habent  colla  pennata. 

7.  Nouns  in  bsj  Is,  ms,  ns,  ps,  rs,  and  t. 

^Corinthus  fuit  urbs  Graeciae. — Mummius  fuit  devastator 
C'Orinthi,  urbis  Graeciae. — Berollnum,  Vindobona,  Londl- 
num,  Parisii,  et  No\Tim  Eboracum  sunt  urbes. — Gives  et 
milites  sunt  defensores  urbium. — Pontus  est  patria  chalybis. 
— Arabia  est  terra  Arabum. — Nidi  passerum  plerumque  sunt 
in  trabibus  aedificiorum. — Puis  fuit  alimentum  priscorum 
Romanorum.  — Liberi  sunt  aniici  pultis. — Hiems  est  tempus 
quietis. — Hiemis  initium  est  fmis  Novembris. — Infantii- 
cranium  est  tenerurn. — Infantibus  non  est  sermo. — Dentes 
elepbanti  sunt  ebur. — Aves  habent  rostra  cornea  sine  deiiti- 
bus. — Serpentibus  non  sunt  pedes. — Avaritia  est  fons  mul- 
rorum  malorum. — Helicon  est  mons  Boeotian. — In  montibus 
^st  orlgo  fontium. — Frondes  sunt  decus  arborum. — Glandes 
erant  cibus  priscorum  hominum. — lugiandes  sunt  pueris  et 
puellis  cibus  gratus. — -Polyphemus  erat  Cyclops. — iEtna, 
mons  Siciliao,  erat  domicilium  Cyclopum. — Pelops  erat 
filius  Tantali. — Peloponnesus,  in  lingua  Graeca,  est  insula 
Pelopis. — Henrlcus,  auceps,  erat  imperator  Germanorum. — 
Otto  primus  erat  filius  Henrici  aucupis. — In  principum  aulis 
olim  sanniones  fuerunt. — Principibus  est  magna  copia  comi- 
tjm  et  satellltum. — Artes  sunt  imitationes  naturae. — Uncia 
est  pars  assis  •  planta  est  pars  pedis. — Verba  sunt  partes 
sermonis. — Romulus  et  Remus,  filii  Martis,  erant  conditores 
urbis  Roma3. — Mors  est  finis  vitae  et  miseriarum. — Divltes 
et  pauperes  morti  obnoxii  sunt. — In  aegide  Palladis  era? 
caput  Mediisae.—  Cranium,  aures,  et  frons,  sunt  partes 
capitis. — Frontes  sunt  in  capitibus,  frondes  in  arboribus. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    BECLENSHag^  59 

%  'V 

8.   ISlouns  in  /.t,  nx.  ax,  ex.  .   -I'^'v' 

Calces  sunt  partes  pedum. — Falces  sunt  instrmiferita 
ttiessorum. — Pretium  peliis  lyncis  est  magnum. — Arcef? 
plerumque  sunt  in  montibus  et  in  rupibus. — An^eres  Ju- 
nonis  fuerunt  servatores  arcis  Romanas. — Milites  sunt,  de 
fensores  arcium  et  urbium. — Sarissee  erant  arma^halangis 
'^  ■ — Sphingi  erat  caput  feminae. — Obsides  sunt  pignora  pacis 
— In  pace  est  salus  populorum,  non  in  bello. — In  concla\  i- 
bus  sunt  fornaces,  specula,  scrinia,  et  sella?. — Milites  habent 
enses,  hastas,  et  thoraces. — Gnomon  est  index  horarum. — 
Gnomones  sunt  indices  horarum,  flores  veris. —  Sub  vertlco 
capitis  est  cerebrum. — Viblces  sunt  signa  verberum. — Deus 
est  rex  regum  et  dominus  dominorum. — Reges  et  principes 
sunt  patres  gentium. — Leges  sunt  fundamentum  libertatis 
et  aequitatis. — Canes  sunt  custodes  gregum.  et  aidificiorum. 
— Arma  Achillis  fuerunt  causa  necis  Ajacis. — Arietes,  ver- 
vcces,  lepores,  mures,  glires,  canes,  leones,  et  tigres  sun? 
quadrupedes. — Caro  vervecum  est  cibus  divitum  et  paupc- 
rum. — Remiges  Romanonnn  erant  servi.  — Eloquentia  est 
juveni  necessaria,  seni  jucunda. — Capilli  senum  plerumque 
«;unt  cani. — Magnificentia  supellectilis  recfum  est  magma. 

9.  Ncicns  in  /.r,  goc^  xix. 
Homines  et  animalia  habent  cervices. — Vulnera  et  cica- 
trices militum  sunt  signa  fortitudinis.— Aquila?,  corvi,  vul- 
iiires,  pavones,  anseres,  anatesjxcomrces,  perdlces,  passeres. 
grues,  hirundmes  et  struthiones  sirnt  aves. —  In  lodicibiis 
sunt  plumae  aut  lana. — Semen  ct  radixycolchici  sunt  vene- 
num. — Nidi  coturnicum  sunt  in  segetibus,- Phcenices  erant 
nautee  perlti. — T'yrus  erat  urbs  PncDnlcum. — Radices  arbo- 
rum  sunt  in  terra. — Grcecia  fuit  inventrix,  Roma  conserva- 
trix  artium. — Ceres  fuit  inventrix  agricultura?. — Proserpina 
fuit  filia  Cereris,  inventricis  agriculturse. — Infelici  est  inno- 
centia  feiicitas. — Poma,  lierbee,  et  cortex  arborura  sunt  pa- 
bulum bystrfcis. — Iw  cervicibus  hystrfcum  sunt  mnunierae 


60  EXERCISES    ON    THE    TUIRD    Dt:CLKiNSIuN. 

setce. — In  frondibus  laricis  saepe  sunt  nidi  aviun». — Insecla 
et  herbae  sunt  pabulum  natricis. — Multa  insecta  hominibus 
sunt  molesta,  ut  pulices,  cimices,  et  muscae. — Nix  et  grando 
sunt  aqua  congelata. — Nubes  sunt  causa  pluviae,  mvis,  gran- 
clTnis  et  fulguris. — Oculi  strigis  sunt  magni. — Lepores,. 
uiupes,  av^,  et  insecta  sunt  pabulum  strigium. — Sonus 
vocis  strigis  auribus  hominum  ingratus  est. — Nox  est  tern- 
pus  quietis. — Tenebrae  noctis  strigibus  gratae  sunt. — Cap- 
padoces  fuerunt  populus  Asiae. — Geneva  fuit  oppidum  Al 
lobrogum. — Nucleus  nucis  est  esculentus. — Nuces  et  oryza 
sunt  exoptatus  cibus  simiis. — Hannibal  et  Hasdrubal  erant 
duces  Cartliaginiensium. — Lux  est  vitae  imago,  nox  mortis. 
— Noctuae  sunt  inimicae  luci. — Leda  erat  conjux  Tyndari, 
regis  Lacedasmonis. — Castor  et  Pollux  fuerunt  filii  Ledae, 
conjugis  Tyndari,  regis  Lacedaemonis. — Helena  et  Cly- 
taemnestra  fuerunt  sorores  Castoris  et  Pollucis. — Far,  hor- 
deum,  et  triticum  sunt  fruges. — Fauces  leonum  sunt  se- 
pulcrum  miiltarum  bestiarum. — Faex  cerevisiae  etVini  adusti 
est  pabulum  suum  et  bourn.. 

H. 

Convejt  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
latical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

The    poems    of    Homer    are 
beautiful. 


The  islands   of  the  sea  are 

many . 
There  are  large  sheepfolds  in 

the  country. 
Many  seas  were  unknown  to 

the  Romans. 
The  daggers  of  robbers  are 

small  but  sharp. 
The  stings  of  scorpions  are 

pciscnous. 


Poema    Homerus    sum    pul- 

cher. 
Insula  mare  sum  multus. 


Sum  magnus  ovile  rus. 

Romanus    sum  multus  mare 

ignotus. 
Pugio  praedo  sum  panels  sed 

acutus. 
Aculeiis  rcorpio  s^um  ^cnena' 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    DECLENSION. 


6i 


He  has  the  hatred  of  a  multi- 
tude of  men. 

Toads  are  often  found  in 
rocks. 

Swallows  are  a  sign  of  spring. 

He  has  plenty  of  milk  in  the 
vessel. 

There  is  plenty  of  salt  and 
spices  in  the  food. 

The  shores  of  the  sea  are  of- 
ten dangerous. 

The  banks  of  the  river  Rhine 
are  often  clad  with  vines. 

The  Thames  and  Seine  are 
rivers  of  great  name. 

The  temple  has  altars,  and  a 
statue  ofC(Esar,  the  Roman 
commander. 

The  door  of  the  prison  is  open 
to  Hannibal. 

The  sepulchre  of  the  brothers 
and  sisters  of  Hamilcar 
was  struck  by  lightning. 

The  memory  of  Cicero,  prince 
of  orators,  is  still  dear  to 
young  men  and  old. 

The  friendship  of  a  surety  is 
true  friendship. 

The  eloquence  of  Demosthe- 
nes, the  Greek  orator^  is 
of  the' true  kind. 

The  tongue  is  the  interpreter 
of  the  heart. 

The  stones  of  the  wall  are 
Hack. 


Odium  habeo  multitudo  ho 

mo. 
Bufo   saepe  sum  inventus  m 

rupes. 
Hirundo  sum  signum  ver. 
Copia  lac  habeo  in  vas. 

Copia  sal   et   aroma   est   in 

cibus. 
Litus  mare  sum  ssepe  pericu- 

losus. 
Ripa    flumen    Rhenus    sum 

saepe  vitis  vestitus. 
Tamesis  et  Sequana  sum  flu- 

vius  magnus  nomen. 
Tempi um  habeo  altare,  et  sta- 

tua  Caesar,  imperator  Ko 

manus. 
Career  janua   est   Hannibal 

apertus. 
Sepulchrum   frater    et   soro) 

Hamilcar   fulmen  percus 

sua  sum. 
Memoria    Cicero,    princeps 

orator,   sum    carus    adhiic 

juvenis  et  senex. 
Amicitia  vas  sum  verus  ami- 

citia. 
Demosthenes,  orator  Graecus. 

eloquentia  sum  verus  ^e- 

nus. 
Lingua  sum  cor  interpres. 

Lapis  paries  sum  niger. 


62 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    DECLENSION. 


The  bottom  of  the  box  has 
many  holes. 

Plenty  offish,  and  cucumbers , 
and  apples. 

The  nature  of  fishes  and  ser- 
peivts  is  known  to  the  roicer 
and  his  companions. 

The  odour  of  the  fiowers  of 
spring  is  grateful  to  the 
nostrils. 

The  tops  of  the  pyramids  are 
broad  and  fiat,  not  pointed. 

In  Egypt,  the  Arabs  are  the 
guides  of  travellers. 

The  helmets  of  the  horsemen 
are  iro7i. 

Pains  of  the  sides  are  often 
a  cause  of  death  to  women 
and  men. 

He  has  ulcers  of  the  lungs. 

The  Cyclopes  were  in  the  bow- 
els of  the  mountain,  but  the 
sound  of  the  anvils  was 
heard  by  the  companions  bf 
Ulysses  in  the  ships. 

The  fields  have  plenty  of  ma- 
nure. 

Piety  is  the  greatest  of  virtues. 

The  Scipios  were  the  lights  of 
the  state. 

Bad  citizens  are  the  ruin  of 
cities. 

Scythia  was  the  native  coun- 
try of  winter,  and  snow, 
;ind  tempest?. 


Fundum  pyxis  liabeo  multus 

foramen. 
Copia  piscis,  et  cucumis,  ot 
i      malum. 

Natura  piscis  et  serpens  sumj 
notns  remex  et  comes 

Odor  flos  ver  sum  nans  grn 
tus. 

Culmen  pyramis  smu  latus  ei 

planus,  non  acutus 
In  -^gyptus,  Arabs  sum  dux 

viator. 
Cassis  eques  sum  ferreus. 

Dolor  latus  sum  srepe  causa 
mors  mulier  et  homo. 

Habeo  ulcus  pulmo. 

Cyclops  sum  in  viscus  mons, 
at  sonitus  incus  sum  auai- 
tus  comes  Ulysses  in  na 
vis. 

Ager  habeo  copia  stercus. 

Pietas  sum  maximus  virtus. 
Scipio  sum  lumen  civitas 

Malus  civis  sum  ruina  urbs. 

Scythia  sum  patria  hiern^ 
et  nix,  et  tempestas. 


THIRD    DECLENSION    OF    ADJECTIVES. 


63 


et  homo. 

Minerva  sum  in  caput  Jupi- 
ter. 

Achilles  habeo  vulnus  in 
calx. 


The  water  of  fountains  is  good  \Kc\ud,  fons  bonus  sum  pccus 

for  ca*/,le  and  for  man. 
Minerva  was  in  the  head  of 

Jupiter. 
Achilles  has  a  wound  in  his 

heel. 
The  soldiers  of  the  Macedo-  \  Miles  phalanx  Maceclonicus 

nian    phalanx    have    long  I      habeo  longus  hasta. 

spears. 
There  are  often  crosses  on  the   In  ecclesia  turris  ssepe  sum 

towers  of  churches.  crux. 

XXXI.  THIRD  DECLENSION  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

I.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declension  foil-  w,  as  has  ai 
ready  been  said,  the  third  declension  of  noiuis. 

II.  These  adjectives  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the 
first  having  two  terminations,  one  for  the  maisculine  and 
feminine,  and  another  for  the  neuter  ;  and  the  second  class 
having  but  one  termination  throughout  for  all  the  genders. 

1.  Adjectives  of  two  terminations, 

I.  These  consist  of  adjectives  ending  in  is,  is,  e,  and  of 
comparatives  in  or,  or,  us,  that  is,  having  one  and  the  same 
termination  {is  in  the  case  of  the  former,  or  in  that  of  the 
latter)  for  the  masculine  and  feminine,  and  another  {e  in 
the  case  of  the  former,  us  in  that  of  the  latter)  for  the  neu- 
ier  gender. 

II.  Their  respective  declensions  are  as  follows: 


Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Brevis, 

Brevis, 

Breve,  ''short.'' 

Singular. 

Plural, 

N. 

Brev-is, 

-is. 

-e, 

N. 

Brev-cs,       -es. 

-ia, 

G. 

Brev-is, 

-is, 

-is. 

G. 

Brev-ium,    -ium. 

-ium, 

D. 

Brev-i, 

-i, 

-i, 

D. 

Brev-ibus,    -ibus, 

-ibus 

Ac. 

Brev-em, 

-em 

-e, 

Ac. 

Brev-es,       -es, 

-ia, 

V. 

Brev-is, 

-is, 

-e, 

V 

Brev-es,       -es. 

•la, 

kh 

Brev-i. 

-i. 

-i. 

Ab. 

Brev-ibus.    -ibus, 

-\h\\^ 

64 


I 

ADJECTIVES. 

^ 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut, 

Brevior, 

3revior 

,         Brevius, 

"  shorter:'' 

^ 

Singular. 

N 

Brev-ior, 

-ior, 

-ius, 

G 

Brev-ioris, 

-ioris, 

-ioris, 

D. 

Brev-iori, 

-iori, 

-iori. 

Ace. 

Brev-iorem, 

-iorem, 

-ius, 

V. 

Brev-ior, 

-ior, 

-ius, 

Ab, 

Brev-iore  or 

-i5ri, 

-iore  or  iori, 

-iore  or  ion 

Plural 

N. 

Brev-iores, 

-iores. 

-iora, 

G. 

Brev-iorum, 

-iorum, 

-iorum, 

D. 

Brev-ioribiis, 

-ioribiis, 

-ioribus, 

Ace. 

Brev-i5res, 

-iores, 

-iora, 

V. 

Brev-iores, 

-iores. 

-iora, 

Ab. 

Brev-ioribuSj 

-ioribus, 

-ioribus. 

III.  Several  adjectives  in  is,  is,  e,  have  also,  in  the  noni 
mative  and  vocative  singular  masculine,  a  specific  ending 
in  er  besides  the  termination  in  is.  In  other  respects  they 
are  declined  like  hrevis.     Thus, 

Masc.  Fe'i 

Acer  or  Acris, 
Singular. 

N.      Ac-er  or  -ris,  -ris,  -re, 

G.      Acr-is,  -is,  -is, 

D.      Acr-i,  -i,  -i, 

Ace.  Acr-em,  -em,-e, 

V,      Ac-er  or  -ris,  -ris,  -re, 

Ab.    Acr-i,  -i,  -i. 

IV.  The  nominative  masculine  in  is  is  rarely  used  in 
prose  for  the  adjectives  in  the  preceding  paragraph 

V    Tb<^  followinjT  are  some  of  tlie  others  declined  like 


em. 

Neut. 

jris, 

Acre,  '' kecnJ" 

Plural. 

N. 

Acr-es,       -es, 

-ia, 

G. 

Acr-ium,     -ium, 

-ium, 

D. 

Acr-ibus,    -ibus. 

-i^us, 

Ace. 

Acr-es,        -es, 

-ia. 

V. 

Acr-es,        -es. 

-ia. 

Ab. 

Acr-ibus,    -ibus, 

-ibus 

ADJECTIVES. 

6t 

Masi 

,, 

Fern 

Neut. 

Alacer 

or 

Alacris, 

Alacris, 

Alacre. 

Celeber 

u 

Celebris, 

Celebris, 

Celebre. 

Celer, 

u 

Celeris, 

Celeris, 

Celere. 

Campester 

a 

Campestris, 

Campestris, 

Campestre 

Equester 

u 

Equestris, 

Equestris, 

Equestre, 

Pedester 

a 

Pedestris, 

Pedestris, 

Pedestre. 

Paluster 

li 

Palustris, 

Palustris, 

Palustre 

Saluber 

li 

Salubris, 

Salubris, 

Salubre. 

Volucer 

li 

Volacris, 

Volucris, 

Volucre. 

VI.  All  other  adjectives  besides  those  thus  far  rnentioned 
have  only  one  ending  in  the  nominative  singular  for  all 
genders  ;  as,  felix,  prudens^  solers,  and  the  participles  in 
ns  ;  as,  amans,  moncns,  &c. 

VII.  In  some  of  the  other  cases,  however,  they  have,  as 
will  be  perceived,  two  terminations,  namely,  one  for  the 
masculin^e  and  feminine,  and  another  for  the  neuter.     Thus 


. 

Masc. 

FejR. 

Neut. 

Felix, 

Felix, 

Felix,  '' 

liajppyr 

Singular. 

N. 

Fel-ix,^ 

-ix, 

-ix, 

G. 

Fel-Tcis, 

-icis, 

-icis, 

D 

Fel-Tci, 

-ici, 

-Tci, 

Ace 

Fel-Tcem, 

-icem. 

-ix, 

V. 

Fel-ix, 

-ix, 

-ix. 

Ab. 

Fel-ice  or 

-Tci, 

-Tee  or  -Tci, 

-Tee  or  -ici 

Plural 

N.         Fel-Tces, 

-Tees, 

-Tela, 

G.         Fel-Icium, 

-Tcium, 

-Icium, 

D.          Fel-icibus. 

) 

-icibus, 

-Tcibus, 

1 .  The  more  accurate  division,  so  as  to  show  both  the  root  and  ter 
niination,  vt.^uld  be  as  follows :  Norn  Felic-s  ;  Gen.  F/Ik-is ;  Dal 
Felic-i,  &c. 

6* 


66 

ADJECTIVES. 

Ace       Fel-Tees, 

-ices. 

-icia, 

V.         Fel-ices, 

Ices, 

-Icia> 

Ab.        Fel-Teibiis, 

-Tcibus, 

-icibns. 

Masc, 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Audax, 

Audax 

,         Audax, 

'  hold.'' 

Singular, 

N, 

Aud-aX; 

-ax. 

-ax, 

G. 

Aud-aeis, 

-acis,  ^ 

-acis, 

D. 

Aud-aci, 

-aci, 

-aci, 

Ace.      Aud-acein, 

-acem. 

-ax, 

V. 

Aud-ax, 

-ax. 

-ax, 

Ab. 

Aud-ace  or  -aci, 

-ace  or  -aci. 

-ace  or  aci 

Plural 

" 

N.         Aud- 

•aces, 

-aces, 

-acia, 

G.         Aud- 

acium, 

-acium, 

-acium. 

D.         Aud-acibus, 

-acibus. 

-acibus, 

Ace.     Aud- 

aces, 

-aces. 

-acia. 

V.         Aud- 

aces. 

-aces. 

-acia. 

Ab.        Aud-acibus, 

-acibus, 

-acibus. 

Masc. 

Fern, 

Neut. 

# 

Prudens,         Prudens, 

Prudens, 

''prudent.'' 

Si?i 

gular. 

N 

Prud-ens,^ 

-ens. 

-ens, 

G. 

Prnd-entis, 

-entis, 

-entis, 

D. 

Prud-enti, 

-enti. 

-enti, 

Ace. 

Prud-entem, 

-entem. 

-ens, 

V. 

Prud-ens, 

-ens. 

-ens. 

Ab. 

Prud-ente  or 

-enti, 

-ente  or  -enti. 

-ente  or  -enii 

1.  More   accurate   division,  Nom.  A\.dac-s ;   Gen.  Audac-is ;   Dat 
Audae-i,  &c. 

2.  More  accurate  division,  Nom.  Pruden{f)-s,  where  the  /  of  the  root 
is  dropj^d  before  s  for  euphony  ;   Gen.  Pru.deiit-is  ;  Dat.  Priidcnl-i,  <Scc 


ADJECTIVES.  67 

Plural. 


N.  • 

Prud-entes, 

-enters, 

-entia, 

G 

Prud-entium, 

-entium. 

-ei.tiumj 

D. 

Prud-entibus, 

-entibus, 

-entibus, 

Ace. 

Prud-entes, 

-entes. 

-entia. 

V. 

Prud-entes, 

-entes, 

-entia, 

Ab. 

Prud-entibus, 

-entibus, 

-entibua 

Masc,            Fern, 

Neut, 

Amans,         A  mans 

Amans,  ' 

loving  y 

Singular. 

N. 

Am- 

ans,^ 

-ans. 

-ans. 

G. 

Am-antis, 

-antjs^ 

-antis, 

D. 

Am-anti, 

-anti. 

-anti, 

Ace 

Ain- 

antem. 

-antem. 

•ans. 

V. 

Am- 

ans. 

-ans. 

-ans. 

Ab. 

Am 

-ante  or  -anti, 

-ante  or  -anti, 

-ante  or  -anti 

Plural. 

N. 

Am- antes, 

-antes, 

-antia. 

G. 

Am-antium, 

-antium, 

-antium, 

D. 

Am-antibus, 

-antibus, 

-antibus. 

Ace. 

Am-antes, 

-antes, 

-antia. 

V. 

Am-antes, 

-antes. 

-antia, 

Ab. 

Am-antibus, 

-antibus, 

-antibus. 

VIII.  The  adjective  Plus,  "  more,"  is  only  neuter  in  the 
singular,  while  in  the  plural  it  is  of  all  three  genders.  The 
dative  and  ablative  singular,  however,  are  seldom,  if  ever, 
found. 


Singular. 

N. 

Plus, 

Ace. 

Plus, 

G. 

Plur-is, 

V. 

Plus, 

D. 

Plur-i, 

Ab. 

Plur-e  ~r  -i. 

I.  More  accurate  division,  Nom.  Aman{t)-s ;  Gen.  Amant-is^6LC  ,  &.« 


68 


ADJECTIVES, 

Plural 

N. 

Plur-es, 

-es, 

-a/ 

G. 

PKir-ium, 

-ium, 

-ium, 

D. 

Plfir-ibiis, 

-ibus, 

-ibus, 

Ace. 

Plur-es, 

-es, 

-a, 

V. 

Plur-es, 

-es. 

-a. 

Ab.        Plur-ibus,  -ibus,  -ibus. 

IX.  The  ablative  singular  of  adjectives  in  is,  is,  e,  and 
er  or  is,  6S,  e,  ends  in  i ;  as,  hrevi,  acri. 

X.  The  ablative  singular  of  comparatives,  and  of  adjec- 
tives with  one  termination,  ends  in  e  or  i;  as,  majore  or 
majori  f-  breviore  or  hreviori ;  felice  or  felici ;  prudente  oi 
iwudcnti. 

XI.  Participles,  when  used  as  adjectives,  make  the  abla- 
tive in  e  or  i ;  but  only  in  e  when  used  as  participles 

XII.  All  adjectives  and  participles  which  make  their 
ablative  singular  in  i  only,  or  in  e  and  i,  make  the  neuter 
plural  in  ia,  except  comparatives  ;  as,  felicia,  amantia ;  but 
majora,  doctiora.^ 

XIII.  In  the  genitive  plural  all  words  make  ium  which 
have  ia  in  the  nominative ;  as,  felicium,  amantium.  To 
which  addp/wnz/m  and  complurium.  The  rest  have  wm,  as 
vtterum,  doctiorum.^ 

1.  Wc  find  ■plura  in  writers  of  the  best  age.  The  compound  complu- 
rcs,  on  the  other  hand,  has  both  complura  and  compluria. 

2.  In  comparatives  the  termination  e  is  preferable,  as  agreeing  with 
the  usacje  of  the  best  prose  writers. 

3.  Vetiis  makes  vetera.  The  adjective  plus  has  already  been  referred 
to  in  note  1.  Dives  makes  in  the  plural  ditia,  contracted  from  dimtia. 
Such  forms  as  victrix,  &c.,  though  properly  feminine  substantives,  arc 
ased  as  neuter  in  the  plural ;  as,  victricia  bella 

4.  CcBlebs,  princeps  and  particepsy  celer,  des!'enery  dives,  inops,  mcmor 
and  ijnmemor,  puhes  and  impUhcs  (plur.  puberes),  quadruplex,  supplex, 
vetus,  ubcr,  and  the  compounds  of  color  and  of  facia  (ending  in  fez), 
have  um.  The  adjectives  in  ccps,  gen.  -ripifis  (from  caputjy  anceps^ 
praceps,  biceps,  trtcrps,  make  ium,  sometimes  syncopated  into  ium.  AV 
quam  and  frugi  are  indeclinable.  The  latter  is  properly  the  dative  o 
ihe  obsolete  jiux. 


EXERCISES    ON    ADJECTIVES.  -        69 

XXXTI.  EXERCISES  ON  ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  THIRD 
DECLENSION. 

'        V  I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  show  the  number,  gender, 
and  case. 

Somnus  morti  simllis  est. — Oculi  sunt  rotundi  et  mobiles 
--Tigris  habet  incredibilem  velocitatem. — Vanitas  pavoniim 
versicolorum  est  ridicula. — Campania  habet  vina  nobilia. — 
Cos  et  silex  sunt  lapides  vulgares. — Pax  omnibus  bonis  op- 
tabilis  est. — Nonnulla  aromata  sunt  salubria. — Adolescenti- 
bus  prcBcepta  senum  utilia  sunt. — Saccharum  est  dulce. — 
Platina  est  durum,  plumbum  molle  metallum. — Leones  sunt 
robusti,  audaces,  rapaces,  et  magnanimi. — In  culinis  divitum 
et  pauperum  sunt  vasa  fictilia. — Murium  naturales  hostes 
sunt  feles. — Regina  apum  ceteris  dissimilis  est. — Lignea 
alvearia  sunt  domicilium  apum,  opifTcum  dulcis  mollis. — 
Spatiosa  et  alta  conclavia  sunt  salubria. 

Felices  homines  diis  similes  sunt. — Judicia  multitudinis 
crcdulse  sunt  mutabilia. — Motio  corpori  necessaria  et  salii- 
taris  est. — Pueri  alacres  sunt  laudati. — Stelliones  sunt  ce- 
leres. — Avium  rapacium  rostra  sunt  adunca. — Diligentes 
pueri  sunt  gaudium  parentum. — Panis  recens  non  est  salu- 
])er. — Veteribus  Gallis  erant  .torques  aurei. — Leones  sunt 
robusta  et  ferocia  animalia. — In  multis  lectis  sunt  mollia 
cervicalia. — Gramen  viride  est  molle. — Lumen  coelesle  est 
foils  omnis  vitse. — Nomina  multorum  poetarum  sunt  illustria. 
— Causa  et  origo  nubium  sunt  vapores  surgentes. — Odor 
fceni  recentis  est  noxius. — Ador  est  utile. — Cor  mortale, 
animus  immortalis  est. 

Arbores  florentes  sunt  indices  veris. — Ros  matutinua 
herbis  salutaris  est. — Cotes  sunt  durse  et  utiles. — Ossa 
infantium  sunt  tenera  et  mollia. — Senes  plerumque  sunt 
morosi,  juvenes  leves. — Salomo  erat  rex  sapiens. — Prover- 
bia   Salomonis,   regis  sapientis. — Cives  regum  sapientiura 


70 


EXERCISES    ON    ADJECTIVES. 


sunt  felices. — Nuces  dulces  sciuris  gratae  sunt. — Aoinaces 
erat  brevis  et  curvatus  gladius. — Nectar  dulce  erat  diis 
deabusque  gratum. — Passeres  edaces  farri  maturo  damnosi 
sunt. — iEtas  virllis  liabet  magnum  robur  et  corporis  et  ani- 
mi. — Omne  corpus  est  mutabile. — Crocodilus  est  animal 
terribile. — Supplices  preces  deo  sunt  accept ae.—  Frutices 
humiles  a  fulmine  tutae  sunt. — Plumas  nonnullarum  avium 
suntversicolores.^-jEstasfrugifera  est  aetativirili  similis. — 
Inhumanitas  est  omni  actati  molesta. — Viola  habet  suavem 
odorem. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  I^atin  into  grjini- 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

Africa  is  the  native  country  \  Africa  sum  patria  rapax  leo 
of  ravenous  lions. 


Sparrows    are    active,    vora- 
cious, and  thievish. 
Not  all  geese  are  tame ;  there 

are  wild  geese. 
The   tomb    of  Semirdmis,   a 

powerful     and     illustrious 

queen. 
The  foot  forces   were  brave 

and  swift. 
The    spring  is  healthful  for 

men. 
Pepper  is  pungent,  ripe  grapes 

are  sweet. 
The  onset  of  brave  and  rapid 

horsemen. 
The  ancient  Laconians  were 

brave  soldiers. 
A  green  sod  is  the  sign  of 

approaching  spring. 


Passer  sum   celer,  edax,  et 

furax. 
Non  omnis  anser  sum  cicur ; 

sum  anser  ferus. 
Sepulchrum   Semiramis,  po- 

tens  et  illustris  regina. 

Pedestris  copia  sum  fortis  et 

celer. 
Ver  sum  homo  salubris. 

Piper  sum  acer,  uva  maturus 

sum  dulcis. 
Impetus  fortis  et  celer  eque» 

Vetus.  Laco  sum  fortis  milee 

Cespes  viridis  sum  index  vei 
appropinr]uans. 


FOURTH    DECLENSION. 


71 


Life  IS  a  short  journey . 

In  marshy  regions  there  are 

many  wooden  bridges. 
The  beginnings    of  doubtful 

fortune. 
The  eyebrows  are  moveable. 
Peacocks  have  ugly  feet. 
History  is  the  narrative  of 

memorable  transactions. 
Soft  heaps  of  fresh  straw. 

Tigers  are  swift,  cruel,  and 

ravenous* 
The  death  of  the  rich  Croesus, 

an  unhappy  king. 
Old  wines  are  superior. 
The  bodies  of  worms  are  soft. 
The  crocodile  has  dull  eyes  in 

the  water. 
Strokes  of  lightning  are  rapid 

and  terrible. 


Vita  sum  brevis  iter. 

In  regio  paliistris  sum  multus 

pons  ligneus. 
Initium  fortuna  anceps. 

Supercilium  sum  mobilis 
Pavo  habeo  pes  turpis. 
Historia  sum  iiarralio  factum 

memorabilis. 
Acervus  mollis  recens  stra- 

men. 
Tigris  sum  pernix,  crudeli^. 

at  rapax. 
Mors  dives  Croesus,  rex  in. 

felix. 
Vetus  vinum  sum  praestans. 
Vermis  corpus  sum  mollis. 
Crocodilus  habeo  hebes  ocu 

lus  in  aqua. 
Fulmen  sum  celei  et  terribi- 

lis. 


XXXIII.  FOURTH  DECLENSION. 

I.  Nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  end  in  us  or  u. 

II.  Noims  in  us  are  generally  masculine,  sometimes  fem- 
inine. Nouns  in  u  are  neuter,  and  are  indeclinable  in  the 
singidar. 

III.  The  following  are  the  terminat.iG:dis  of  nouns  in  u.k 

Singular.  Plural. 


N. 

us, 

N. 

Us, 

G. 

lis. 

1          G. 

uum, 

D. 

ui,    ■ 

1          ^' 

zbus, 

Ace. 

urn, 

1          Ace. 

lis, 

V. 

us, 

V. 

USy 

Ab. 

u. 

Ab. 

^bus. 

^ 


72 


FOURTH    DECLENSION. 


i  V^.  The  termination  us  of  the  genitive  singular  is  con- 
(racted  from  an  old  ending  uis ;  and,  in  like  manner,  the 
ending  of  the  nominative,  accusative,  and  vocative  phiral  is 
contracted  from  ues. 

V.  These  old  endings  in  uis  and  lies  show  clearly  that 
-he  fourth  declension  was  originally  only  a  branch  of  thf 
;hird. 

VI.  The  declension  of  nouns  in  us  is  as  follows  : 

Fructus,  ''fruit:' 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Fruct-us, 

N. 

Fruct-us, 

G. 

Fruct-us, 

G. 

Fruct-dum, 

D. 

Fruct-ui, 

D. 

Fruct-ibus, 

Ace. 

Fruct-um, 

Ace. 

Fruct-Qs, 

V. 

Fruct-us, 

V. 

Fruct-us, 

Ab 

Fruct-u. 

Ab. 

Fruct-ibus 

Currus,  " 

a  chariot. 

?j 

Singular. 

Plural 

N. 

Curr-us, 

N. 

Curr-us, 

G. 

Curr-us, 

G. 

Curr-iium^ 

D. 

Curr-fii, 

D. 

Curr-ibus, 

Ace. 

Curr-um, 

Ace. 

Curr-us, 

V. 

Curr-us, 

V. 

Curr-us, 

Ab. 

Curr-u. 

Ab. 

Curr-ibus. 

VII.  The  declension  of  neuters  in  u  is  as  followi 
Cornu,   *  a  horn:' 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

Corn-u, 

•  N. 

Corn-ua, 

G. 

Corn-u, 

G. 

Com-uum, 

D. 

Corn-u, 

D. 

Corn-ibus, 

Ace 

Com-u, 

Ace. 

Corn-ua, 

V. 

Corn-u, 

V. 

Corn-ua, 

Ab. 

Corn-u 

Ab 

Corn-ibus. 

FOURTH    DECLENSION 


73 


VIII.  The  following  words,  belonging  to  this  declension, 
have  iibus  instead  of  ibus  in  the  dative  and  ablative  plural. 


Acus,         a  needle. 

Partus,       a  birth. 

Arcus,        a  bow. 

Pecu,         cattle. 

Artus,         a  joint. 

Portus,       a  harbour 

Ficus/       afg' 

Specus,^     a  den 

Genu,         a  knee. 

Tribus,       a  tribe. 

Lacus,       a  lake. 

Veru,          a  spit. 

fX.  The  following  words  in  us  are  feminine. 

Acus, 

a  needle. 

Anus, 

an  old  v)oman. 

Domus, 

a  house.                    -^v 

Manus, 

a  hand. 

Nurus, 

a  daughter-in-law. 

Socrus, 

a  mother-in-law. 

Porticus, 

a  portico 

Tribus, 

a  tribe. 

Quercus, 

an  oak. 

Ficus, 

afig. 

Idus, 

the  ides  of  the  month. 

Quinquatrus, 

a 

festival  of  Miiierva, 

X.  A  genitive  in  i  was  formed  from  some  nouns  in  U4, 
Accordmg  to  the  second  declension,  and  this  form  is  found 
in  good  prose  writers  ;  as,  for  example,  senati  and  tumultt 
m  Sallust. 

XI.  A  dative  in  u  instead  of  ui  is  very  often  employed, 
especially  in  Caesar. 

XII.  The  noun  Domus  is  both  of  the  fourth  and  second 
declensions ;  thus : 

1.  Instead  of  Jlcubus  we  find  ficis  (from  Jicus,  gen.  -7)  commonly  used 
Vortus  and  tonitru,  *'  thunder,"  have  both  ubus  and  ihus,  but  portubus 
and  lonitrihus  are  best, 

2.  Specus  is  masculine,  but  in  the  poets  and  in  the  nominative  it  is 
found  as  a  neuter.  Fenus  is  of  three  forms,  namely.  penuSy  gen.  -us, 
vf  the  fourth  declension,  masculine  ;  penum,  gen.  -e,  of  the  second,  *ieu 
ter ;  and  peuuSy  gen.  -orisy  of  the  third,  neuter. 

7 


74  ^.XERCISES    ON    THE    FOURTH    DECLENSION. 


Domus,  " 

a  house 

>j 

N. 

Singular. 
Domus, 

N. 

Plural 
Dom-us 

G. 

Dom-us  or  I, 

G. 

Dom-orum  or  ium, 

D. 

Dom-ui  or  6, 

D. 

Dom-ibus, 

Ace. 

Dom-um, 

Ace 

Dom-us, 

V. 

Dom-us, 

V. 

Dom-us, 

Ab. 

Dom-o. 

Ab. 

Dom-ibus. 

XIII. 

The  genitive 

domi 

IS  only 

used  in  the  sense  o^ 

"  at  home."     On  all  other  occasions 

domus  is  employed. 

XXXIV.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  FOURTH  DECLENSION 
L 

Translate  the  following,  and  show  the  agreement  or  gov 
ernment  in  each  clause  or  phrase. 

Risus  est  signum  gaudii. — Cordis  situs  est  in  sinistro  lat- 
ere pectoris. — Glandes  ilicis  sunt  victus  hominum. — Sensus 
hominum  sunt,  visus,  auditus,  olfactus,  gustus,  et  tactus. — 
Canis  est  custos  domus. — Canes  sunt  custodes  domuum  et 
gr-egum. — Oculi  sunt  instrumenta  visus. — Legiones  Romanae 
erant  partes  exercitus. — Pueri  sunt  amici  lusus. — Rubor 
v^ultus  plerumque  est  signum  pudoris. — Currui  sunt  rotae, 
domui  januae,  urbi  portae,  mari  portus. — Hippopotamus  habet 
jubam  et  hinnitum  equi. — Omne  animal  habet  sensum  visus, 
olfactus,  gustus,  et  tactus. — Est  libellus  Taciti  de  situ,  mor 
ibus,  et  populis  Germaniae. — Labor  in  venatu,  sudor,  fames, 
et  sitis  erant  condimenta  ccenae  Laconum. — Magistratua* 
sunt  praesldes  populi. — Silvae  et  campi,  montes  et  specus 
lacus,  rivi  et  flumina,  sunt  domicilia  multorum  animalium. 

Motus  artuum  est  opus  animi,  non  corporis. — Magra  est 
fructuum  varietas. — Fructus  quercuum  est  pabulum  suum. — 
Cerebrum  est  sedes  sensuum. — Voluptas  sensibus  grata  est. 
— Domibus  sunt  januae,  curribus  rotae,  urbibus  portae,  man- 
bus  portus. — Fluctus  maris  saepe  sunt  sepulcrum  multorum 
navitratorum. — In  fiuctibus  maris  sunt  nnilti  pisces.--In  por 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FOURTH    DECLENSION. 


75 


tubus  et  lacubus  sunt  pisces  et  naves,  in  specubus  monlium 
ferae. — Vis  tonitru  non  est  parva. — Cornua,  dentes,  ungues 
sunt  arma  animalium. — Genu  est  pars  corporis  bumani.— 
Stapiarum  usus  veteribus  ignotus  fuit. — Cantus  lusciniae 
auribus  jucundus  est. — Versus  poematum  Homeri  sunt  pul- 
chri. — Arcui  coelesti  sunt  varii  colores. — Ficus  sunt  fructus 
dulces. — Milites  exercituum  Romanorum  erant  fortes. — 
Mors  us  aspidis  est  mortifer. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  vrords  opposite. 


Bows  and  arrows  were  former- 
ly the  arms  of  soldiers  and 

hunters. 
The  issues  of  all   wars  are 

uncertain,  '       "'   ' 
The  cook   has  a  spit   in  his 

hand. 
Spits  are  the  implements  of 

cooks. 
Trembling  of  the  knees  is  a 

sign  of  fear. 
Ripe  fruits   are    sweet    and 

juicy. 
The  stag  has   a  keen  scents 

acute  hearing,   and   sharp 

.sight. 
The  stone  bridge  has  many 

arches. 
The  use  of  knives  at  supper 

was  unknown  to  the  Greeks 

and  Romans, 
In  good  harbours  ships  are 

safe  from  storms. 


Arcus  et  sagitta  sum  olim 
arma  miles  et  venator 

ExTtus  omnis  bellum  3um  in 

cert  us. 
Coquus  habeo  veru  in  manus. 

Veru  sum  instrumentum  co- 
quus. 

Tremor  genu  sum  indicium 
metus. 

Fructus  maturus  sum  dulcis 
et  succosus. 

Cervus  habeo  olfactus  subti- 
lis,  auditus  acutus,  et  visus 
acer.  ;  > 

Pons  lapideus  habeo  multus 
arcus. 

Usus  culter  in  ccena  erat  ig- 
notus Graecus  et  Romanus 

In  bonus  portus  navis  a  pro 
rella  tutus  sum. 


76 


FIFTH    DECLENSION 


A  large  heap  of  jigs  and  fruits 
in  the  two  harbours. 

The  soldiers  of  the  two  armies 
were  guardians  of  the  har- 
bours. 

The  hands  are  necessary  for 
man. 

Avaricious   men    have    long 

'    hands. 

The  laurel  was  sacred  to 
Apollo. 

Iron  needles  are  useful  in- 
struments. 

The  porticoes  of  the  public 
buildings  of  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  were  splendid. 

In  the  tall  oak  nests  are  safe. 


Thfi  mother-in-law  is  dear  to 

the  daughter-in-law. 
The  cold  of  tvinter  is  often 

sharp. 

XXXV.  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 
1.  All  the  words  of  the  fifth  declension  end  in  es  ;  and 
Vj  scneme  of  terminations  is  as  follows  : 


Magnus  acervus  ficus  et  fruc- 

tus  in  duo  portus. 
Miles  duo  exercitus  sum  cus* 

tos  portus. 

Manus  sum  homo  necessa- 

rius. 
Avarus  habeo  longus  manus. 

Laurus  sum  sacer  Apollo. 

Acus  ferrous  sum  instrumen- 

tum  iitilis. 
Porticus     domus      publicus 

Gra3cus  et  Romanus  sum 

magnificus. 
In  altus  quercus  nidus  sum 

tutus. 
Socrus  carus  sum  nnrus. 


Gelu  hiems  saepe  sum  acu- 
tus. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

es, 

N. 

es, 

G. 

ei, 

G. 

erum. 

D. 

ei, 

D. 

ebus, 

Ac< 

z       em. 

Ace. 

es, 

V. 

es, 

V. 

es. 

Ab, 

e. 

Ab. 

ebus. 

II.  The  forn   of  declension, 
terminations,  is  as  follows  : 


in  accordance  with  thes* 


EXERCISES    OX    THE    FIFTH    DECLENSION.  77 


Dies,  " 

a  dayr 

Singular, 

Plural 

N. 

Di-es, 

N. 

Di-es, 

G. 

Di-ei, 

G. 

Di-eriini, 

D. 

Di-ei, 

D. 

Di-ebus, 

Ace. 

Di-em, 

Ace. 

Di-es, 

V. 

Di-es, 

V. 

Di-es, 

Ah 

Di-e. 

Ab. 

Di-ebus. 

III.  Only  three  words,  dies,  res,  and  species,  have  the 
plural  complete  ;  and  Cicero  condemns  even  specierum  and 
speciehus, 

IV.  When  a  consonant  precedes  ei  in  declining,  the  e  is 
short ;  as,  jidei,  rei.  When  a  vowel  precedes  ei,  the  e  is 
long ;  as,  diH,  maciei. 

V.  An  old  form  of  the  genitive  singular  is  e  for  ei,  which 
is  used  occasionally  by  some  of  the  best  writers ;  as,  per- 
nicie  for  perniciei,  acie  for  aciei. 

VI.  Words  of  the  fifth  declension  are  feminine,  with  the 
exception  of  dies,  which  is  masculine  and  feminine  in  the 
singular,  but  masculine  only  in  the  plural.  Meridies,  "  mid- 
day," is  masculine  only,  and  does  not  occur  in  the  plural  ^ 

XXXVI.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 

I. 
Translate  the    following,  and   show  the    agreement   ci 
government  in  each  clause  or  phrase. 

Facies  est  pars  capitis. — Oculi  et  nasus  sunt  partes 
faciei. — Fides  est  justitiae  fundamentum. — Fundamenta  fidei 
Christian ae  sunt  stabilia. — Dies  est  pars  hebdomadis,  heb- 

l.  Dies  is  most  commonly  masculine  in  prose.  Cicero  uses  it  as 
a  feminine  when  it  is  equivalent  to  length  of  time,  when  it  means  a  day 
fixed  and  appointed,  especially  in  judicial  proceedings,  &c.  The  com- 
mon rule,  that  dies  is  masculine  when  it  is  spoken  of  a  specified  day, 
and  /eminine  when  used  to  indicate  duration  of  time,  is  not,  therefore, 
sufficiently  exact. 

7* 


78 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIFTH    DECLENSION. 


domas  pars  mensis,  mensis  pars  anni,  annus  est  pars  seter 
nitatis. — Sol  matutinus  est  index  diei. — Crystallo  est  gla- 
ciei  forma. —  Meridies  est  media  pars  diei. — Hilaritas 
faciei  est  argumentum  innocentiae. — Yitra  ocularia  aciei 
oculorum  noxia  sunt. — Baculus  integer  in  aqua  fracti  spe- 
ciem  habet  — In  superficie  terrae  sunt  montes,  valles,  maria, 
lacus,  flumina  et  rivi. — Jucunda  est  rerum  vicissitudo. — 
Fratribiis  interdum  mira  est  simiiitudo  facierum. — Primus 
hebdomadis  dies  est  dies  solis. — Dies  festi  sunt  mobiles 
aut  immobiies. — Res  humana)  sunt  fragiles  et  cadiieas. — 
Facies  humanae  sunt  diversae. — Ciceronis  consilia  reipub- 
licae  Romanae  salutaria  fuerunt. — In  promontorio  bonae  spei 
est  mite  coelum. — Historia  est  narratio  rerum  memorabil 
ium. — Superficies  maris  est  vasta. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


The  length  of  days  and  nights 

is  different. 
The  year  has  days,  the  day 

has  hours. 
Hens  and  doves  have  craws. 

There    are    many  aspects  of 

guilt  on  earth. 
There  are  different  species  of 

fishes. 
Farmers  have  cars  and  many 

other  useful  things. 
There  are  many  things  in  the 

apartments  of  dwellings. 
The  beginning  of  many  things 

is  diffcult. 
Boys  always  have  good  hopes. 


Longitudo  dies    et  nox  sum 

diversus. 
Annus  habeo  dies,  dies  haboo 

hora. 
Gallina  et  columba  habeo  m- 

gluvies. 
In  terra  sum  multus  facies 

scelus. 
Sum  di\^ersus  species  piscis. 

Agricola    habeo    currus^    et 

muhus  alius  res  ulilis. 
Multus  res  sum  in  conclave 

domus. 
Initium  multus  res  est  diffi- 

cilis. 
Puer    semper   habeo    bonus 

spes. 


DIFFERENT    MEANINGS    IN    THE    TWO    NUMBERS.     7t 


He  has  a  handsome  face,  hut 

a  bad  heart. 
Vices  are  a  cause  of  ruin  to  a 

state. 
The  Romans  have  their  line 

of  battle  drawn  up. 
Sorrow  is  often  the  cause  of 

leanness. 


Facies  formosus  habeo,  se<i 

mains  cor. 
Vitium  sum  causa  pernicioh 

civitas. 
Romanus    habeo    acies    in 

structus. 
Moeror  sum  saepe  causa  ma 

cies. 


XXXVII.    NOUNS    HAVING    PARTIALLY    DIFFERENT 
MEANINGS   IN  THE  TWO  NUMBERS. 

I.  In  the  folio  whig  nouns  the  plural  has  a  different  mean 
hag  from  the  singular,  but  nearly  allied  to  it,  namely. 

Singular, 
a  temple, 
water, 
help. 

something  good, 
a  prison, 
a  fort. 

a  part  of  the  Roman  forum, 
abundance, 
daintiness, 

power  to  do  something, 
fortune, 
a  garden. 

a  letter  of  the  alphabet, 
birthday, 
help, 
labour, 
a  part.' 

a  beak  of  a  ship, 
salt. 


iEdes, 

Aqua, 

Auxilium, 

Bonum, 

Career, 

Castrum, 

Comitium, 

Copia, 

Cupedia, 

Facultas, 

Fortuna, 

Hortus, 

Lit  era,  .' 

Natalis  (dies), 

(Ops,  obsol.)  Opis,' 

Opera, 

Pars, 

Rostrum, 

Sal, 


1.  The  nominative  Ops  is  out  of  use  or  obsolete.  Of  the  ob.iqn*- 
cases  in  the  singular,  the  genitive,  accusative,  and  ablative,  namciV. 
0777>,  opcm,  ope,  are  employed.  The  plural  is  all  in  use,  nan)plv,  opes, 
ypum,  npihus,  &c. 


80 


DIFFERENCE    OF  MEANING    IN    NUMBER. 


Plural 

iEdes, 

a  house. 

Aquee, 

medicinal  springs. 

Auxilia, 

auxiliary  troops. 

Bona, 

property. 

Carceres, 

barriers  of  a  race-course 

Castra, 

a  camp. 

Comitia, 

assembly  for  election 

Copi8D, 

troops. 

Cupediae,^ 

dainties. 

Facuitates, 

property. 

Fortunae, 

goods  of  fortune. 

Horti, 

pleasure-grounds. 

Lilerae, 

an  epistle. 

Natales, 

births  high  or  low. 

Opes, 

power ^  wealth. 

Operae, 

workmen. 

Partes, 

(commonly)  a  party. 

Rostra, 

the  raised  place  from  which 
the  orators  spoke. 

Sales, 

witticisms. 

XXXVIII.  NOUNS  H.4VING  TOTALLY  DIFFERENT  MEAN- 

TNGS  ACCORDING  TO  NUMBER  OR  GENDER. 

Singular. 

Lustrum, 

a  space  of  five  years. 

Fastus  (us),^ 

pride. 

Forum, 

a  market-place. 

Tempus, 

time. 

Plural. 

Lustra, 

dens  of  wild  beasts. 

Fasti  (orum). 

a  calendar. 

Fori, 

passages. 

Tempora, 

the  temples  of  the  head. 

\.  And  also  cupedia^  m  the  neuter  plural. 

2.  Of  tho  fourth  declension  ci  the  singular,  ind  3f  the  second  \\\  tn9 


HETEROCLITES. 


81 


XXXIX.  HETEROCLITES. 

I.  Heteroclites  are  words  which  vary  in  their  declension, 
having  two  different  forms  either  throughout  or  in  some  oi 
their  cases.  If  the  gender  also  varies  they  are  called  Hft- 
erogp.nea. 

II.  Forms  of  the  two  different  declensions  are  found  if 
^he  following : 

Jugerum,  "  an  acre^ 


Singular, 

Plural 

V. 

Jugerum, 

N.     Jugera, 

G. 

Jugeri  and  Ju^eris/ 

G.     Jugerorumapd  Jugerum 

D. 

Jugero,     -^ 

D.     Jugeris  and  Tn^ciibuF, 

Aci^ 

Jugerum, 

Ace.  Jugera, 

V. 

Jugerum, 

V.     Jugera, 

4b 

Jugero  and  Jugere. 

Ab.   Jugeris  and  JugmWs. 

- 

Laurus,  " 

a  laurel.^'' 

Singular, 

Plural. 

N. 

Laurus  (2d  &  4th  Dec), 

N.     Lauri  and  Laurus, 

G. 

Lauri  and  Laurus, 

G.     Laurorum  and  Lauruuc?^ 

D 

Lauro, 

D.     Lauris, 

Ace 

.  Laurum, 

Ace.  Lauro.«  and  Laurus, 

V. 

Laure, 

V.     Lauri, 

Ab. 

Lauro  and  Lauru. 

Ab.   Lauris. 

III.  Pinus,  "a  pine-tree,"  is  declined  in  the  same  way 
as  laurus.  The  declension  of  vas,  "  a  vase"  or  "  vessel,' 
'^  as  follows  :       J 

Vas,  "  a  vase.^^^ 
Singular. 


N. 

Vas, 

Ace. 

Vas, 

/  «• 

Vas-is, 

V. 

Vas, 

D. 

Vas-i, 

Ab. 

Vas-e. 

1.  Jugeris,  jugere^  &,c.,  come  from  the  obsolete  ^m^m^  or  jug tr. 

2.  Of  the  third  declension  in  the  singular  and  the  second  in  the  plu- 
ral.    The  student  will  be  careful  not  to  confound  it  with  vas^    x't*,  " 
surety,"  of  the  third  declension,  masculine. 


S2' 

HETEROCLITES. 

Plural 

N. 

Vas-a,                            Ace.     Vas-a, 

G 

Vas-orum,                      V.         Vas-a, 

D 

Vas-is,                            Ab.        Vas-is. 

iV.  Some 

substantives  have  a  different  gender  and  dif- 

ferent  forms 

in  the  plural  from  the  singular,  or  else  have 

hoth  togethei 

.     Thus, 

Masculines. 

Jocus, 

a  joke,                     Plural,  joci  and  joca. 

Locus, 

a  place,                       *'       loci  and  loca} 

Sibflus, 

a  hissing,                   "       sihili  and  sihila. 

Tartarus, 

Tartarus,                   "       Tar  tar  a,  neuter. 

Ismarus,  Mount  Ismarus, 
Maenalus,  "  McBnalus, 
Dindymus,      "      Dindymus, 

Feminines. 
Carbasus,    canvass.         Plural,  carhasa,  neuter, 


Ismara,  neuter. 
McBnala,  neuter. 
Dindyma,  neutei.* 


Ostrea,        an  oyster, 
Margarita,  a  pearl, 

Coelum,  heaven, 

Clathrum,  a  bar, 

Porrum,  an  onion, 

Siser,  a  skirret, 


"       ostrea  and  ostrece,  fern. 
"       margarita  and  margarit<B 
Neuters. 

Plural,  codi,  masculine. 
"       clathri,  masculine. 
"       porri,  masculine. 
"       siseres,  masculine. 
Neuters. 
Oelicium,  delight.  Plural,  delicice,  feminine. 

Epulum,    a  sacred  banquet,  "  epulcB  (a  feast  generally),  fem. 
Exuvium,  anything  put  off,   "  exuvicB  (spoils),  feminine. 
Iwduy'mm,  anything  put  on,    *•  induvice,  feminme. 
Balneum,  a  bath,  ^'  balnea,  feminine.^ 

1.  Loci,  in  the  plural  masculine,  means  "passages  in  a  book"   oi 
"  topics  of  a  discourse." 

2.  Other  names  of  mountains  in  us  undergo  the  same  ciiange. 

3.  The  follo'v^  ing  are  both  masculine  and  neuter  :  frenum^  ''  a  curh  * 


COMPARISON.  83 

XL    COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 
L  The  degrees  of  comparison  are  three  in  number,  name- 
ly, the  Positive,  Comparative,  and  Superlative. 

II.  The  unchanged  form  of  the  adjective  is  called  the 
Positive  degree, 

III.  The  Comparative  degree  denotes  that  the  quality  ex- 
pressed by  it  belongs  to  one  of  two  objects  in  a  greater  de 
gree  than  to  the  other. 

IV.  The  Superlative  degree,  denotes  that  the  quality  ex- 
pressed by  it  belongs  to  one  cf  several  objects  in  a  greater 
degree  than  to  any  of  the  rest. 

1.   Formation  of  the  Degrees. 
I.  The  Comparative  is  formed  by  adding  or  for  the  mas- 
culine and  feminine,  and  us  for  the  neuter,  to  a  case  of  the 
positive  ending  in  i ;  as, 

durus,         duri,  comparative,  durtor, 

hrevis^         hrevi,  *'  hrevior, 

audax,         audaci,  "  audacHor.^ 

IT.  The  Superlative  is  formed  by  adding  sstmus  to  the 

»ame  case  of  the  positive  frori  which  the  comparative  was 

formed ;  as, 

diirus,         duri,         superlative,  durissimus. 
hrevis,         hrevi,  "  hrevissXmus. 

audax,         audaci,  "  audacisstmus. 

III.  Hence  the  comparison  of  these  three  adjectives  is  as 

follows : 

Positive.  Comparative.  Superlative. 

Durus,  "hard."  \Duricr,  "harder."      \Durisstmus,  "hardest." 

Brevis,  "  short."  Breviory  "  shorter."      Brevissimus^  "  shortest.'' = 

jltfctfaa:,  " bold."  MwfZado?-,  "bolder."  \  Audacissimus,  "boldest.'' 

plural  frena,  and.  in  the  accusative  frenos ;  but  freni  does  not  occur 
Rastrum,  "  a  harrow,"  plural  rastri  and  rastra. 

1 .  Sinisterior  is  irregular,  the  genitive  being  sinistri.  It  comes,  in 
fact,  however,  from  the  old  form  of  the  genitive,  sinisterig  the  old  nom- 
'native  having  been  sinisterus,  whence  afterward  sinister. 


84  COMPARISON. 

2.  Exceptions. 

T.  All  the  adjectives  in  er  form  the  superlative  by  adding 
rXmus  to  the  nominative  singular  masculine  ;  as, 

Pulcher  (pulchri),        pulchrior^         pulcherrimus 

Acer-  (acri),  acrior^  acerrtmus. 

Pauper  (pauperi),        pauperi/>r,        paupernmus 

II.  But  vctus  and  nuperus  make  vcterrXmus  and  nuperrl 
mus.  Of  maturus  both  maturissimus  and  maturrXmus  are 
in  use,  especially  in  the  adverb. 

III.  Some  adjectives  in  His  form  the  superlative  in  ilh- 
mus;  as, 


facilis, 

"  easy," 

facilior, 

facilllmus. 

diffmlis, 

*'  difficult," 

dijicilior, 

dijfficillimus. 

similis, 

"like," 

similior, 

simillimus. 

dissimiUs, 

"  unlike," 

dissimilior, 

dissimillimus 

gracilis, 

"  slender," 

gracilior, 

gracillimus. 

humilis. 

"  lowly," 

hujnilior, 

humilllmus. 

IV.  The  superlative  of  agilis  and  docilis  does  not  occur  in 
the  classics.     The  verbals  in  hilis  have  no  superlative. 

V.  Adjectives  compounded  with  -dicus,  -ficus,  or  -volus, 
from  dico,facio,  or  volo,  form  their  comparatives  in  entior 
and  their  superlatives  in  entissimus ;  as/ 

maledicus,  "  slanderous,"  vialedicentior,  maledicentissimus. 
munificus,  "  munificent,"  munijicentior,  munijicentissimus. 
henevolus,    "  benevolent,"  benevolentior,   henevolentissimus 

3     Comparison  by  Adverbs, 

I.  Those  adjectives  in  which  a  vowel  precedes  us  do 

not  form  their  comparative  in  or  and  their  superlative  in 

issimus,  but  employ  instead  of  these  terminations  the  ad- 

1.  The  compounds  of  loqui,  as,  grandiloquus,  vaniloquus,  are  also 
Mlid  to  form  j:heir  comparison  from  loquens,  but  no  examples  can  b€ 
Qfodnced. 


COMPAKISON.  86 

Keros    magis^  "  more,"    and    maxme,  "  most"   or    *'  very/ 
which  they  place  before  the  positive.     Y^us,^ 

arduus,        "  lofty,"      magis  arcluus,       ma'xime  arduus, 
idoneus,       "  fit,"  magis  idoneus,      maxime  idoneus 

II.  But  when  qu,  which  was  pronounced  k,  precedes  W5, 
the  comparison  is  regular ;  as,  imquus,  "  unjust"  (pro- 
nounced inikus),  iniquior,  iniquissimus  (pronounced  inikior^ 
imkissimus). 

III.  The  adverbs  valde,  sane,  imprimis,  oppido,  apprime, 
admodum,  and  the  preposition  per  prefixed,  as  in  perdifficilis 
(*' very  difficult"),  answer  the  purpose  of  increasing  the 
sense.  Per  is  sometimes  strengthened  by  the  addition  of 
quam ;  as,  locus  perquam  djfficilis,  "  a  place  exceedingly  dif- 
ficult." 

IV.  Some  adjectives  have  their  meaning  enhanced  by  the 
participle  pr(B ;  as,  prcBaltus,  "  very  high  ;"  prcpdives,  "  very 
rich." 

V.  A  high  degree  of  the  excess  or  defect  denoted  by 
the  comparative  and  superlative  is  expressed  by  the  au 
verbs  longe  and   multo.     Thus,  longe    doctior,  *'  far-  more 
learned  ;"  multo  inferior,  "  much  lower. "^ 

4.   Irregular  and  Defective  Comparison, 
I.  Some  adjectives  make  their  comparison  from  obsolete 
forms,  or  borrow  it  from  other  words  of  similar  signification 
Thus, 

bonus,        "  good,"  melior,  optimus 

mains,       "bad,"  pfjor,  pcssimus, 

"  magnus,    "  great,"  major,  maximus, 

1.  Many  adjectives  which,  according  to  the  rule,  may,  and  usually  do, 
\)rm  their  comparison  in  or  and  issimus,  are  occasionally  compared  by 
magis  and  maxime,  and  vice  versa. 

2  Quam,  before  the  superlative,  answers  to  the  English  '*  as  mvci 
IS  possible  ;"  as,  quam  maximus,  "  as  great  as  possible." 

8 


86 


multus,    "  many,' 


•  1 


COMPARISON. 

Sin.  neut,  plus, 


>  plurimus} 
'Plural,      plures,plura,) 
varvus,    "  little,"  minor,  minimus, 

nequam,    "worthless,"  nequior,  nequissimwi 

II.  Dives,  "  rich,"  has  commonly  for  its  comparativ( 
ditior,  and  superlative  (litis simus.  Of  dexter,  dexter ior,  th( 
superlative  is  dextimus,  in  the  sense  of  "  farthest  on  the. 
right,"  but  not  in  that  of  "  most  lucky ."^ 

III.  The  following  adjectives  have  a  double  irregular  su- 
perlative, namely,  exter,  "  without;"  inferus,  "below;"  su- 
perus,  "  above  ;"  and  posterus,  "  after."     Thus, 

Exter,  exterior,  extremus  and  extimus, 

Inferus,  inferior,  inflmus  "    \mus 

Super  us,  superior,  supremus  "    summus 

Posterus,  posterior,  postremus  "    postumus. 

IV.  There  are  also  some  comparative  and  superlative 
forms  which  have  no  adjective-positive,  but  an  adverb  de- 
rived from  the  adjective.     Thus, 

(citra,  '•  on  this  side"),  citerior,  citXmus 

{ultra,  "beyond"),  ulterior,  ultimus-. 

{intra,  "  within"),  interior^  int7mus. 

{prope,  "  near"),  propior,  proxXmus, 

V.  Of  the  following  there  is  neither  adjective  nor  ad- 
verbial positive. 

deterior^  "  worse,"  deterrtmus. 

ocior,  "  swifter,"  ocissimus. 

potior,  "superior,"  potissvnus,  ^'hest,'^' ^^  chief esi.^ 

prior,  "former,"  primus,        "first." 

i.  Plurimi  means  either  '*  very  many"  or  '*  the  most."  Plcriqueh^s 
the  latter  signification  only,  and  wants  the  genitive  plural. 

2.  Dexterrimus,  which  is  given  by  grammarians  as  the  superlative  o. 
dexter,  is  nov^'here  found,  any  more  than  sinislimus  from  sinister. 

3.  D eter ior.  mw^l  not  be  confounded  with  pejor.  Pejor  is  worse  than 
something  which  is  itself  bad  ;  deterior  w^orse  than  something  which  is 
good.  It  is,  therefore,  a  descending,  as  melior  is  an  ascending  compar- 
ative, of  hojius. 


\ 


EXERCISES    ON    COMPARISON.  8"^ 

VI.  Of  many  adjectives  no  superlative  is  found,  though 
the  comparative  is  in  use  ;  as  the  verbals  in  bilis,  and  mos 
adjectives  in  alis  and  Uia, 

VII.  Adolescens,  juvenis  (comparative /wt^zo?'),  aifid  senex 
;comparative  senior)  also  want  the  superlative. 

VIII.  Of  many  adjectives  and  participles  used  as  adjoc- 
fives  there  is  neither  comparative  nor  superlative,  since  the 
sense  precludes  comparison ;  as,  crasltnus,  *'  of  to-morrow  ;" 
infinitus,  "  infinite  ;"  innumerus,  "  countless  ;"  secundus, 
'*  second  ;"  teriius,  "  third  ;"  ater,  "  coal-black,"  6lc. 

XLI.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES 
Preliminary  Rules. 

1.  The  comparative  degree  requires  the  ablative;  as, 
dulcior  melle,  "  sweeter  than  honey ;"  ocior  %-icnto^ 
"  swifter  than  the  wind." 

2.  Frequently,  instead  of  the  ablative,  the  nominative, 
preceded  by  quam,  "  than,"  is  placed  after  the  com- 
parative ;  as,  aer  est  levior  quam  aqua,  "  air  is  lighter 
than  water." 

I. 

;  Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  degree  of  com- 
parison, together  with  the  agreement  or  government  in  each 
clause  or  phrase.  ^    .  _. 

Columba  est  timida,  lepus  timidior,  cervus  timidissimus. 
— Rhenus  est  profundus,  Danubius  profundior,  mare  pro- 
fundissimum. — Malus  est  celsa,  fagus  celsior,  cedrus  cel- 
sissima. — Columbae  sunt  timidiores  quam  gallinae. — Cervus 
est  animal  timidius  quam  lepus. — Cervus  et  lepus  sun* 
animalia  timidiora  quam  canis  et  lupus. — Mare  profundius 
est  quam  fluvii. — Flumina  sunt  profundiora  quam  rivi. — 
Cedri  sunt  celsiores  quam  abietes. — ^tna  est  Sicilize  mons 
celsissimus. — Graeci  erant  doctiores  quam  Romani. — Hip- 
pocrates et    Galenus    erant   medici   peritissimi. — Gemma' 


8fc  EXERCISES    ON    COMPARISON. 

Indicae  sunt  pretiosiores  quam  Europeae. — Nigrae  vulpes 
sunt  rarissimae. — Lycurgus,  Lacedaemonius,  severissima- 
rum  justissimarumque  legum  auctor  fuit. — Sol  meridianus 
calidior  est  quam  matutinus  et  vespertinus. — Paucis  carior 
est  fides  quam  pecunia. —  Bellum  civile  est  perniciosissi- 
mum. — Tncolis  regionum  frigidissimarum  est  facies  plana, 
—  Clialybs  durissimum  ferri  genus  est. — Sonus  luce  tardior 
est. — Dentes  ossibus  duriores  sum. 

Nihil  virtute  praeclarius  est. — Nihil  est  senectute  otiosa 
jucundius. — Adamas  est  lapidum  durissimus. — Ventorum 
frigidissimus  est  aquTlo. — Homerus  poetarum  clarissimus 
est. — Quo*  altiores  montes  sunt,  eo  profundiores  sunt  valles. 
— Uva  matura  est  dulcis,  saccharum  dulcius,  mel  dulcissi- 
mum. — Ferrum  est  grave,  plumbum  gravius,  aurum  gra- 
vissimum. — Vapores  aquae  sunt  leviores  quam  aer. — Aqua 
marina  gravior  est  quam  fluvialis  (aqua). — Oleum  levius  est 
quam  aqua. — Aurum  et  argentum  sunt  metalla  nobiliora. — 
Camelus  utilissimus  est. — Themistoclis  nomen,  quam  So- 
lonis,  illustrius  est. — Utilissima  membra  hominis  sunt  ma- 
nus,  nobilissima  oculi. — Nihil  sale  utilius  est. — Nihil  est 
suavius  quam  multarum  rerum  scientia. — Nemo  Nerone 
crudelior  erat. — Lusciniarum  cantus  suavior  est  quam  re- 
liquorum  oscinum. — Nulla  urbs  Siciliae  est  illustrior  quam 
Syracusas,  Graecorum  colonia. 

Gemma  pulchra  est,  Stella  pulchrior,  sol  pulcherrimus. — 
Tulipa  est  flos  pulcherrimus. — Pavones  sunt  aves  pulcher- 
rimae. — Nullum  vitium  avaritia  tetrius  est. — Morborum  te- 
terrimus  est  pestis. — Fluvius  est  celer,  ventus  celerior,  lux 
celerrima. — Cerevisia  est  salubris,  lac  salubrius,  aqua  sa- 
1  uberrima. — Cibus  simplex  est  saluberrimus. — Lupi  habent 
visum,  auditum,  et  odoratum  acerrimum. — Crocodilus  habet 
oculos  extra-  aquam  acerrimos. — Quo  amarior  potio  est,  eo 

1.  Qiio,  "by  how  much;"  eo,  "by  so  mnch."  They  are  generally 
translated,  however,  by  the  definite  article  "  the ;''  as,  quo  tardior^  eo 
rrrfior,  "the  slower,  the  surer. " 

2     Extra.  "  out  of/' 


EXERCISES    ON    COMPARISON.  •     ,         89 

salubrior.  — In  pauperrimis  regionibus  saepe  sunt  homines 
diligentissimi. — Quo  maturiores  ficus,  eo  dulciores  sunt. — 
Uvae  maturissimae  sunt  dulcissimae.— Veterrimi  amici  sunt 
sincerissimi. — Amor  inimicorum  difficilimus  est,  at  deo 
gratissimus. — Latro  ferae  similior  est  quam  hommi. — Lupus 
cani  simillimus  est. — Ovis  lupo  dissimillima  est. — Nihil 
aqua  aquae,  nihil  lacte  lacti  similius  est. — Pedes  aranearum 
sunt  gracillimi. 

Irregular  and  Defective  Comparison. 

Doctrlna  est  bona,  valetudo  est  melior,  virtus  est  optima. 
-•-Nihil  mente  et  ratione  melius  est. — Melior  tutiorque  est 
certa  pax,  quam  sperata  victoria. — Quo  meliores  homines, 
eo  feliciores  sunt. — Veterrimi  amici  plerumque  optimi  sunt. 
— Malus  est  error,  defensio  erroris  est  pejor,  mendacium  est 
pessimum. — Assentatores  sunt  pessimi  homines. — Quo  pe- 
jores  homines,  eo  infeliciores  sunt. — Equus  est  magnus, 
camelus  major,  elephas  maximus. — Piscium  feminae  ma- 
jores  sunt  quam  mares. — America  omnium  fluviorum  max- 
imos  habet — Voluptatibus  maximis  fastidium  finitimum  est. 
— Ganges  est  major  Indo. — Crocodilus  habet  plures'  den- 
tiumordines. — Roma  urbserat  omnium  pessima. —  Plurimae 
insulae  maris  iEgaei  fertiles  et  opulentae  sunt. — Plurima  et 
maxima  sunt  in  mari  animalia. — Sciiirus  est  parvus,  talpa 
mmor,  mus  minimus. — Europa  quidem  minima,  at  frequent- 
issima,  cultissima,  et  potentissima  pars  terrae  est. — Mus 
est  quadrupedum  minimus,  mellisuga  avium  minima. 

Extremus  anni  mensis  olim  erat  Februarius,  nimc  est 
December. — Digiti  manuum  et  pedum  sunt  extima  corporis 
membra. — Aer  inferior  est  atmosphaera,  superior  aether. — 
Inter  brachium  inferius  et  superius  est  cubitus. — Suprema 
pars  corporis  humani  est  caput,  infima  sun  plantae. — In  inia^ 
tellure  sunt  multa  genera  metallorum. — Justitia  est  summ* 

1.  Flares,  "  several,"  i.  e.,  more  than  one. 

2.  In  ima  tellure,  "  in  the  bosom  of  the  earth,"  or  "  deep  in  the  earth 
uexallv    "  in  the  lowest  earth." 


90  EXERCISES    ON    COMPARISON. 

virtutum. — Orationis  summa  virtus  est  perspicuitas. — Sum 
ma  cacumina  altorum  montium  jlerumque  nuda  sunt. — 
Etiam  infimi  sunt  utiles  reipublicas. — Gradus  honorum  suui- 
mis  et  infimis  pares  sunt. — Anterior  pars  colli  est  juguluni. 
posterior  cervix. — Posteriores  leporum  pedes  longioros  sum 
quam  anteriores. — Hispania,  imperii  Romani  provincia,  era! 
citerior  et  ulterior. — Mercurius  soli  citimus  est. — Numitoi 
ultimus  rex  Albae  erat. — Mors  ultima  linea  vitae  est. — lu 
plurimis  regionibus  interioris  Africae  fontes  et  putei  sum 
rarissimi. — Genera  simiarum  hominis  figurse  proxima  sunt. 

Strengthened  Comparison,  6fc. 
Ohalybs  est  ferrum  admodum  durum. — Jurum  scientia 
multis  hominibus  imprimis  necessaria  est. — ^tlJelsissimorum 
montium  vertices  etiam  in  regionibus  calidioribus  valde 
frigidi  sunt. — Numidia,  regio  Africae,  magis  culta  et  opu- 
lentior  est  quam  Mauritania. — Aqua  est  res  utilissima  ei 
pernecessaria. — HystrTcis  aculei  sunt  praelongi  duri  et  acuti. 
— Cornu  rhinocerotis  est  prffivalidum. — Vis  naturae  per- 
magna  est. — Praeterita,  praesentia  et  futura  admodum  diver- 
sa  sunt. — Nero  etiam^  crudelior  fuit  quam  Tiberius. — VeP 
doctissimis  viris  multae  res  ignotae  sunt. — Helvetiorum  longe 
nobilissimus  et  ditissimus  fuit  Orgetorix. — Suevorum  gens 
fuit  longe  maxima  et  bellicosissima  omnium  Germanorum. 
— Lux  est  omnium  rerum  celerrima,  et  multo  velocior  quam 
sonus.— Nigri  sciuri  rari  sunt,  sed  multo  rariores  nivei. — 
Leopardus  est  pardo  major  et  multo  pulchrior. — Attagen  est 
paulo  major  quam  columba. — Caprea  est  multo  minor  quam 
cervus,  et  paulo  major  quam  capra. — Hephaestion  longe  om- 
nium amicorum  carissimus  fuit  Alexandro,  regi  Macedonum. 
— Res  futurae  maxime  dubiae  sunt. — Incolae  Europae  magis 
industrii  sunt  quam  incolae  Asiae  et  Africae. — Maxime  pii 
homines  sunt  longe  felicissimi  et  deo  gratissimi. — Homeru.N 
antiqui^r  poeta  est  quam  Hesiodus. — Necessitatis  inventa 

1.  Etiam,  "  still." 

2.  Vel  "  even." 


I 


EXERCISES    ON    COMPARISON. 


91 


antiquiora  sunt  quam  voluptatis. — Miisica  artium  liberalium 
antiquissima  est. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


The   lion  is  fierce^  the  hear 

fiercer,  the  tiger  fiercest. 
Lions   are   more   robust  and 

fierce  than  lionesses. 
The  dolphin  is  the  swiftest  of 

animals. 
Nothing  is  more  rapid   than 

the  mind. 
The  tiger  is  a  very  fierce  and 

daring  animal. 
Nothing  is  more  excellent  than 

God. 
The  soul  is  more  noble  than 

the  body. 
Virtue  is  more  excellent  than 

riches. 
Virtue    is    a   most    excellent 

good. 
An  ape  is  very  like  a  human 

being. 
The  poor  are  often  more  be- 
nevolent    and     munificent 

than  the  rich. 
No    one    IS    more  slanderous 

than  the  envious  man. 
The  presents  of  Pompey  were 

very  splendid. 
Titus  was  the  most  benevolent 

emperor  of  the  Romans. 


Leo  sum  ferox,  ursus  ferox, 

tigris  ferox. 
Leo   robustus   et   ferox  sum 

quam  leaena. 
Delphinus  sum  animal  velox. 

Nihil  sum  animus  velox. 

Tigris  sum   ferox   et  audax 

animal. 
Nihil  D<ms  praestans  sum 

Animus  corpus  nobilis. 

Virtus  sum  praestans  opes. 

Virtus  sum  praestans  bonum. 

Simla  homo  similis  sum. 

Pauper  saepe  sum  benevolus 
et  munificus  quam  dives. 

Nemo  sum   maledicus  quaii 

invidus. 
Muniis  Pompeius  sum  mag 

nificus. 
Titus  sum  imperator  Roma 

nus  benevolus. 


92 


NUMERALS. 


The  dwellings  of  kings  are 
more  magnijicent  than  those 
of  citizens. 

The  Roman  consuls  had  less 
power  than  the  dictators. 

Ducks  are  smaller  than  geese. 

Thieves  and  rohhers  are  most 
worthless  men. 

CrcRSiis  was  richer  than  Cras- 
sus. 

Very  poor  men  are  often  hap- 
pier than  very  rich  men. 

The  nearer  the  air  is  to  the 
earth,  the  denser  it  is. 

The  older  wine  is,  the  better 
is  it. 

Nothing  is  more  lovely  ■  than 
virtue. 

Features  are  very  changeable. 


Domus  rex   sum  magnificua 
quam  civis. 

Consul    Romanus    habebam 
parvus  potestas  quam  die 
tator. 

Anas  sum  parvus  anser. 

Fur  et  latro  sum  homo  no 
quam.  .      ~     ,    - . 

Croesus  sum  dives  Crassus. 

Pauper  homo  saepe  felix  sum 

quam  dives. 
Quo  prope  aer  sum  terrae,  eo 

crassus  sum. 
Quo  vetustus  vinum  eo  bonus 

Nihil  virtus  amabilis  sum. 

Facies  sum  valde  mutabilis. 


XLII.  NUMERALS. 

I.  The  numerals  are  partly  adjectives  and  partly  adverbs. 

II.  The  adjective-numerals  are  divided  into  five  classes, 
namely,  Cardinal,  Ordinal,  Distributive,  Multiplicative,  and 
Proportional. 

III.  The  Cardinal xiumhem  answer  to  the  question  '*how 
many  V  as,  unus,  "  one  ;"  duo,  "  two  ;"  tres,  "  three." 

IV.  The  Ordinal  numbers  express  the  place  or  numbers 
in  succession  ;  as,  primus,  "  first ;"  secundus,  "  second." 

V.  The  Distributive  numbers  denote  how  many  to  each ; 
as,  bini,  "  two  each,"  or  "  two  by  two ;"  terni,  "  three 
each,"  &LC. 

VI.  The  Multiplicatives  denote  how  many  fold  ;  as,  du 
plex,  ''  tv/ofold"  or  "  double  ;"  triplex,  ■'  threefold,"  (fcc 


NUMERALS.  93 

VII.  The  Proportionals  denote  how  many  times  more : 
fts,  tripluSj  "  triple  ;"  quadruplus,  "  quadruple,"  &;c. 

VIII.  The  Adverbial  numerals  answer  to  the  question 
"^  how  many  times  ?"  as,  his,  "  twice  ;"  ter,  "  thrice,"  &c. 

1.    Cardinal  Numbers, 

I.  The  first  three  cardinal  numbers  are  declined.  The 
rest  as  far  as  ten,  and  the  decimals  as  far  as  a  hundred, 
are  indeclinable.  The  hundreds,  as  far  as  a  thousand,  are 
again  declinable. 

II.  Mille,  "  a  thousand,"  is  indeclinable,  but  has  a  plural 
to  be  used  in  the  series  that  will  presently  be  given. 

III.  Above  a  thousand,  the  Latins  express  numbers  by 
combmation,  as,  decies  centena  millia,  "  ten  times  a  hun- 
dred thousand,"  that  is,  "  a  million ;"  vicies  centena  millia 
"  twenty  times  a  hundred  thousand,"  or  "  two  millions,"  A;c 

IV.  The  declension  of  the  first  three  cardinal  numbers 
is  as  follows : 


Masc. 

Fern. 

ISeut. 

Unus, 

Una, 

Unum,  "  owe." 

Singular. 

PluraV 

N.      Un-us,       -a. 

-um, 

N.      Un-i,          -36, 

-<i, 

G.       Un-Ius,       -Tus, 

-lUS, 

G.      Un-orum,  -arum, 

-onim, 

D.       Un  1,         -1, 

-i, 

D.      Un-Ts,        -Is, 

-Is, 

Ace.   Un-um,      -am. 

-um. 

Ace.  Un-os,       -as. 

-a, 

V^.       Un-e,         -a. 

-um, 

V.      Un-i,         -38, 

-a, 

Ab.      Un-o,        -a. 

-0. 

Ab.    Un-is,        -Is, 

-Is 

V.  Duo,  "  two,"  and  tres, 

'Hhree,"  have,  of  course,  no 

singular. 

1.  The  plural  of  unvs  I?  employed  with  nouns  which  either  have  no 
Binocular,  or  which  are  used  in  the  shigular  in  a  different  sense  from  tha* 
of  the  plural  ;  as,  una  castra,  "  one  camp  ;"  unce.  crdes,  "  one  house." 
When,  however,  higher  numbers  are  required,  then  the  distributives  are 
to  be  employed  with  such  nouns,  but.  without  any  distributive  meaning  •, 
as,  hina  castra,  *' two  camps,"  not  "two  camps  each;"  terna  cedes, 
'*  three  houses,"  &c.  Duo  castra  would  mean  "  two  forts  ;"  and  trrs 
ipdes,  "  three  temoles." 


M 


CARUINAL    NUMBERS. 


Masc, 

Fern, 

Neut. 

Duo, 

Duae, 

Duo, 

"  twoT* 

N.         Du 

-0, 

-ae, 

-0, 

G.        Du 

-orum, 

-arum. 

-onmu 

D.        Du 

-obus, 

-abus. 

-obus^ 

Ace.     Du 

-OS  and  -o, 

-as, 

-0, 

V.         Du 

-0, 

-ae, 

-0, 

Ab.  .    Du-obus, 

-abus. 

-obus 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Tres, 

Tres, 

Tria, 

"  three: 

N. 

Tr-es, 

-es. 

-ia. 

G. 

Tri-um, 

-um, 

-ium, 

D. 

Tri-bus, 

•bus, 

-bus. 

Ace. 

Tr-es, 

-es, 

-la. 

V. 

Tr-es, 

-es, 

-la. 

Ab. 

Tri-bus, 

-bus, 

-bus. 

VL  Ambo,  "  both,"  is  declined  like  duo,  with,  the  double 
dccusative  in  os  and  o.  For  duorum,  duarum,  the  contract 
ed  form  duUm  is  used,  especially  in  connexion  with  millium 

VII.  The  following  is  a  list  of  most  of  the  cardinal  num 
hers. 


1. 

I.   Unus. 

16. 

XVI. 

Sedeciniy  or 

s 

2. 

II.  Duo. 

Decern  et  sex. 

3. 

III.   Tres. 

17. 

XVII. 

Septendecim^  or 

I* 

4. 

IV.   Quatuor. 

Decern  et  septem 

5. 

V.   Quinque. 

18. 

XVIII. 

Octodecimj  or 

■} 

6. 

VI.  Sex. 

Decern  et  octo,  o 

7. 

VII.  Septem. 

Duodeviginti. 

8 

VIII.  Octo. 

19. 

XIX. 

Novendecinty  or 

\ 

9. 

IX.  Novem. 

Decern  et  novem. 

i 

10. 

X.  Decern. 

or  Undeviginii. 

s 

11. 

XL   Undecim 

20. 

XX. 

Viginti, 

12. 

XII.  Duodecim. 

21. 

XXI. 

Unus  et  viginti, 

\ 

13. 

XIII.  Tredecim,  OT  De- } 
cent  et  tres.            y 

or  Viginti  unus. 

22. 

XXII. 

Duo  et  viginti. 

j 

14. 

XIV.   QuatuGrdecim. 

or  Viginti  duo. 

15. 

XV.   QwnHedm. 

CARDINAL    NUMBERS. 


9.n 


83. 

XXIII.  Tres    el    vi- . 
gintif  or  Vi-  > 

109. 

ginti  tres.       * 

200. 

28. 

XXVIII.  Duodetrigin-  ^ 

300. 

ta,  or  Octo  ct  > 

400. 

viginli.            J 

29. 

XXIX.  Vndetrigin-    . 

500. 

ta,  or  Novem  5> 

600. 

et  viginii.        * 

700. 

SO 

XXX.  Triginta. 

800. 

40. 

XL.  Quadraginla. 

900. 

50. 

L.  Quinqudginta. 

1000. 

60 

LX.  Sexdginta. 

2000. 

70.' 

LXX.  Septudginta. 

80. 

LXXX.  Octoginta, 

5000. 

90. 

XC.  Nondginta. 

10,000. 

00. 

C.  Centum. 

100,000. 

CIX.  Centum  et  noveviy  ) 
or  Centuni  novem.  \ 
CC.  Ducent-i,  -ce,  -a 
CCC.  Trecent-i,  -ce,  -a. 
CCCC.  Quadringent-i,  ) 
-(S,  -a.  ' 

D.  Quingeni-i,  -(E,  -a 
DC.  Sexcent-iy  -ce,  -a. 
DCC.  Septingent-i,  -re,  -a 
DCCC.  Octingent'if  -ce,  -a 
.  DCCCC.  Nongent-i,  -a,  -a. 
.  M.,  or  CIO.  Mille. 
.  CIO  CIO.,  or  MM.  Duo  mil-  . 
lia,  or  Bis  mille.     S 
100.  Quinque  millia 
CCIOp.  Decern  millia. 
.  CCCIOOO.  Centum  milha. 


VIII.  The  thousands  are  expressed  either  by  prefixiiitj 
the  numeral  adverbs  bis,  ter,  quater,  to  mille  (a  construction 
chiefly  used  by  the  poets),  in  which  case  mille  is  indecli- 
nable ;  or  we  may  say,  duo,  tria,  unum  et  viginii,  centum 
millia.  In  the  latter  case,  the  things  numbered  are  in  the 
genitive  ;  as,  Mardonium  in  GrcBcia  reliquit  cum  trecent.i< 
millibus  armatorum.  "  He  left  Mardonius  in  Greece  with 
three  hundred  thousand  armed  men  ;"  unless  a  declined  nu- 
meral comes  between  ;  as,  habuit  tria  millia  trecentos  mili' 
tes,  "  he  had  three  thousand  three  hundred  soldiers.'^ 

IX.  From  20  to  100,  either  the  smaller  number  with  et 
precedes,  or  the  larger  without  et ;  as,  sexaginta  quatuor, 
or  quatuor  et  sexaginta. 

X.  In  duodeviginti,  duodetriginta,  Sic,  duo  is  indeclina- 
ble. ^- 

XI.  Above  100,  the  larger  number  precedes  with  or  with 
out  et ;  as,  centum  et  unus,  or  centum  unus ;  trecenii  sea^ 
'/ginta  sex^  or  trecenti  et  sexaginta  sex.  * 


^6  EXERCISES    ON    THE    CARDINAI.    NUMBERS. 

XLIII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  CARDINAL  NUMBERS 

I. 
Translate  the  following,  and  show  the  gender,  case,  &c 
Adamus  erat  unus,  et  Eva  erat  una,  ergo  genus  humanum 
»8t  unum. — Mundus  est  opus  unius  dei. — Unus  homo  habel 
uium  OS,  unam  linguam^  unum  palatum  ;  duos  oculos,  duas 
dures,  duo  brachia,  duos  pedes,  duas  manus,  duo  latera. — 
Silvius  Procas  pater  duorum  filiorum,  Numitoris  et  Amulii, 
fuit. — Tres  sunt  Parcae ;  Clotho,  Lachesis  et  Atropos. — 
Tria  sunt  regna  naturae — Quatuor  sunt  anni  tempora  ;  ver, 
asstas,  auctumnus,  et  hiems. — Quinque  sunt  zone  in  terra  ; 
duae  zonae  temperatae,  duae  frigidae,  una  torrida. — Hebdomas 
habet  sex  dies  profestos  — Iris  habet  septem  colores,  cubus 
octo  angulos. — Orpheus  fuit  filius  unius  novem  Musarum. 
— Decern  anni  sunt  Decennium. — Undecim  planetae  sys- 
tematis  planetarii  nostri  sunt.— Duae  hebdomades  habent 
quatuordecim  dies. — Tres  hebdomades  habent  viginti  dies 
ct  unum ;  undeviginti  hebdomades  habent  centum  triginta 
tres  dies. — Mensis  est  spatium  dierum  triginta,  aut  triginta 
et  unius. — Tres  pentades  sunt  quindecim. — Novum  Testa- 
mentum  (Foedus)  habet  epistolas  viginti  et  unam. —  Spina 
dorsi  habet  viginti  quatuor  vertebras. — Februarius  habet 
duodetriginta  dies,  et  in  annis  intercalaribus  undetriginta. 

Olyhipias  fuit  spatium  L.  mensium. — Quot  ossa  sunt  in 
corpore  humano  ? — In  capite  sunt  sexaginta  tria,  in  trunco 
LIIL,  in  artubus  superioribus  LXVIIL,  in  artubus  inferiori- 
bus  LXIV. — A  Christo  nato'  ad  excidium  Hierosolymorum 
fuerunt  LXX.  anni. —  Octo  decades  sunt  LXXX.  anni ; 
XIV.  decades  CXL.  anni. — Octoginta  annorurn  vita  rara 
est. — Angulus  rectus  habet  nonaginta  gradus  — Novem  de- 
cades sunt  XC.  anni. — Saeculum  est  tempus  C.  annorum. — 
Duo  s-jecuJa  sunt  ducenti  anni,  tria  saecula  trecenti,  qu  ituoi 
sascula  quadringentf  anni. — D..  Decades  sunt  quinque  inillia 

1.  Literally,  "  from  Christ  born,"  i.  e.,  "  from  llie  birth  of  Christ  " 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    CARDINAL    NUMBERS. 


97 


ttimornm. — Quot  anni  fuerunt  a  Christo  nato  ad  Carolura 
magnum?  Octing:/*,.. — Ab  Abrahamo  ad  Christum  sunt 
duo  millia  annorum,  a  Mose  ad  Christum  mille  etquingenti 
a  SaJomone  mille  anni. 

11. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
m.ai^*.al  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


A  thief  is  a  tjcJ^.  of  three  let- 
ters.^ 

February  is  shorter  by  two  or 
three  days  than  the  other 
months. 

One  thousand  brave  men  are 
better  than  many  thousand 
cowards. 

New-York  has  more  than  two 
hundred  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. 

The  history  of  the  seven  Ro- 
man kings  and  the  thirty 
Athenian  tyrants  is  known 
to  many. 

Urania  was  one  of  the  nine 
Muses,  Lachesis  one  of  the 
three  Fates. 

Nine  hundred  years  are  ninety 
decades, 

Paris  has  894,000  inhabi- 
tants. 

One  thousand  w6eks  are  7000 
days,  :r  168,000  hours. 


Fur  sum  homo  tres  litera. 

Februarius  brevis  sum  duo 
aut  tres  dies  quam  ceteri 
mensis. 

M.  fortis  vir  bonus  sum  quar 
multus  M.  ignavus. 

Novum  Eboracum  habeo  plus 
quam  ducenti  mille  incola. 

Historia  VII.  rex  Romanus, 
et  XXX.  tyr annus  Atheni- 
ensis  sum  multus  notus 

Urania  sum  unus  IX.  Musa^ 
Lachesis  unus  tres  Parcae 

DCCCC.    annus    sum    XC 

decas. 
Parisii^  habeo  octingenti  non 

aginta  quatuor  M.  incola. 
M.    hebdomas    sum    septcm 

mille  dies,  vel  centum  sex 

aginta  octo  mille  hora. 


1.  The  Romans  branded  thieves  with  the  three  letters  F.  U.  R ,  i.  • « 
(ur^  *'  thief." 

2.  Another  Latin  form  is  Lutetia  Paristorum. 

9 


U 


a 


98 


ORDINAL  NUMBERS. 


Eighteen  years  are  939  weeks 
and  one  day,  or  J%57778 
hours. 


XVIII   ianus  sum  DCCCC 
XX''  J  X.  hebdomas  et  unus 
dies,  s^el  centum  quinqua- 
ginta  scptem  mille,  septin 
genti  septuaginta  sex  hora 


2.  Ordm.i!  Numbers. 


I.  The  principal  ordinal  r 

1st.  Primus. 

2d.  Secundus,  or  A'^t. 

3d.   Tertius. 

4th.   Quarius. 

5th.  Quintus 

6th.  Sextus. 

7th.  Septimus. 

8  th.  Ocidvus. 

9th.  Nonus. 
10th.  Decimus. 
1 1  th.   Undecimus. 
12th.  Duodecimus. 
13th.  Tertius  decimuc. 
14th.   Quarius  decimus 
15th.   Quintus  decimuf 
16th.  Sextus  decimus. 
17th.  Septimus  decimu^ 
18th.   Octavus  decimus,  <      •. 
Duodevicesimus.         } 
19th.  Nonus  decimus ^  or  t/r-  % 
devicesimus.  ) 

20th.   Vicestmus,  or  Vigesimus. 
21st.   r/wu*  c/  vicesimus,  or  % 
Vicesimus  primus.  ) 

22cl.  ^//er   c^   vicesimus,  or  \ 
Vicesimus  secundus.       ] 


I  mbers  are  as  follows  : 


30th. 

40th. 

60th. 

60th. 

70th. 

80th. 

90th. 
100th. 
200th. 
300th. 
400th. 

r>ooth. 

sooth. 

700th. 

800th. 

900th. 

1000th. 

2000th. 

3000th. 

iO,OOOth. 

100,000th. 

1, 000,000th. 

2,000,000th. 


Tricesimus,  or  <ri- 

gesimus. 

Quadragesimus. 

Quinquagestmus. 

Sexagestmus. 

Septuagestmus. 

Octogesimus. 

NonagesimiiS. 

Centesimus. 

Ducentesimu^. 

Treccntesim:^^ 

Quadringent€^  *   r 

Quingentes\T7i\ 

Sexcentesimuy . 

Septingentesitr^t 

Octingentesimn. . 

Nongentesimut 

Millesimus. 

Bis  millesimua 

Ter  millesimur 

Decies  millesu  %.8 

Centies  milleJ'^nv  \ 

Decies  ctntUc  w^- 

lesimus. 

Victes  centies  ku- 

lestmus. 


II.  From  13  to  19,  the  smaller  number  us/ially  precedes 
sometimes  the  larger,  with  or  without  et ;  as,  tertiiks  d* 
nimuSj  decimus  et  tertius,  or  decimus  tertius,  not  tertius  j 
decimus. 

HI.   Unu.^  ()t  xnccsimus  is  more  common  than  mcc.siw.u 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    ORDINAL    NUMBERS.  99 

primus.  The  feminine  una  et  vicesima  is  sometimes  con- 
tracted to  unetvicesima.  Duo  et  vicesimus  is  also  used,  in 
vv^hich  duo  is  not  changed. 

IV.  In  the  other  compound  numbers,  the  larger  precedes 
without  et,  or  the  smaller  with  et ;  as,  vicesimus  quartus,  or 
quarius  et  vicesimus.  For  28th,  38th,  and  29th,  39th,  duo- 
dctricesimus,  duodequadragesimus,  and  undetricesimus,  uri' 
dequadragesimus,  are  used. 

V.  Primanus,  secundanus,  &c.,  denote  a  person  of  such 
a  rank  or  order,  that  of  the  legion  being  generally  under 
stood  in  the  Latin  writers. 

XLIV.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  ORDINAL  NUMBERS. 
L 
Translate  the  following,  and  show  the  gender,  case,  dec. 

Primus  hebdomadis  dies  est  dies  solis ;  secundus,  dies 
lunae  ;  tertius,  dies  Martis  ;  quartus,  dies  Mercurii ;  quintus 
dies  Jovis  ;  sextus,  dies  Veneris  ;  septimus,  dies  Satumi. — 
Tria  sunt  genera  bonorum  ;  prima  animi,  secunda  corporis, 
tertia  externa. — Quota  est  hora,  amice  ?  Octava. — Sep- 
tember est  nonus  anni  mensis,  October  decimus,  November 
undecimus,  December  duodecimus. — Quintus  decimus  an- 
nus est  initium  setatis  juvenilis  ;  tricesimus  annus  virllis,  et 
septuagesimus  senih's.— Codrus  fuit  septimus  decimus  regum 
Atheniensium. — Veris,  aestatis,  auctumni,  et  hiemis,  initium 
est  vicesimus  unus  (primus)  dies  Martii,  Junii,  Septembris 
et  Decembris. — Hora  est  vicesima  quarta  pars  diei,  et  octies 
millesima  septingentesima  sexagesima  pars  anni. 

Secundus  annus  vicesimae  quartae  Olympiadis  est  annus 
sexcentesimus  octogesimus  septimus  ante  Christum  natum.' 
— Migratio  gentium  fuit  anno^  quadringentesimo  septuagesi- 

1.  The  Latin  idiom  differs  from  the  English  in  the  use  of  the  ordi- 
nals. In  the  English,  for  example,  we  say  the  seven  hundred  and  twenty 
first,  but  the  Latin,  m^e  correctly,  the  seven  hundredth  twentieth  and 
first.     And  so  in  other  cases. 

3<  Timo  "  when"  requires  the  ablative. 


100 


EXEKCISES    ON    THE    ORDINAL    NUMBERS. 


mo  aexto  post  Christum. — Quoto  anno  Alexander  rex  Ma- 
cedonum  fuit  ?  anno  trecentesimo  tricesimo  tertio. — A  prirao 
vit«  anno,  usque  ad  annum  qumtum  decimum,  homines  sunt 
pueri ;  a  quinto  decimo  usque  ad  tricesimum  juvenes  ;  a  tri- 
cesimo usque  ad  septuagesimum  viri ;  a  septuagesimo  us- 
que ad  vitae  finem  senes. — Fridericus  Magnus,  rex  Borus- 
sijje,  erat  rex  ab  anno  millesimo  septingentesimo  quadra- 
gesimo  usque  ad  annum  millesimum  septingentesimum  oc- 
togesimum  sextum. — Henricus  (iuartus,  optimus  rex  Fran- 
co-Gallorum,  erat  rex  ab  anno  millesimo  quingentesimo  un- 
denonagesimo  usque  ad  annum  millesimum,  sexcentesi- 
mum  decimum. — Georgius  Washingtonius,  omnium  viro- 
rum  longe  celeberrimus,  erat  praeses  civitatum  foederatarum, 
in  America  Septentrionali,  ab  anno  millesimo  septingen- 
tesimo octogesimo  nono,  usque  ad  annum  millesimum  sep- 
tingentesimum nonagesimum  septimum. — Primus  annus  do- 
minatus  Victoriae,  Brittanorum  reginae,  erat  annus  mille- 
simus,  octingentesimus  duodequadragesiraus. 

II. 
Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
.iiatical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


A  year  is  the  tenth  part  of  a 
decennium,  and  the  hun- 
dredth of  a  scBculum. 

In  what  year  was  Charles 
XII.  king  of  Sweden  ? 

What  o'clock  is  it  ?     Nine. 

The  2 1  st  q/*  June  is  the  lon- 
gest, and  the  2 1  st  of  De- 
cember the  shortest  day  of 
the  v)hole  year. 

The  third  year  of  the  29th 
Olympiad  is  the  666th  he- 
fore  Christ 


Annus  sum  pars  decimus  de- 
cennium, et  centesimus  sae- 
culum. 

Quotus  annus  sum  Carolus 
XII.  rex  Suecia  ? 

Quotus  hora  sum  ?     Nonus. 

XXI.  Junius  sum  longus,  et 
XXI  December  brevis  di- 
es totus  annus. 

Annus  III.  Olympias  XXIX\ 
sum  DCLXVI.  annus  ante 


DISTRIBUTIVE    HtiMfiElis; 


•Ah'-^ 


The   ides   were   the    13th   or  |  Idiis  sum  XIII.  ant  XV.  dies 

loth  day  of  the  month. 
The  24th  book  of  the  Iliad 

has  804  verses. 
In  ordinary  years  the  365th 

day  is  the  lasty  in  leap  years 

the  366th. 


x\  iceek  is  the  52d  part  of  a 

year. 
Charles   XII.  was  king    of 

Sweden  from  1697  ^o  1718. 


Louis    XIV.   was   king    of 
France  from  1643  ^o  1715. 


mensis. 

XXIV.  liber  Ilias  habeo 
DCCCIV.  versus. 

Annus  communis  CCCLXV. 
dies  sum  ultimus ;  annus 
intercalaris  dies  CCCLX- 
VI. 

Flebdomas  sum  pars  LIT.  an- 
nus. 

Carolus  XII.  sum  rex  Suecia 
ab  annus  MDCXCVII.  us- 
que ad  annus  MDCC- 
XVIII. 

Ludovlcus  XIV.  sum  rex 
Franco-Gallia  ab  annus 
MDCXLIII.  usque  ad  an- 
num  MDCCXV. 


3.  Distributive  Numbers. 

I.  Distributive   numerals  answer,  as  has  already  "beec 
said,  to  the  question  "  how  many  apiece  ?"  or  "  how  manj 
each  time  ?"  as,  Scipio  et  Hannibal  cum  singulis  interpre 
tibus.     "  Scipio  and  Hannibal  with  an  interpreter  each 
Pueri  senum  annorum.     "  Boys,  each  of  six  years." 

II.  The  distributives  are  also  used  with  numeral  adverbs  , 
as,  bis  bina,  "  twice  two  ;"  and  with  words  which  have  no 
singular,  or  whose  singular  has  a  different  signification  from 
the  plural ;  as,  bincB  copide,  "  two  bodies  of  troops ;"  binrs 
literce, ''  two  epistles."  Binus  is  also  used  of  things  wliich 
exist  in  pairs  ;  as  bini  scyphi,  "  a  pair  of  cups." 

III.  The  following  is  a  list  of  some  of  the  distributives. 

1.  Singuli.  4.   Quaternt 

2.  Bini.  5.   Quini. 

3.  Terni  or  trini.  6.  Seni. 

9* 


10^'  .        :  tPRDl»OllTldNAL   NUMBERS. 


7.  Septeni. 

8.  Oc/d«i. 

9.  Noveni. 

10.  Dem. 

11.  Undent. 

12.  Duodeni. 

13.  Tcrni  dZenz. 

14.  Quaterni  deni. 

15.  Qmiwi  dc7«. 

16.  (Scwi  ficni. 

17.  Septeni  deni. 

18.  Octoni  deni. 


1 9.  Noveni  deni. 

20.  Ftcc7if. 

2 1 .  Ftcd«2  singnh, 

22.  Viccni  bint. 
30.  Trtceni. 
40.  Quddrageni. 
60.  Quiv/juageni. 
60.  Sexageni. 
70.  Septuageni. 
80.  Octogeni. 
90.  Nonageni. 

100.  Centeni. 


IV.  From  13  to  19  the  order  may  be  inverted,  (fc/u'  gua 
^er/ii,  or  quaterni  deni,  or  e/  may  be  introduced,  as  quaterni 
et  deni.     For  18,  19,  diiodeviceni,  tmdeviceni,  are  also  used. 

V.  The  hundreds  have  two  forms ;  a  longer,  trecenteni, 
quadringenteni,  sexcenteni;  and  a  shorter,  which  is  more 
common,  as  duceni,  &c.  A  thousand  each  is  singula  millia  : 
hina  millia,  "  two  thousand  each,"  &:c. 

4.  Multiplicative  Numbers. 


Simplex^        "  single." 
Duplex,  *'  double." 

Tnplcx,  "triple." 

Qnadruplex^  "  quadruple." 


QuintupleXf  "  fivefold." 
Septemplex,  "  sevenfold." 
DecempleXj    "tenfold." 
CentupleXy     "  a  hundred  fold  " 


5.  Proportional  Numbers. 
I.  These    express  how  many  times  more  one  thing  is 
than  another,  and  answer  to  the  question  quotuplus  ?     They 
are, 


SimpluSy        "  one  only." 
Duplus,         "  twice  as  much." 
TripluSj         "thrice  as  much." 
Quadrupltis,  "  four  times  as  much.' 


Quintuplus,  "five  times  as  much/' 
Sextuplus,  "  six  times  as  much." 
Septuplus,  "  seven  times  as  much.' 
Octuplus,     "  eight  times  as  much." 


II.  They  are  chiefly  used  in  the  neuter,  duplum  or  duple. 
No  higher  numbers  than  those  here  given  occur  in  the  clas 
wcs. 


NUMERAL    ADVERBS. 


103 


6.  Numeral  Adverbs. 

I.  The  numeral  adverbs  answer  to  the  question 
<nany  times  V  as,  semel^  "  once ;"  bis,  "  twice 
*  thrice  ;"  quater,  "  four  times,"  (fee. 

TI.  The  principal  numeral  adverbs  are  as  follows 


'how 
'    ter. 


1.   Semel. 

21. 

»S6wieZ  cf  Fiae* 

2.  Bis. 

22. 

5z>  c^  rfcfe*. 

3.   Ter. 

30. 

Tricies. 

4.   Quoter. 

40. 

Quadrdgtes. 

5.   Quinquies. 

50. 

Quinqudgtes. 

6.   Sexies. 

60. 

Sexdgles. 

7.  Septes. 

70. 

Septudgtes. 

8.  Oc^ze^. 

80. 

Octogies. 

9.  Novtes. 

90. 

Nondgies 

10.  2)6«e5. 

100. 

CentUs. 

11.    Undecies. 

200. 

Ducenties. 

12.  Duodectes. 

300. 

Trecenties. 

13.   Tredecies. 

400. 

QuadringeMies. 

14.   Quatuordecies. 

500. 

Quingenties,  4-c. 

15.   Quindectes. 

800. 

Octingentics,  <fc. 

16.  Sedecus. 

1000. 

Millies. 

17.  Decze^  ei  Seplies. 

2000. 

Bis   millies,   ter  n.ilhet 

18.  Duodevicies. 

^c. 

19.   Undevictes. 

100,000. 

Centies  millies^  4-c 

20.   Ficif5. 

II.  A  second  class  of  numeral  adverbs  denote  that  ay 
action  is  performed  fo;-  ae  second,  third,  or  other  time. 
They  are  derr-ec!  rom  tne  ordinals,  and  end  in  itm  or  o  ; 
as,  primum  or  primo  ;  decimum  ;  tertium  decimum ;  duo- 
devicesimum,  &:c.  .     '   . 

XLV.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  DISTRIBUTIVE  NUMBERS,  Sec 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  gender,  case, 
&c. 

Quoteni  Praetores  Romani  quotannis  erant  ?  Primo,  sin- 
^li ;  turn  bini. — Homines  habent  singula  capita. — Currus 


104       KXERCISES    ON    THE    DISTRIBUTIVE    NUMBERS. 

haberit  quateraas  rotas,  et  singulos  temones. — Hominis  dig 
iti  habent  articulos  ternos,  pollex  binos. — Homines,  quad- 
rupedes,  aves  el  pisces  habent  binos  oculos. — Singuli  equi 
peptenorum  hominum  vires  habent. — Papiliones  habent  qua- 
ternas  alas  ;  erucae  habent  octonos  pedes. — Cancris  octoni 
sunt  pedes  et  binae  clielae.— Binae  omnibus  avibus  alae  sunt. 
— Cameli  Bactrianae  habent  in  dorso  bina  tubera,  Arabiae 
singula. — Amphibiorum  alia  quaternos  pedes  habent,  ul 
crocodili,  lestudines  ;  aliis  non  sunt  pedes,  ut  serpentibus. 
— Insecta  pleraque  senos,  alia  octonos,  alia  centenos  ac 
plures  pedes  habent. 

Duodevicies  viceni  sunt  trecenti  sexaginta. —  Quater 
quinquageni  sunt  ducenti. — Centies  vicies  duceni  quadra- 
geni  sunt  viginti  octo  millia  et  octingenti. — Septuagies  cen- 
teni  quadrageni  sunt  novem  millia  et  octingenti. — Semel  e\ 
vicies  quinquageni  singuli  sunt  mille  septuaginta  unus. — Bis 
et  tricies  sexageni  bini  sunt  mille  nongenti  octoginta  quatuor. 
— Aer  octingenties  levior  est  quam  aqua. — Marius  septies 
consul  fuit. — Terra  quinquagies  major  est  quam  luna. — 
Plura  membra  corporis  sunt  duplicia. — Triplicia  erant  arma 
Romanorum. — Africa  triplo  major  est  quam  Europa,  Asia 
et  America  quadruple . 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  Englisn  ^'ora>  ^^">Dosite. 

Hebdomas  habeo  VII.  dies. 
Homo  habeo  I.  lingua,  1.  os, 
II.  manus,  et  II.  pes. 


Weeks  have  seven  days  each. 
Men    have    one    tongue,    one 

mouth,  two  hands,  and  two 
feet  apiece, 
The  hands  have  five  fingers 

each. 
Lions  have  four  feet,  geese 

two  wings,  each. 
Pour  times  six   are   tvjejity- 

four. 


Manus  habeo  V.  digitus 

Leo  habeo  IV.  pes  anser  U 

ala. 
Quater  VL  sum  XXIV 


PRONOUN. 


lOD 


Meti.  have  each  24  ribs. 

Forty-one  times  ffty-one  are 
2091. 

Tv^entT/'two  times  six  hun- 
dred are  13,200. 

Adults  have  thirty-two  teeth, 
youths  twenty-eight  each. 

To  the  Roman  legions  there 
were,  for  the  most  part, 
5200  foot-soldiers,  300 
horse. 


Homo  habeo  XXIV.  costa 
41X51  sumMMXCP 

22X600  Pum    CCIOO   CI  J 

CIO  CIO  CC. 
Adultus   homo    liabeo    dens 

XXXII. ,  adolescens  XX- 

VIIL 
Romanus  legio  sum  plerum- 

que  lOOCC  pedes,  equcs 

ccc. 


XLVI.  PRONOUN. 

I.  The  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  in  the  place  of  a  noun 
to  avoid  the  repetition  of  the  latter. 

II.  Pronouns  are  divided  into  Substantive  and  Adjective 

I.  Substantive  Pronouns, 

f.  The  substantive  pronouns  are  Ego,  of  the  first  persoD 

Tu,  of  the  second ;  and  Sui,  of  the  third. 

II.  Their  declension  is  as  follows  : 

Ego,"/." 

Singular, 

h 

of  me, 

to  ox  for  me, 

me, 

oh  I! 

with,  &Lc.,me. 

1.  In  this  and  the  two  following  examples,  instead  of  giving  the  Latin 
adverbs,  we  have,  as  a  matter  of  convenience,  employed  the  Arabic  i;u- 
merals  with  the  algebraic  sign  of  multiplication.  Thus  41x51  meant 
41  multiplied  into  51,  or  41  times  51,  which  the  student,  on  his  part, 
must  express  in  Latin. 

2.  Ego  is  commonly  said  to  want  the  vocative  in  both  numbers.  Thia 
is  wrong.     We  say  0  ego  infelix  I  **  Oh  unhappy  I  .''*     O  vos  felicit» 

•  Oh  happy  ye  !" 


N. 

Ego, 

G. 

Mei, 

D. 

Mihi, 

Ace. 

Me, 

v. 

Ego,^ 

Ab. 

Me, 

H>6  PRONOUNS. 

Plural 

N.  Nos^  we, 

G.  Nosirum  or  nostri,  ofus^ 

D.  Nobis,  to  ox  f Of' us 

Ace,  Nos,      /  us, 

V.  Nos,  oA  t^e  / 

Ab.  N5bis,  with,  &c.,  us 

Tu,'' thou:' 
Singular. 
N.         Tu,  thou, 

G.         Tui,  o/^A^e, 

D.         Tibi,  to  or  for  thee^ 

Ace.     Te,  thee, 

V.         Tu,  oA  thou ! 

Ab.       Te,  i/?tYA,  &e.,  Mee. 

Plural. 
N.         Vos,  ye  or  yow, 

G.         Vestrum  or  vestri,     of  you, 
D.         Vobis,  to  or  for  you, 

Ace.     Vos,  you, 

V.         Vos,  oA  yow ! 

Ab.       Vobis,  «;i^A,  &c.,  you» 

Sui,  "  of  himself,  of  herself,  of  itself* 
Singular. 

N.         TFana'yi^, , 

G.         Sui,  of  himself,  Szc. 

D.         Sibi,  to  or  for  himself ,  fiCi 

Ace.     Se,  himself,  &e.. 


V.  Wa/i^m^, , 

Ab.  Se,  ?iJi^A,  <fec.,  himself,  &c 

N.  Wanting,  , 

G.  Sui,  q/*  themselves, 

0.  Sibi,  ^(?  or /or  themselves^ 


riioNouNS.  107 

V  Ace.      Se,  themselves^ 

V.  Wanting, , 

Ab.       Se,  with,  &;c.,  themselves. 

III.  To  the  cases  of  these  three  pronouns  met  may  be 
added,  to  express  the  English  self;  as,  egomet,  "  I  myself;" 
mihimet,  "unto  me  myself;"  sihimet,  semet,  &;c.  The  gen- 
itives plural,  however,  and  the  nominative  tu  do  not  admit 
this  suffix  ;  for  tumet  we  say  tute.  But  met  is  added  to  the 
other  cases  of  tu ;  as,  tuimet,  tibimet,  &c. 

IV.  The  accusative  and  ablative  singular  admit  a  redu- 
plication in  the  same  sense  ;  as,  meme,  tete,  sese.  But  sese 
only  is  in  common  use  for  singular  or  plural. 

V.  Cum,  "  with,"  is  affixed  to  the  ablatives  me,  te,  se, 
making  mecum,  tecum,  secum,  7iohiscum,  vobiscum.  This  is 
also  usual  with  quo,  qua,  quihus ;  but  cum  quo,  &;c.,  mav 
likewise  be  said. 

II.  Adjective  Pronouns, 

Adjective  Pronouns  are  divided  into  seven  classes,  viz.. 


I.  Demonstrative. 
II.  Intensive. 
III.  Relative. 


IV.  Interrogative 
V.  Indefinite. 
IV.  Possessive. 


VII.  PatriaL 
1.  Demonstrative  Pronouns. 

I.  Demonstrative  pronouns  are  such  as  distinctly  poini 
out  the  object  of  which  we  are  discoursing,  with  the  ac- 
cessory idea  of  place. 

II.  The  Latin  demonstrative  pronouns  are  ille,  iste,  hie, 
and  is,  with  their  compounds. 

III.  By  composition  with  ecce  or  en  ("lo,"  "behold'') 
arose  the  pronominal  forms,  used  only  in  familiar  discourse, 
cecum,  eccam,  ellum,  ellam,  ellos,  Sic,  "  there  he  is,"  "  there 
she  is,"  &c. 

IV    The  declension  of  the  demonstrative  is  as  follows  • 


oy 

PRONOUNS, 

Masc, 

Fern. 

NeuU 

nie. 

Ilia, 

Illud 

,  "  he,  she  J 

It,  ox  tha 

Singular. 

N. 

Ill-e, 

lU-a, 

Ill-ud, 

G. 

Ill-ius 

1 

J 

Ill-ius, 

Ill-ius, 

D. 

Ill-I, 

Ill-I,     . 

Ill-T, 

Ace. 

Ill-um 

J 

Ill-am, 

Ill-ud, 

V. 

Ill-e, 

Ill-a, 

Ill-ud, 

Ab. 

111-6, 

m-a. 

111-6. 

Plural 

IV. 

m-T, 

Ill-ae, 

lU-a, 

G. 

Ill-orum, 

Ill-arum, 

Ill-orum 

D. 

Ill-Is, 

Ill-Is, 

Ill-Is, 

Ace. 

lU-os, 

lU-as, 

lU-a, 

V. 

Ill-I, 

lU-ae, 

Ill-a, 

Ab. 

lll-Is, 

111-18, 

Ill-Is. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Iste, 

Ista, 

Istud, 

»*  that. 

Singular, 

N. 

Ist-e, 

Ist-a, 

Ist-iid,     '  ' 

G. 

Ist-Ius 

I 

Ist-Ius,^ 

Ist-Ius, 

D. 

Ist-i, 

Ist-1, 

Ist-I, 

Ace. 

Ist-um 

J 

Ist-am, 

Ist-ud, 

V. 

Ist-e, 

Ist-a, 

Ist-ud; 

Ab. 

Ist-o, 

Ist-a, 

Ist-6. 

Plural, 

N. 

Ist-1, 

Ist-ae, 

Ist-a, 

G. 

Ist-orum, 

Ist-arum, 

Ist-orum 

D. 

Ist-Is, 

Ist-is, 

Ist-Is, 

Ace. 

Ist-os, 

Ist-as, 

Ist-a, 

V. 

Ist-I, 

Ist-ae, 

Ist-a, 

Ab. 

Ist-Is, 

Ist-Ts, 

Ist-Is. 

1.  Genitives  in  ius  are  long  in  prose,  but  common  (that  is,  either  loi\^ 
r  shoit)  in  poetry.     The  exceptions  will  be  mentioned  presently 


PRONOUNS. 


109 


Masc.         Fern. 
Hie,         Hscc, 
Singular, 
N      Hfc,      Haec,     Hoc, 
G.    Hujus,  Hujus,  Hujus,  - 
D     Huic,*    Huic,     Huic, 
Ac.  Hunc,    Hanc 
V.     Hic,      Ha3c, 
Hoc,      Hac, 

Masc,     Fern, 
Is, 


Ab 


Hoc, 
Hoc, 
Hoc. 


Neut. 

Hoc,  *'^^^^." 

Plural. 

N.    HI,         Hffi,  Haec, 

G.    Horum,  Harum,  Horum 

D.    His,       His,  His, 

Ac.  Hos,       Has,  Haec, 

Hae,  Haec, 

His,  His 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 


Ea, 

Is, 

Ejus, 

EI, 

Eum, 

Eo. 

Ii  or  ei, 
Eorum, 
lis  or  els, 
Eos, 


V.    HI, 
Ab.  His, 

NeuU 
Id,  "  he,  she,  it,  or  that^ 
Singular. 


Ea, 
Ejus, 
EI, 
Earn, 

Ea, 

Plural. 
Eae, 
Earum, 
lis  or  els, 
Eas, 


Id, 
Ejus, 
EI, 
Id, 

Eo. 

Ea, 

Eorum, 
lis  or  eis, 
Ea, 


lis  or  els. 


lis  or  els. 


lis  or  els, 

V.  The  distinction  between  hic,  iste,  and  ille  is  as  fol- 
lows :  hic  refers  to  that  which  is  near,  or  belongs  to,  the 
person  speaking ;  iste  to  the  person  addressed  ;  ille  to  some 
remoter  person  or  object.  Thus,  hic  liber,  '*  this  book  near 
or  belonging  to  me  ;"  iste  liber,  *'  that  book  belonging  to  yoii, 
or  near  you ;"  iJlius  liber,  "  the  book  near  or  belonging  to 
some  third  person,  either  at  some  distance  from  the  person 
speaking,  or  else  entirely  away  from  the  conversation." 

1 .  Pronounced  as  if  written  hike. 
10 


no 


PRONOUNS. 


VI.  The  force  of  hie  is  sometimes  strengthened  by  the 
affixes  ce  and  cine ;  as,  hicce,  hmcce,  hocce ;  hiccine,  hmccXne^ 
hoccine. 

VII.  Of  similar  formation  are  istic  and  illic  (from  the  old 
isticce,  mice),  declined  as  follows  : 

Istic,         Istaec,         Istoc  or  Istuc. 
Illic,  lUaec,  Illoc  or  Illuc. 

Only  the  nominative,  accusative,  and  ablative  singular,  and 
the  neuter  plural  are,  however,  in  use ;  that  is,  only  those 
cases  which  end  in  c. 

VIII.  The  syllable  dem  is  annexed  to  is,  forming  idem 
rold  form  isdem),  "  the  same,"  which  is  thus  declined  : 

Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

idem,  ^adem.  Idem,  "  the  same  " 

Singula?'. 

N.         Idem,  eadem, 

G.         ejusdem,  ejusdem, 

D.         eidem,  eidem. 

Ace.      eundem,  eandem, 

V. ,  , 

Ab. 


idem, 
ejusdem, 
eidem, 
idem, 


N. 
G. 

D. 

Ace. 
V. 

Ab. 


eodem, 

iidem, 
eorundem, 
iisdem  or  ) 
eisdem,     3 
eosdem. 


eadem, 
Plural. 
esedem, 
earundtem, 
iisdem  or  ) 
eisdem,     j 
easdem, 


eodem. 

eadem, 
eorundem, 
iisdem  or  > 
eisdem,     S 
eadem. 


iisdem 
eisdem, 


"I 


iisdem  or  j 
eisdem,     * 


iisdem  or  ( 
eisdem.     . 


2.  Intensive  Pronouns, 
I.  Intensive  pronouns  are  such  as  serve  to  convey  an  em 
phytic  me^ming. 


PRONOUNS.  Ill 

II.  To  this  class  belong  egomet,  tute,  &c.,  and  is.tc  and 
tllic  already  mentioned ;  but  particularly  the  pronoun  ipse, 
which  is  thus  declined  : 


Masc.    Fern.     Neut. 

Ipse,     Ipsa,     Ipsum, 

"  he  himself,  she  herself,  itself^ 

Singular. 

N.         Ipse, 

Ipsa, 

Ipsum, 

G.         Ipsius, 

Ipsius, 

Ipsius, 

D.        IpsI, 

IpsI, 

IpsI, 

Ace.     Ipsum, 
V 

Ipsam, 

Ipsum, 

Ab.       Ipso, 

Ipsa, 
Plural 

9 

Ips). 

N.        Ipsi, 

Ipsae, 

Ipsa, 

G.         Ipsorum, 

Ipsarum, 

Ipsorum, 

D.         IpsTs, 

IpsIs, 

Ipsis, 

Ace.     Ipsos, 

Ipsas, 

Ipsa, 

V 

Ab.        Ipsis, 

> 
IpsIs, 

> 
Ipsis. 

III.  Ipse  is  commonly  subjoined  to  nouns  and  pronouns , 
as,  Cicero  ipse,  "Cicero  himself;"  ego  ipse,  "I  myself;" 
tu  ipse,  "  thou  thyself." 

3.  Relative  Pronouns. 

I.  Relative  pronouns  are  those  which  refer  to  an  object 
already  mentioned,  and  which  is  called  the  antecedent. 

II.  The  Latin  relatives  are  qui,  ^'who,"  and  the  com- 
pound pronouns  quicunque  and  quisquis,  "  whoever." 

HI.  The  declension  of  the  relative  qui  is  as  follows  : 
Masc.        Fern,  Neut. 

Qui,         Qua),         Quod,  "  who,  which/* 

Singular. 
N.        Qui,  Quae,  Quod, 

6..       Cuju^,         Cujus,  Cujus 


112 

PRONOUNS. 

D. 

Cui,» 

Cui, 

Cui, 

Ace 

.     Queir 

I,           Quam, 

Quod, 

V. 

1 

■ » 

'  "~> 

Ab. 

Quo, 

Qua, 
Plural 

Quo. 

N.     Qui, 

Quae, 

Quae, 

G.     Quorum, 

Quarum, 

Quorum, 

D.     Quels  or 

quibus, 

Quels  or  quibus. 

Quels  or  quibus 

Aee.  Quos, 

Quas, 

Quae, 

V. 

Ab.   Quels  or  quibus,     Quels  or  quibus.     Quels  or  quibus. 

IV.  Qui  is  sometimes  used  for  the  ablative  singular  In 
all  genders.  In  place  of  quels  the  more  contracted  form 
quis  occasionally  Is  employed. 

V.  Quicunque  Is  declined  In  every  respect  like  qui ;  as, 

N.         Quicunque,         Quaecunque,         Quodcunque, 
G  Cujuscunque,      Cujuscunque,       Cujuscunque, 

D.         Culcunque,         Culcunque,  Cuicdixque,  &€ 

VI.  The  declension  of  quisquis  is  as  follows  : 

Singular. 
Quaequae,^ 


N. 

Ace. 

Ab. 


Quisquis, 

Quemquem, 

Quoquo, 


Quid  |uid  or  qulcquid, 
Qdidquid  or  qulcquid 
Quoquo. 


Quaqua, 

Plural, 

N.         Quiqui,  —     — ,         , 

D.         Quibusquibus,  &c. 

4.  Interrogative  Prcnouns. 
T.  The  common  interrogatlvt  pronoun  is  Quis  or  Qui, 
"  who  ?"  from  which  comes,  by  the  addition  of  nam,  the 
fcrm  quisnam,  v^hlch  is  more  strongly  interrogative  than 

1.  Pronounced  ki. 

2.  Quisquis  is  sometimes  used  for  the  feminine  ;  as,  for  example,  ir 
Plautus 


PRONOUNS  113 

quis.  Other  interrogative  pronouns  are  ecquis,  numqms, 
"  is  there  any  one  ?  who,"  from  which  come,  in  like  man- 
ner, ecquisnam,  numquisnam. 

11.  The  declension  of  the  interrogative  quis  is  as  follows  . 

Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

Quis  or  Qui,      Quae,      Quid  or  Quod,  '' who, which,  whrt'* 
Singular, 


N 

QuTs  or 

qui. 

Quae, 

Quid  or  quod, 

G. 

Cujus, 

Cujus, 

Cujus, 

D. 

Cui, 

Cul, 

Cui, 

Ace. 

Quem, 

Quam, 

Quid  or  quod, 

V. 

> 

i 

J 

Ab. 

Quo, 

Qua, 
Plural. 

Quo. 

N. 

Qui, 

» 

Quae, 

Quae, 

G. 

Quorum, 

Quarum, 

Quorum, 

D. 

Queis  or  qulbus, 

Queis  or  qulbus,  Queis  or  quibus 

Ace 

Quos, 

Quas, 

Quae, 

V. 

Ab. 

Queis  or  quit 

)US, 

> 
Queis  or.quibu 

> 
IS,  Queis  or  quibus 

TIL  Quis,  it  will  be  perceived,  has  two  forms  for  the 
masculine  and  neuter,  quis  and  qui,  quid  and  quod. 

IV.  The  best  writers  use  quod  as  an  adjective  agreeing 
with  a  substantive,  and  quid  as  a  substantive  governing  the 
genitive.  Thus,  quod  henejicium  est  in  hoc  ?  "  what  kind- 
ness is  there  in  this  ?"     But,  quid  bsnejicii  est  in  hoc? 

V.  Quis  is  sometimes  used  indefinitely  for  aliquis,  "  some 
one." 

VI.  Ecquis  and  numquis  are  declined  and  used  like  quis, 
excepting  that  ccqua  is  sometimes  found  in  the  nominative 
s'.ngular  feminine,  and  that  the  neuter  plural  of  numquis  is 
numqua. 

VII.  Ecquisnam,  which  is  declined  like  ecquis,  is  found 
only  in  the  singular  number,  namely,  in  the  nominative 

10* 


i  14  PRONOUNS. 

where  it  is  the  same  for  all  genders,  and  in  the  ablative 
masculine. 

VIII.  Another  interrogative  pronoun  is  cujus,  cuja,  cujum^ 
"  whose,"  which  is  also  defective.  Its  declension,  as  far 
as  it  extends,  is  as  follows  :  , 

Singular.  Plural, 

N  Cujus,  Cuja,  Cujum, 
Ac.  Cujum,  Cujam,  Cujum, 
Ab.  Cujo,     Cuja,     Cujo. 


N.    Cuji,    , 

Ac.  ,  Cujas, 


This  must  not  be  confounded  with  cujas,  cujdtis,  "of 
what  country,"  which  belongs  to  the  patrial  pronouns. 

5.  Indefinite  Pronouns, 

I.  Indefinite  pronouns  are  those  which  denote  an  object 
in  a  general  manner,  without  specifying  any  one  person  or 
thing  particularly. 

II.  The  principal  indefinite  pronouns  are  the  following : 


AlzquiSj 

"  some  one." 

Quisquanij 

**  any  one." 

SiguiSf 

"  if  any  one." 

Quispiam, 

"  some  one." 

Neguis, 

"  lest  any  one  ; 

"    "no 

Unusquisque, 

"  each  one." 

one." 

Quldam, 

"  a  certain  one. 

Q-Msque, 

"  each    one ;" 

*  every 

Quitibety  ; 
Quivis,    ■ 

"  any  one  you 

one." 

please." 

III.  The  declension  of  aliquis  is  as  follows  : 

Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

Aliquis,         Ali^ua,         Aliquid  or  Ali<|uod. 

Singular, 

N.  Aliquis,  Aliqua,  Aliquid  or  AlTquod, 

6.  Alicujus,  Ailcujus,  Alicujus, 

D.  Alicui,  Alicui,  Alicui, 

Ace ,  Aliquem,  Aliquam,  Aliquid  or  Aliquod, 

V.  ,  ,  — , 

Ab.  Aliquo,  Aliqua,  Aliquo 


PRONOUNS. 


115 


Plural. 
Altquae, 
Aliquarum, 
Aliquibus, 
Aliquas, 


Aliqua, 
Aliquorum, 
Aliquibus, 
Aliqua, 


N.  Aliqui, 

G.  Aliquorum, 

D.  Aliquibus, 

Ace.  Aliquos, 

V.  — ^,  ,  — , 

Ab  Aliquibus,  Aliquibus,  Aliquibus. 

IV.  The  distinction  already  mentioned  as  existing  be- 
tween quod  and  quid  prevails  also  between  aliquod  and  all- 
quid,  as  well  as  other  compounds  of  quis.  Thus  we  say. 
aliquod  vinum,  "  some  wine  ;"  but  aliquid  vini, 

V.  Siquis  and  nequis  are  declined  in  the  same  way  as 
aliquis.     Thus,  ;  • 

N.     Siquis,         Siqua  or  siquae,      Siquid  or  siquod, 
G.     Sicujus,       Sicujus,  Sicujus, 

D.     Sicui,  Sicui,  Sicui,  &c. 

N,  Numquis,     Numqua  or  numquae,  Numquid  or  numquod, 
G.  Numcujus,   Numcujus,  Nnmcujus, 

D.  Numcui,       Numcui,  Numcui,  &:c. 

VI.  Quisque,  quisquam,  and  quispiam  are  declined  like 
quis.     Thus, 

N.     Quisque,  Quaeque, 

G.     Cujusque,  Cujusque, 

D.     Cuique,  _    Cuique, 

Quaequam, 


N. 
G. 
D. 


N 
G 
D. 


Quisque, 

Cujusque, 

Cuique, 

Quisquam, 

Cujusquam, 

Cuiquam, 

Quispiam, 

Cujuspiam, 

Cuipiam, 


Quidque  or  quodque, 
Cujusque, 
Cuique,  &:c. 

Quidquam  or  qubdquaib, 
Cujusquam,    Cujusquam, 
Cuiquam,        Cuiquam,  &c. 

Quidpiam  or  quodpiam, 
Cujuspiam, 
Cuipiam,  &;c. 


Quaepiam, 

Cujuspiam, 

Cuipiam, 

VII.   Unusquisque  is  compounded  of  unus  and  quisque, 
end  both  words  are  declined.     Thus,  . 


il6 


PRONOUNS. 


N      Unusquisque, 


Singular. 
Unaquaeque, 


Unumquidque  or  / 
unumquodqae,  S 
G       Uniiiscuj  usque,     Uniuscujusque,    Uniuscujusque, 
D.      Unicuique,  Unicuique,  Unicuique, 

Ace.  Unumquemque,     Unamquaraque,    Unumquidque  or  » 

unumquodque,  ) 
V.     ,  ^.  . 


Ab.    Unoquoque,  Unaquaque,  Uhoquoque. 

The  plural  is  wanting. 

Vlil.   Quidam,  guilihet,  and  quivis  are  declined  like  qui 
except  that  they  have  quod  or  quid  in  the  neuter.     Thus, 

N. 
G. 
D. 


N. 
G. 
D. 

N. 
G. 
D. 


Quidani, 

CujQsdam, 

Cuidain, 

QuilTbet, 

Cujuslibet, 

Cuilibet, 

Quivis, 

Cujusvis, 

Cuivis, 


Quaedam, 

Cujusdam, 

Cuidam, 

Quaelibet, 

Cujuslibet, 

Cuilibet, 

Quaevis, 

Cujusvis, 

Cuivis, 


Quoddam  or  quiddam 
Cujusdam, 
Cuidam,  Sac, 

Quodlibet  or  quidlibet, 
Cujuslibet, 
Cuilibet,  &c. 

Quodvis  or  Quidvis, 
Cujusvis, 
Cuivis,  (fee. 


IX.  In  the  accusative  singular  masculine  and  feminine 
and  the  genitive  plural,  quidam  has  usually  an  n  before  d; 
as,  qupndu?n,  qnandam^  quorundani,  quarundam 

X.  In  all  these  compounds  the  distinction  between  quod 
and  quid  prevails ;  as,  quoddam  malum^  "  a  certain  evil ;" 
but  quiddam  mali.  So  also  quodlibet  malum,  but  quidlibet 
mahf  &c. 

6.  Possessive  Pronouns. 
I.  Possessive  pronouns  are  formed  from  the   personal, 
and  indicate  the  property  of  an  individual. 
II    l^he  Latin  possessives  are  the  following : 


PRONOUNS. 

117 

Meus. 

Mea, 

Meum, 

«  mi  .er 

Thus, 

Tua, 

Tuum, 

"  thxner 

Siius, 

Sua, 

Suum, 

^^  his,  her,  its  J' 

Noster, 

Nostra, 

Nostrum. 

"  our:' 

Vester, 

Vestra, 

Vestrura, 

''  your:' 

III.  Tliese  are  all  declined  like  adjectives  of  three  ter- 
minations, except  that  meus  makes  mi  in  the  vocative  sin- 
gular masculine,  and  very  rarely  mens: 

IV.  Tuus,  vester,  and  suus  have  no  vocative. 

V.  Cujus,  cuja,  cvjum,  "  whose  ?"  which  is  in  some  fb 
spects  a  possessive,  has  already  been  noticed  under  the  in- 
terrogatives. 

VI.  The  declension  o^  meus  and  noster  are  as  follows* 

Singular, 


N. 

Meus, 

Mea, 

Meum, 

G. 

MeT, 

M  eae, 

Mel, 

D. 

Meo, 

Meae, 

Meo, 

Ace. 

Meum, 

Meam, 

Meum, 

V. 

Ml  or  Meus, 

Mea, 

Meum, 

Ab. 

Meo, 

Mea, 
Plural 

Meo. 

N. 

Mei, 

Meae, 

Mea, 

G. 

Meorum, 

Mearum, 

Meorum, 

D. 

MeTs, 

Mels, 

Meis, 

Ace. 

Meos, 

Meas, 

Mea, 

V. 

Mei, 

Meae, 

Mea, 

Ab. 

Meis, 

Mels, 
Singular. 

Mels. 

N. 

Nos-ter, 

-tra. 

-trum, 

G 

Nos-trl, 

-trae. 

-tri, 

D. 

Nos-tro, 

-trffi, 

-tro, 

1.  To  the  ablative  of  the  possessive  pronouns,  in  the  singular  num- 
ber, especially  suo  and  sua,  the  syllable  pie  is  affixed  to  denote  own  ; 
as,  suapie  manu,  "  v^'ith  his  own  hand  ;"  suopte  pondcre,  "  by  its  own 
weight."  .    .  ., 


J18 


PRONOUNS. 

Ace. 

Nos-trum, 

-tram, 

-Irum- 

V. 

Nos-ter, 

-tra, 

-trum» 

Ab. 

Nos-tro, 

-tra, 
Plural. 

-tro. 

N. 

Nos-tri, 

-trae, 

-tra, 

G. 

Nos-trorum, 

,          -trarum, 

-trorum, 

D. 

Nos-tns. 

-tris, 

-tris, 

Ace. 

Nos-tros, 

-tras, 

-tra, 

V. 

Nos-tri, 

-trse, 

-tra. 

Ab. 

Nos-tris, 

-trIs, 

-tris. 

7.   P atrial  Pronouns. 

I.  Patrial  pronouns  have  reference  to  a  person's  country 
or  the  nation  to  which  he  belongs. 

II.  The  patrial  pronouns  are  nostras,  vestras,  and  cujas^ 
and  are  declined  like  adjectives  in  as,  genitive  -atis,  many 
of  which  have  also  a  patrial  reference ;  as,  Arpinas,  |S[en- 
itive  Arpinatis,  "  of  or  belonging  to  Arpinum." 

III.  The  declension  of  nostras  is  as  follows  : 


Nostras, 

^^  of  our 

countryP 

Singular. 

N. 

Nostr-as, 

-as. 

-as, 

G. 

Nostr-atis, 

-atis. 

-atis, 

D. 

Nostr-ati, 

-ati. 

-ati, 

Ace. 

Nostr-atem, 

-atem. 

-as, 

V. 

Nostr-as, 

-as, 

-as, 

Ab. 

Nostr-ate, 

Plural 

-ate. 

-ate. 

N. 

Nostr-ates, 

-ates, 

-atia, 

G. 

Nostr-atium, 

-atium, 

-atium, 

D. 

Nostr-atibus, 

-atibus, 

-atibus, 

Ace. 

Nostr-ates, 

•*ates, 

-atia, 

V. 

Nostr-ates, 

-ates. 

-atia, 

Ab. 

Nostr-atibus, 

-atibus, 

-atibuftt 

PRONOUNS. 


119 


IV,  Vestras^  genitive  vestrdtis,  "  of  your  country,''  and 
cujaSj  genitive  cujdtis,  "  of  what  country,"  are  declined  ex- 
actly like  nostras. 


L  To  the  adjective  pronouns  are  commonly  added  thi. 
following  ^vords  ;  though,  strictly  speaking,  most  of  them 
are  simple  adjectives. 


AliUSy            " 

another." 

Uler, 

"  which  of  two." 

Ullus,     " 

any  one." 

Alter, 

"  the  other ;"  "  another. 

»») 

Nullus,  " 

no  one." 

Neuter, 

"  neither." 

Solus,     " 

alone." 

Totus, 

"  the  whole.". 

I.  The  declension  of  aliu 

s  is  as  follows : 

Masc.          Fern. 

Neut. 

Alius,          Alia, 

Aliud, 

"  another:' 

Sini 

rular. 

N. 

Alius, 

Alia, 

Aliiid, 

G. 

Alius,* 

ilius, 

Alius, 

D. 

Aln, 

A^liT, 

Alu, 

Ace. 

Alium, 

A.liam, 

AUud, 

V. 

i 

> 

f 

Ab. 

Alio, 

Ph 

Alia, 
iral. 

Alio. 

N. 

Alii, 

yiae, 

AUa, 

G. 

Aliorum, 

A^liarum, 

Aliorum, 

D. 

Aliis, 

Aliis, 

Aliis, 

Ace. 

Alios, 

Alias, 

Alia, 

V. 

> 

> 

■> 

Ab. 

Aliis,           I 

Uils, 

Aliis. 

I  Alter  means  one  of  two,  alius  one  of  many.  Hence  the  strict 
meaning  of  alius  is  **  another ;"  and  that  of  alter,  "  the  other."  Fre- 
quently, however,  we  are  compelled  to  translate  alter,  "  another,"  but 
never,  at  the  same  time,  to  lose  sight  of  its  reference  to  merely  one  oi 
two  persons  or  things.  Thus,  in  the  expression  7iullum  animal  est  pars 
alterius  animalis,  the  reference  is  clearly  to  only  one  of  two  animals, 
and  yet  we  must  translate  alterius  here  *'  another." 

2.  The  genitive  of  alius  always  has  the  long  i  both  in  prose  and  poetry 
m\c4i  it  isi  formed  bv  contraction  fr">tu  iu     'Y\iM?^r  alius  for  ali-ius. 


120 


PRONOUNS. 


in.  Tn  the  same  manner   are  tdhts^  nnllus,  sohis,  and 

totus  declined,  except 

that  they  make  the  nominative  and 

accusative  singular  neuter  end  in  m  instead  of  d;  as,  ulium 

nullum,  solum,  totum. 

IV.  The  declension  of  uter  is  as 

follows : 

Masc.         Fern, 

Nevt. 

Uler,         Utra, 

Utrum, 
Singular, 

"  lohicJt  of  tv>L 

N.         Uter, 

Utra, 

Utrum, 

G.         UtrTus,^ 

Utrius, 

Utrius, 

D.         Utrl, 

Utrl, 

Utrl, 

Aco.      Utrum, 

Utram, 

Utruiii, 

V.         Uter, 

Utra, 

Utrum, 

Ab     .    Utro, 

Utra, 
Plural 

Utro. 

N.         UtrT, 

Utrae, 

Utra, 

G.         Utrorum, 

Utrarum,          Utrorum, 

D.         Utris, 

Utris, 

Utris, 

Ace.     Utros, 

Utras, 

Utra, 

V.         Utri, 

Utrae, 

Utra, 

Ab.       Utris, 

Utris, 

Utris.          '^ 

V.  The  declension  of  alter  is  as 

follows : 

Masc.          Fem, 

Neut. 

Alter,         Altera, 

Alterum,  " 
Singular, 

the  other,  another* 

N.          Alt-er, 

-era, 

-erum, 

G.          Alt-erius,"        -erius,          -erius. 

D.         Alt-eri, 

-en, 

-eri. 

Ace.      All-erum,          -eram,          -enim, 

V.         Alt-er, 

-era, 

-erum 

Ab.        Alt-ero, 

-era, 

-ero. 

1.  Penult  of  the  genitive  singular  long  in  prose,  common  in  poetry. 

2  Alter  has  the  penult  of  the  genitive  singular  always  short. — AlUrty 
kc,  in  the  plural,  is  used  when  two  bodies  or  classes  of  men  are  opposed 
o  each  other. 


EXERCISES    ON    TFIE    PRONOUNS.  121 


Plural. 

N. 

Alt-erT, 

-erae, 

-era, 

G. 

Alt-erorum 

,         -erarum, 

-erorum, 

D. 

Alt-ens, 

-eris, 

-eris, 

Ace. 

Alt-eros, 

-eras, 

-era, 

V. 

Alt-eri, 

-eras, 

-era, 

Ab. 

Alt-erls, 

-eris. 

-eris. 

VI.  Neuter  is  declined  like  uter^  namely,  neuter,  neutrd, 
neytrum  ;  Genitive,  neutrius  ;  Dative,  neutri,  &c. 

VII.  The  compounds  of  uter  are  uternis  and  uterJtbetj 
"  which  of  the  two  you  please  ;"  and  alterilter,  "  the  one  or 
other,"  "  one  or  the  other  of  two."  Genitive,  allertasut^t' 
us;  Dative,  alteriutri,  &c. 

XLVI.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  PRONOUNS 
Vocabulary  * 
Sum,  /  am, 

Es,  thou  art. 

Est,  he,  she,  or  it  is, 

Sumus,  we  are, 
Estis,  you  are. 
Sunt,  thei/  are, 

Erat,  he,  she,  or  it  was. 

Erant,        they  were. 
Fuit,  he,  she,  or  it  has  been  or  was. 

Fuerunt,     they  have  been  or  were. 

I, 

'  Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  kind  of  pronoun 
-tiployed  in  the  different  clauses,  together  with  the  case, 
numbtjr,  Slc. 

1    Personal  Pronouns,  and  the  Possessives  formed  from  them. 

Ego  sum  tu,  tu  es  ego,  unanimi  sumus. — Pars  pejor  mei, 

I.  We  have  here  anticipated  a  small  portion  of  the  substantive  verb, 
and  recapitulated  a  few  words  from  the  vocabulary  given  on  page  8. 
11 


122  EXERCISES    ON    THE    PRONOUNS. 

corpus  meum,  mortalis  est. — Pars  melior  tui,  animus  tuu» 
immortalis  est. — Desiderium  mei'  permagnum  est. — Grata 
mihi  est  memoria  tua  mei.^ — Vita  mea  mihi  tarn  cara  est, 
quam  tibi  tua. — Proximus  sum  egomet  mihi,  tute  tibi. — 
Nemo  me'  infelicior,  nemo  te  felicior  est. — Parentes  tui, 
puer  optime,  semper  habent  te  secum. — Genius  tuus,  homo, 
semper  tecum  est. — Nos  omnes  sumus  homines  mortales. — 
'  V'os  omnes  estis  immortalitatis  haeredes. — Corpora  omnium 
nostrum  sunt  mortalia, — Nemo  nostrum  proditor  regis  nos- 
traeque  patriae  fuit. — Nostri  melior  pars  animus  est. — Me- 
moria vestri,  discipuli  diligentes,  praeceptori  vestro  semper 
jucunda  est. — Felicitas  parentum  nostrorum  nobis  pergrata 
est. — Pater  amicus  summus  nobis  est. — Rex  noster  vobis 
tam  carus  est,  quam  mihi. — Conscientia  est  judex  in  nobis. 
— Ebrius  sui  non  compos  est. — Homo  invidus  sibimet  in- 
imicissimus  est. 

2.  Demonstrative  and  Intensive  Pronouns. 
Hie  universus  mundus  est  opus  omnipotentis  dei,  creatoris 
omnium  nostrum. — Haec  vita  est  tempus  segetis,  vita  futura 
messis. — Hoc  conclave  est  amplum. — Haec  conclavia  sunt 
ampla. — Finis  hujus  vitae  initium  est  illius  futurae. — In  hac 
terra  nihil  perfectum  est. — Tabulae  hujus  conclavis  sunt 
nigrae. — Non  omnes  discipuli  sunt  pares  :  hi  sunt  diligentes, 
illi  pigri ;  hie  est  attentus,  ille  non  attentus. — Hannibal  et 
Caesar  fuerunt  summi  imperatores ;  huic"^  idus  mortiferae 
fuerunt,  illi  venenum. — Romulus  et  Numa  Pompilius  erant 
primi  reges  Romani ;  hie  erat  pius,  ille  bellicosus  ;  illiu&i 
res  gestae  illustriores  sunt  quam  hujus. — Hoc  scamnum 
longius  est  quam  ilia  janua. — Haec  scamna  longiora  suni 
quam  illae  januae. — Illud   templum    altius    est   quam   hsec 

1.  Desiderium  meum.  would  denote  the  regret  tha    I  myself  feel. 

2.  Memoria  mei,  *'  the   remembrance  of  me  ;"   but  memona  mea^ 
**  my  memory,  or  faculty  of  remembrance." 

3.  The  ablative  with  the  co.mparative.     So  also  te  m  the  next  clause. 

4.  Huic,  "  to  the  latter,"  i.  e,  to  thi»  otic  ;  illi;'^  to  the  former,"  i.  r.. 
to  that  onr. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  PRONOUNS.         123 

d.>mu8. — Ilia  templa  altiora  sunt  quam  hae  domus. — Ulis 
tei  eris  arboribus  gelu  hujus  hiemis  noxium  erat. — Homo  ipse 
est  faber  fortunae  suae. — Ssepe  homini  nihil  inimicius  est, 
quam  sibi  ipse. — Saepe  hominibus  nihil  inimicius  est,  quam 
sibi  ipsi. — Virtus  sibimet  ipsa  pulcherrima  merces  est. 

Servitus  omnibus  hominibus  dura  est ;  liberis  autem  ho- 
minibus ea  intolerabilis  est. — Luscinia  est  parva,  vox  autem 
ejus  est  suavissima. — Robur  leonis  est  in  ejus  ossibus  et 
dentibus.^ — Tonitrua  sunt  terribilia,  sed*utilitas  eorum  est 
maxima. — Megarenses  Atheniensibus  finitimi  erant,  sed  iis 
dispares. — Nonne^  animus  hominis  melior  est  quam  corpus 
ejus. — Deus  est  semper  Idem. — Non  semper  idem  floribus 
est  color. — Vera  et  falsa  non  eadem  sunt. — Nemo  nostrum 
fdem  est  in  senectute,  qui  fuit^  in  juventute. — Eadem  laus 
non  est  omnibus. — Eandem  habet  laudem  ac^  ego. 

3.  Relative  Pronouns.  ^ 
Justitia,  quae  est  mater  omnium  virtutum,  Deo  accepta  est. 
— Id  est  Deo  proximum,  quod  est  optimum. — Sol,  cujus 
magnitudo  ingens  est,  globus  est  igneus. — Qui  est  Justus, 
Is  est  laudabilis. — Semiramis  cujus  nomen  illustrissimum 
est,  regina  potens  et  bellicosa  fuit. — Ferrum,  cujus  utilitas 
permagna  est,  est  durum  metallum. — Honestum^  ei  vile  est, 
cui  corpus  nimis  carum  est. — Omne  animal,  cui  sanguis 
est,  habet  etiam  cor. — Ei  avi,  cui  pulcherrima  cauda  est, 
turpissimi  pedes  sunt. — In  superiore  capitis  parte  est  cere- 
brum, in  quo  sensuum  instrumenta  sunt. — In  ea  parte 
Europae,  in  qua  est  humus  fecundissima  et  ccelum  serenis- 
simum,  homines  imelicissimi  sunt. —  Oratorum  illustrissimi 
fuerunt  ii,  qui  erant  Athenis.^ — Lepores  habent  binas  aures, 
quae  capita  longiores  sunt. — In  praestantibus  rebus  magna 

1.  Nonne  est.     "  Is  noil"    The  termination  ne  is  here  interrogative. 

2.  Qui  fait.     "  That  he  was."     The  more  elegant  phraseology   it 
'*  qui  fait  juvenisV 

3.  Ac.     "As." 

4.  Honestum.     '*  What  is  becoming."     All  moral  excellence. 

5.  Athcnis.     "At  Athens."    J5raw/,  "were,"  i.  e.,  lived  or  floiiriRHn«? 


124  EXERCISES    ON    THE    PRONOUNS. 

sunt  ea,  qua3  sunt  optimis  proxima. — In  sijvis  sunt  mult^ 
ferae,  quarum  pelles  sunt  hominibus  utilissimse. — Ii  paren- 
tes  quorum  filii  pigri  et  mali  sunt,  infeliciores  sunt  quam 
ii,  quorum  filii  caeci  et  claudi  sunt. — Ea  animalia  quorum 
dentes  acuti  sunt,  carnivora  sunt. — In  quibus  fluminibus 
plurimae  rupes  sunt,  in  iis  navigatio  periculosissima  est. — 
Quibus  avibus  longa  crura,  iis  etiam  longa  colia  sunt. — Ea 
animalia  fortiora  sunt,  quibus  sanguis  crassior  est. — Sunt 
gentes  ferae,  quae  flon  habent  rempublicam.^ 

4.  Interrogative  Pronouns. 
Quis  fuit  clarior  in  Graecia,  quam  Themistocles  ? — Quis 
pulchrior  est  mortuus  quam  vivus  ?  cancer  coctus. — Quis 
est  auctor  illius  coeli,  illius  solis  illorumque  siderum,  quae 
supra  nos  sunt  ?  Idem,  qui  est  auctor  hominum,  animalium, 
omniumque  rerum,  quaecunque  sunt.— Quid  est  nequius  aut 
turpius  quam  vir  efFeminatus  1 — Quid  est  melius  aut  quid 
bonitate  et  beneficentia  praestantius  ? — Quae  sunt  optima 
scripta  veterum  ? — Qui  rex  est  sapientior  et  justior  quam 
noster  pater  coelestis  ? — Quae  figura,  quae  species  pulchrior 
est  quam  humana  ? — Cujus  hominis  mores  maxime  lau- 
dabiles  sunt? — Cui  homini  deus  benevolentior  est,  quam 
pio  et  probo  ? — Quod  consilium  est  optimum  ?  consilium 
hominum  prudentissimorum. — Cui  animali  est  turpissima 
vux  ? — In  quo  mari  sunt  plurimae  insulae  ? — Quae  femina  fuit 
bellicosior,  quam  Semiramis  ? — In  qua  parte  Europae  sunt 
plurimae  paludes  ? — Quae  mulieres  fuerunt  bellicosiores  et 
fortiores  quam  Amazones  ? — Quid  est  homo  ? — Quid  est 
honos ! 

5.   Compounds  of  Qui  and  Quis, 

Tempus  est  pars  quaedam  aetemitatis. — Exhalationcs  car- 

bonum  et  quorundam  florum  hominibus  noxiae  sunt.-^Caro 

ciconiae  nigrae    quibusdam  animalibus  venenum  est. — Sibi 

quisque  proximus  est. — Quilibet  est  faber  fortunae  suae. — 

1.  Rempiihiii'am,  "  a  form  of  government." 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  PRONOUNS.         125 

Suiim  cuique  cariim  est. — Unusqiiisque  miles  est  dt-fensor 
patriae. — Unicuique  nostrum  est  animus  immortalis. — Quod- 
vis  animal  habet  animum  et  corpus. — Cujusvis  hominis  vita 
liabet  quasdam  molestias.— Quidquid  homines  habent  est 
munus  divinum. — Quidquid  honestum,  idem  est  utile. — 
Quaecunque  rara  sunt,  ea  sunt  pretiosa. — Pigritia  unicuique 
turpis  rst,  maxime  autem  juveni. — Quaenam  est  patria  simi- 
arum  ?— Ecquod  humanum  artificium'  praestantius  est  quarr 
mundus  ? — Animus  non  habet  formam  aliquam,  nee  figuram, 
nee  magnitudinem,  ejusque  sedes  nee  in  corde  nee  in  cer- 
ebro  est. — Siquis  vestrum,  discipuli,  mendax  est,  .pessimus 
est. — Siquis  homo  in  hac  vita  felix  est,  est  probus  et  sapiens 

6.  Possessive  and  other  Pronouns. 

Corpus  nostrum  mortale  est,  at  animus  noster  immortalis. 
— Cujus  est  hie  liber?  hie  liber  est  mens. — Cuja  est  haec 
penna  ?  haec  penna  est^  fratris  mei — Cujum  est  hoc  pecus  ? 
— Cujum  est  hoe  pallium  1  hoc  pallium  est  meum. — Cujas 
erat  Horatius  ? — Cujates  erant  Sophocles  et  Euripides  ? — 
Nostrates  philosophi  sunt  frivoli  et  inanes. — Arma  nostratia 
sunt  semper  victricia. — Vestrates  milites  sunt  timldi  atque 
ignavi. — Consuetudo  est  altera^  natura. — Nullum  animal 
est  pars  alterius"*  animalis. — Otiosi  homines  sunt  non  solum 
sibi  ipsis,  sed  etiam  cuique  alteri^  molesti. — Paucis  veterum 
Germanorum  erant  loricae,  vix  uni  alterive^  cassis  erat. — 
NuJlius  hominis  divitiae  certae  sunt. — Antoninus  nulli  acer- 
bus,  cunctis  benignus  erat. — Amicitia  plurimorum  hominum 
nihil  aliud  estquam  comltas. — Anseres  alii''  feri,  alii  ciciirea 
sunt. — Alia  vera  sunt,  alia  falsa. — Belluae  rapaces  pauciorea 
habent  pullos  qiiam  alise. — Totius  Graeciae  doctissimus  fiii* 

1.  Artificium.     *'  Workmanship"  or  "piece  of  workmanship." 

2.  Est.     *'  Is  that  of,"  i.  e.,  belongs  to.     Supply  penna. 

3.  Aliera.     "  Another,"  i.  e.,  a  second.     Consult  note  1,  patr*'  119 

4.  Consult  note  2,  pawe  120. 

5.  Quisque  alter.     "  Each  other  " 

6.  Unus  altervc.     "  One  or  two.'" 

7.  Alii — alii.     *'  Some — others." 

11* 


126 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  PRONOUNS 


Plato,  Socratis  discipulus. — Bellum  Picentium  aliarumque 
gentium  cum  Romanis  admodum  perniciosum  fuit. — Quam 
luctuosa  fuit  Samiis,  quam  acerba  toti  Asiae  expugnatio'  fani 
Junonis  Samiae. — Facies  homini  soli  est,  ceteris  animalibus 
sunt  ora  et  rostra. — Solis  candor  illustrior  est  quam  ullius 
ignis. — Deus  solus  est,  qui  neminem  habet  sibi  parem. — 
Sdpientes  severi  sunt  tarn  in  quemque  alium,  quam  in  se 
ipsos. — Uter  infelicii«r  «.st,  surdus  an^  claudus  ? — Utra  major 
est,  America  an  Europa? — Utrum  gravius  est,  aurum  an 
plumbum  ? — Uter  est  infelicior,  caecus  an  surdus  ? — Utrum 
est  pretiosius,  aurum  an  adamas  ? 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Ye  are  all  the  children  of  one 

'father. 
No  one  of  iis  is  always  happy. 
Many  things  are  yet  unknown 

to  all  of  you. 
In  our  own  selves  is  the  source 

of  our  own  happiness. 
In  your  own  selves^  oh  men, 

is   the  source  of  all  your 

miseries. 
The  knowledge  of  themselves 

is  most  useful  to  all  men. 
Our  life  is  a  short,  diversified, 

and  dangerous  journey. 
l\e  beginning  of  this  journey 

IS  our  birthday,  the  end  of 

it  our  death. 


Tu   omnis  sum  liberi   unus 

pater. 
Nemo  ego  sum  semper  felix. 
Multus  sum  adhuc  ignotus  tu 

omnis. 
In  egomet  fons  sum  noster 

felicitas. 
In  vosmet,  homo,  fons  sum 

omnis  vester  miseria. 

Cognitio  sui  sum  omnis  homo 

utilis. 
Noster  vita  sum  brevis,  vari- 

us,  atque  periculosus  iter. 
Initium  hie  iter  sum  noster 

natalis,  finis  is  noster  mors. 


1 .  ExpugTia/io.     "  The  pillao^ing." 

2.  An^  "  or."  In  double  questions,  auL  "  or,'*  must  never  be  used 
to  distinguish  the  things  opposed  to  each  other,  whether  the  question  be 
direct  or  indirect,  but  an,  or  ne  enclitic,  that  is,  ne  added  to  the  end  of  a 
«vord. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    PRONOUNS. 


127 


TJie  lazy  pupil  is  injurious  to 
himself  and  to  Ids  friends. 

This  is  not  7ny  fault,  but  that 
of  the  tifnes. 

Demosthenes  and  Cicero  were 
celebrated  orators  ;  the  na- 
tive country  of  the  latter 
was  Italy,  of  the  former 
Greece. 

Athens  is  inore  famous  than 
Carthage ;  the  former  was 
the  seac  of  ail  the  liberal 
arts,  the  latter  of  commerce. 

On  that  tower  is  an  iron  cross. 

The  glass  of  that  window  is 
broken,  the  walls  of  this 
house  are  fij^m. 

This  seat  is  of  wood,  that 
furnace  is  of  stone ;  these 
ships  are  British,  those  sol- 
diers are  Prussian. 

The  statue  of  Jupiter,  which 
was  in  the  Elian  temple, 
was  the  work  of  Phidias, 

The  animals  which  you  have 
are  hedgehogs. 

The  woman  whom  they  have 
is  a  captive. 

They  alone  are  happy  who  are 
good. 

The  fox,  whose  cunning  is 
known  to  all,  is  the  most 
thievish  of  animals* 

What  is  more  beautiful  than 
virtue  ? 


Discipulus  piger  sum  siii,  su 
usque  amicus  noxius. 

Hie  non  sum  mens  culpa,  sed 
tempus. 

Demosthenes  et  Cicero  sum 
illustris  orator  ;  patria  hie 
sum  Italia,  ille  Graecia. 


Athenae    sum   illustris  quain 

Carthago  ;  ille  sum  sedes 

omnis    liberalis    ars,    hie 

mereatura. 
In  ille  turris  sum  crux  ferreus. 
Vitrum  ille  fenestra  sum  frae- 

tus,  paries  hie  domus  sum 

lirmus. 
Hie  sedile  sum  ligneus,  ille 

fornax  sum  lapideus  ;  hie 

navis  sum  Britannieus,ille 

miles  sum  Borussieus. 
Statua   Jupiter,  qui   sum   in 

templum      Eliaeus,     sum 

opus  Phidias. 
Animal  qui  habeo  sum  hys- 

trix. 
Mulier  qui  habeo  sum  capti- 

vus.  • 

Ille  solus  felix  sum,  qui  sum 

bonus. 
Vulpis,  qui  astutia  omnis  no 

tus  sum,  furax  sum  animal. 

Quis  pulcher  sum  quam  vir- 
tus ^ 


128 


THE    VERB. 


To  whofn  is  virtue  most  pleas- 
ing ? 

What  metal  is  most  precious. 

What  is  so  common  as  air  to 
the-  livings  earth  to '  the 
dead  ? 

To  each  one  of  us  there  are 
ten  fingers. 

Is  there  any  woman  here  whose 
hopes  are  disappointed  ? 

Trie  boys  of  our  country  are 
diligent,  the  men  of  your 
country  are  most  brave. 


Quis  virtus  sum  jucundus  ? 

Quis  metallum  sum  pretiosus  » 
Quis    sum    tarn    communis, 

quam  aer  vivus,  terra  mor- 

tuus  '{ 
Unusquisque  ego  sum  denus 

digitus. 
Ecquis  mulier  hie'  sum  qui 

spes  sum  frustratus  ? 
Nostras   puer  sum    diligens 

vestras  vir  sum  fortis. 


XLVII.  THE  VERB. 

I.  The  Verb  is  that  part  of  speech  by  which  it  is  declared 
concerning  anything  that  it  either  does  or  suffers  somewhat. 

II.  From  this  general  distinction  are  derived  the  two 
principal  forms  of  the  verb,  namely,  active  and  passive. 

III.  Active  verbs  are  divided  inta  two  kinds,  namely, 
transitive  and  intransitive,  which  latter  are  also  called  neuter. 

IV.  An  intransitive^  verb  expresses  an  action  or  a  state 
which  is  not  communicated  from  the  agent  to  any  other  ob- 
ject ;  as,  ambrdo,  "  I  walk ;"  sto,  "  I  stand ;"  dormio,  "  I  sleep." 

V.  A  transitive  verb  expresses  an  action  exerted  upon 
some  object  (which  is  put  m  the  accusative  case)  :^  as,  amo 
te,  **  I  love  thee ;"  scribo  epistolam, "  I  am  writing  a  letter." 

1.  Hie,  *'here,"  the  adverb 

2.  From  in,  *'  not,"  and  transire,  "  to  pass  over"  or  "  across."  the 
action  not  passing  over  from  the  agent  to  any  object  Tran.srtive.  frc  m 
transire,  *'  to  pass  over,"  where  the  action  passes  from  the  agent  and  is 
exerted  upon  some  object. 

3.  It  is  not  meant  that  every  verb  transitive  rnvst  have  an  accusative 
of  the  object,  but  only  that  it  may.  When  no  object  is  expressed,  tie 
transitive  verb  may  often  become  intransitive  in  etirct  ;  as.  t,hi  "  hf  is 
eating  ;"  amat,  "  he  is  in  love  ;""  where  no  object  is  expressed,  thotigh  oi-e 
is  necessarily  implied.  A  different  form  is  sometimes  assigned  to  the 
verb  in  the  transitive  and  intransitive  sense  ;  as,  jacere,  "  to  throw,"  ja- 
"■h'c,  *'to  lie;"  pendcrc,  "to  suspend,"  pendere,  "to  hang  suspended." 


THE    VERB.  129 

VI.  Transitive  verbs  have  a  passive  voice ;  that  w^hich 
was  the  object  and  in  the  accusative  case  becoming  the  sub- 
ject and  nominative  case  ;  as,  tu  amaris,  "  thou  art  loved  ;" 
epistola  scribitur,  "  the  letter  is  getting  written." 

VII.  Intransitive  verbs  are  only  used  impersonally  in  the 
passive,  that  is,  the  verb  appears  in  the  third  person  singu- 
lar without  any  definite  subject;  as,  favetur  ^i6i,  "favour 
is  shown  to  you,"  equivalent  to  favent  homines  tibi,  "  men  fa- 
vour you ;"  via  excessum  est,  "  it  has  been  gone  out  of  the 
way,"  &c. 

VIII.  There  are  also  in  Latin  what  are  called  Deponent 
verbs  and  Neuter-passives. 

IX.  Deponent  verbs  are  such  as  have  a  passive  form,  but 
an  active  meaning.  Some  of  them  are  transitive,  others  are 
intransitive ;  and  they  are  called  deponents,  because  they 
lay  cside,''  as  it  were,  their  passive  signification. 

X.  A  Common  verb  has  a  passive  termination,  with  an 
active  and  passive  signitication  ;  as,  criminor,  "  I  blame" 
or  "  am  blamed."  It  is  generally  considered  as  a  deponent, 
excepting  in  the  perfect  participle,  which  in  these  verbs 
has  either  an  active  or  passive  signification.  Thus  we 
may  say  either  adeptus  victoriam,  "  having  obtained  a  vie 
tory,"  or  victoria  adepta,  "  a  victory  being  obtained."  Adi 
piscor  is  therefore  a  common  verb. 

XI.  Neuter-passives  are  active  intransitive  verbs,  which 
have  a  passive  form  with  an  active  meaning  in  the  perfect, 
but  follow  the  active  form  in  the  other  tenses  ;  as,  audeo,  "  I 
dare,"  perfect,  ausus  sum  ;  gaudeo,  "  I  rejoice,"  perfect,  ga- 
visus  sum,  &c. 

XII.  The  following  verbs  are  called  Neutral-passives^^ 
\)amely,  Jlo,  "  I  become"  or  "  am  made ;"  vapillo,  "  I  am 

&c.  When  a  neuter  verb  is  fonnd  with  an  accusative  case,  which  some- 
times happens,  it  is  either  because  it  has  obtained  a  transitive  sense  and 
a  recrular  passive  voice,  or  the  accu^ative  is  to  be  considered  as  annexed 
adverbially  to  it,  without  being  strictly  its  object. 

1.  From  dejpono,  "  I  lay  aside." 

2.  Neutralia-pai'aiva.    The  neuter-passives  are  called  ^eutro-pasiuva 


130  THE    VERB. 

beaten  ,"  veneo,  "  I  am  sold  ;"  which,  under  an  active  form, 
have  a  passive  meaning,  and  serve  as  passives  to  facio 
verberOf  and  vendo. 

XI II.  Some  active  intransitive  or  neuter  verbs  have  par- 
ticiple«5.  which  are  passive  in  form  but  active  in  signifi- 
cation ;  as,  co^natus,  "  one  who  has  supped ;"  pransus^ 
'  one  who  has  dined  ;"  juratus,  "  one  who  has  sworn.'^ 

*■        1 .   Voices. 

I.  A  voice  is  that  accident  of  a  verb  which  denotes 
whether  an  action  or  energy  is  confined  to  the  agent  or 
nominative  ;  as,  cado,  "  I  fall ;"  or  is  exerted  by  the  nom- 
inative upon  an  external  object ;  as,  amo  virum,  "  I  love  the 
man ;"  or  is  exerted  by  an  external  object  upon  the  nom- 
inative ;  as,  vir  amatur,  "  the  man  is  loved." 

II.  As  only  active  transitive  verbs  exert  an  energy  on 
external  objects,  so  these  only  admit  a  passive  voice. 

III.  Hence  the  voices  are  two  in  number,  Active  and 
Passive,  the  one  ending  in  o ;  as,  amo ;  and  the  other  in 
or ;  as,  amor, 

2.  Moods. 

I.  A  mood  expresses  the  manner^  in  which  the  action  or 
state  denoted  by  the  verb  exists. 

II.  There  are  in  Latin  four  moods,  the  Indicative^  Sub- 
junctive^ Imperative,  and  Infinitive. 

III.  The  Indicative  declares  the  action  or  state  lO  exist 
simply  as  a  fact. 

IV.  The  Subjunctive  declares  it  to  exist  as  something 
conceived  by  the  mind.  It  is  generally,  however,  called 
the  Potential  mood  when  it  denotes  that  the  action  or  state 
might,  could,  would,  or  should  exist ;  and  the  Subjunctive 
when  it  is  subjoined  to  certain  words  and  particles  to  bo 
named  hereafter. 

V.  The  Imperative  commands  an  action  to  be  done  or 

\    The  term  mood  is  derived  from  the  Latin  modus y  "  a  maimer  " 


THE    VERB.  ,  131 

a  Slate  to  exist ;  as,  scribe,  "  write  tliou  ;"  docetor,  *'  let  hiro 
he  taught." 

VI.  The  Infinitive  does  not  define  the  person  or  the  time, 
but  only  whether  the  action  or  state  be  terminated  or  not 
terminated.  In  the  former  case  it  is  called  the  Perfect,  in 
the  latter  the  Present  of  the  infinitive. 

VII.  By  means  of  the  participle  in  rus  and  the  verb  es&e^ 
^*  to  be,"  an  infinitive  is  formed,  denoting  an  act  about  to  be 
performed.  *  By  means  of  the  participle  in  dus  and  the  same 
verb,  another  infinitive  is  formed,  denoting  a  state  that 
should  be  produced.  Thus,  scio  eum  scripturvm  esse,  "  I 
tnow  that  he  is  about  to  write."  Intelligo  hoc  faciendum 
ssse,  "  I  am  aware  that  this  should  be  done." 

3.    Tenses. 

I.  Tenses  are  the  timcs^  in  which  the  action  or  state  ol 
the  verb  exists. 

II.  There  are  in  Latin  seven  tenses,  namely,  the  Present, 
Imperfect,  Aorist,  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  First  Future,  and 
Second  Future, 

III.  The  Present  designates  an  action  or  state  going  on 
It  the  present  time  ;  as,  scribo,  "  I  am  writing." 

IV.  The  Imperfect  expresses  an"  action  or  state  that  was 
going  on  at  some  past  time,  but  was  still  imperfect  or  in- 
complete ;  as,  scribebam,  "  I  was  writing ;"  currebas, ''  thou 
wast  running." 

V.  The  Aorist  has  the  same  form  with  the  perfect,  but 
a  marked  difference  in  meaning.  It  denotes  an  action  or 
state  completely  past,  without  any  reference  to  another  ac- 
tion at  the  same  or  a  different  time  ;  as,  scripsi,  "  I  wrote  :'' 
feci,  ''•  I  did." 

VI.  The  Perfect,  on  the  ether  hand,  denotes  an  action  or 
state  which  has  taken  place,  indeed,  at  a  previous  time,  bui 
which  is  connected,  either  in  itself,  or  its  consequences,  or 

1.   1  mpif,  the  Latin  for  a  '•  tense,"  means  '^  Hme^* 


132  THE    VERB. 

its  accompanying  circumstances,  with  the  present ;  as 
scripsi,  "  1  have  written ;"  feci,  "  I  have  done  ;"  where  the 
inference  naturally  is,  that  the  writing  still  exists,  and  that 
the  actior.  has  just  been  performed. 

VII.  The  Pluperfect  denotes  an  action  or  state  that  wa? 
completed  before  some  other  action  or  state  took  jjiacr 
which  also  is  past ;  as,  cBdificaverat,  "  ho  had  built."  Pn 
uifquam  auxilia  venerunt,  hostes  svperav^rat,  "  he  had  con 
quered  the  enemy  before  succours  arrived." 

VIII.  The  First  Future,^  which  might  more  coritjctlj 
be  termed  the  Incomplete  Future,  denotes  that  an  action  oi 
state  will  be  going  on  some  time  hence,  but  not  finished ; 
as,  ccenabo,  "  I  shall  be  supping  ;''  domus  (sdifcabitur,  *'  the 
house  will  be  building." 

IX.  The  Second  Future,  which  might,  in  like  manner, 
be  more  correctly  called  the  Complete  Future,  denotes  that 
an  action  or  state  will  be  completed  before  another  action 
or  state,  which  is  also  future,  shall  have  taken  place ;  as, 
cc^navero,  "  I  shall  nave  supped."  Cum  fecero  proficiscar^ 
"  when  I  shall  have  done  it,  I  will  go." 

4.  Numbers  and  Persons. 

I.  A  personal  verb  admits  a  person  or  thing  as  its  subjeci 
or  nominative. 

II.  As  one  or  more  persons  may  speak,  be  spoken  to,  or 
spoken  of,  there  are  tico  numbers ;  namely,  the  singular^ 
which  speaks  of  one,  and  the  plural,  which  speaks  of  more 
than  one ;  and 

III.  'I'here  are  also  three  persons  in  each  number.  Ego, 
tu,  ille  or  ilia,  are  the  first,  second,  and  third  persons  sin- 
gular ;  and  nos,  vos,  illi  or  illcB,  the  first,  second,  and  third 
persons  plural ;  and  to  each  of  these  the  verb  has  appro- 

1.  In  the  ordinary  grammars,  the  first  future  is  given  as  the  future 
of  the  indicative,  and  the  second  future  as  the  future  of  the  subjunctive 
This,  however,  is  erroneous.  Both  tenses  belong  to  the  /ndicative.  The 
Kiibjunctive  has  no  future 


rilE    VERB.  133 

priate  variations  in  its  ending:  thus,  ego  arrt'O,  tu  am-K's^ 

IV.  Two  or  more  persons  may  become  the  subject ;  but, 
as  the  first  person  is  preferred  to  the  second,  and  the  second 
to  the  third,  ego  joined  to  tu  or  ille  is  equivalent  to  nos ; 
th  joined  to  ille  or  illi,  to  vos. 

V.  All  nouns  in  the  singular  belong  to  the  third  person 
singular  ;  those  that  are  plural,  to  the  third  person  plural. 

VI.  Pronouns,  participles,  or  adjectives,  having  nouns 
understood  to  them,  belong  to  the  third  person. 

VII.  Qui  takes  the  person  of  the  antecedent.  Ipse  may 
be  joined,  according  to  the  sense,  to  any  person. 

Vlil.  To  verbs  also  belong  Participles,  Gerunds,  and  Su 
Dines. 

1.  Participles. 

I.  A  Participle  is  a  part  of  speech  derived  from  a  verb 
and  partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  verb  and  an  adjective. 

II.  It  resembles  an  adjective  in  being  declined  by  cases 
and  in  agreeing  with  a  noun ;  and  partakes  of  the  nature 
of  the  verb  in  being  distinguished  into  different  times,  and 
in  governing  the  same  case  as  the  verb. 

III.  There  are  four  participles  ;  one  ending  in  ans  or  ens, 
and  another  in  rus,  both  generally  active ;  one  ending  in 
dus,  always  passive ;'  and  another  ending  in  tus,  sus,  or 

1.  The  participle  in  dus  is  commonly  called  a  future  one  of  the  pass- 
ive voice,  and  we  have  retained  the  appellation  for  convenience'  sake. 
There  are,  however,  many  instances  in  vvhich  the  participle  in  dus  seems 
to  have  the  import  of  the  present.  Perizonius  is  of  opinion,  therefore, 
that  it  was  originally  a  participle  of  the  present  tense  passive,  and  lays 
some  stress  on  its  being  uniformly  derived  from  the  present  participle 
active,  following  even  its  irregularity  in  the  only  one  which  is  irregular  ; 
thus,  iens,  euntis,  fundus.  Crombie  ^advocates  the  same  opinion,  and 
maintains,  moreover,  that  this  participle  does  not,  by  its  own  power,  even 
express  futurity,  or  the  obligation  either  of  necessity  or  duty.  He  does 
not,  however,  deny  that  the  participle  in  dus,  when  joined  to  the-  verb 
sum,  uniformly  denotes  moral  or  physical  oblicration  ;  but  he  contends 
that  in  such  phraseologies  there  is  no  word  expressive  of  futurity  or  oo- 
iigation,  although  the  combination  of  the  two  words  has,  by  usage,  ac- 
quired this  signification,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  Ei]glish  such  expres 

12 


134  THE    VE«B. 

xus,  generally  passive,  but  sometimes  active  or  common, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  verb. 

IV.  Active  verbs  have  two  participles ;  a  present  parti- 
ciple ending  in  ns ;  as,  amans^  "  loving ;"  and  a  future  ono 
m  rtis ;  as,  amaturus,  *'  about  to  love."  » 

V.  Passive  verbs  have,  in  like  manner,  two  participles  , 
3ne  ending  in  tus,  sus,  or  xus,  called  the  perfect  participle  ; 
as,  amatus,  "  loved  ;"  visus,  "  seen  ;"  and  another  ending 
in  dus,  called  the  future  participle ;  as,  amandus,  *'  to  be 
loved,"  or  '•'  deserving"  or  "  requiring  to  be  loved." 

VI.  Active  intransitive  verbs  have  sometimes  two  parti- 
ciples ;  as,  sedens,  "  sitting  ;"  sessurus,  "  about  to  sit ;"  fre- 
quently three.;  as,  carens,  "wanting;"  cariturus,  "about  to 
want ;"  carendus,  "  to  be  wanted  ;"  and  occasionally  four  ; 
as,  jurans,  "  swearing  ;"  juraturus,  "  about  to  swear  ;"  ju- 
ratus,  "  having  sworn  ;"  jurandus,  "  to  be  sworn." 

VII.  Neuter-passive  verbs  have  generally  three  ;  ns,gau 
dens,  gavisus,  and  gavisurus,  from  gaudeo,  "  to  rejoice."' 

VIII.  Deponent  verbs  of  an  active  signification  have  gen- 
erally four  participles ;  as,  sequens,  sccuturus,  secutus,  se- 
quendus,  from  sequor,  "  to  follow."  Those  of  a  neuter  sig- 
nification have  generally  but  three  ;  as,  lahens,  lapsus,  lap- 
surus,  from  labor,  "  to  slip"  or  "  glide." 

IX.  Common  verbs  have  generally  four  participles  ;  as, 
dignans,  dignaturus,  dignatus,  dignandus,  from  dignor^  "  to 
^hink  worthy."  Their  perfect  participle  sometimes  signi- 
fies actively  and  sometimes  passively ;  as,  adeptus  victori- 
am,  "  having  obtained  a  victory  ;"  or  victoria  adepta,  "  a  vic- 
tory being  obtained." 

X.  All  participles  are  adjectives  ;  those  ending  in  ns  are 
of  the  third  declension,  the  rest  of  the  first  and  second. 

sioiiB  as,  "  Is  a  man  to  he  punished  for  what  he  could  not  prevent  1  '  in 
which  there  is  no  word  expressive  of  duty,  obligation,  or  futurily  are 
leckoned  equivalent  to  "  Oughi  a  man  to  be  punished  1" 

1.  Hxxifido  has  only  fid^ns  and  Jisus  ;  and  soleo  only  salens  and  solitus. 


THE    VERB.  \S5 

2.   Gerunds  and  Supines. 

I.  Gerunds  are  participial  nouns,  of  the  neuter  gender 
and  singular  number,  declinable  like  substantives,  having 
no  vocative,  being  construed  like  substantives,  and  govern- 
ing the  case  of  their  verb. 

II.  They  are  called  gerunds  because  they  signify  the 
thing,  as  it  were,  in  gerendo  (anciently  written  ^erw/ic/o),  that 
is,  as  being  carried  on  at  the  time,  and  along  with  the  action 
they  convey  an  idea  of  the  agent. 

III.  A  Supine  is  a  verbal  substantive,  of  the  singular 
number  and  fourth  declension,  having  the  same  signification 
as  the  verb. 

IV.  There  are  two  supines  ;  one  in  um,  c:'lled  the  first 
supine,  which  governs  the  case  of  the  verb,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  an  accusative ;  and  another  in  m,  called  the  second, 
or  latter  supine,  supposed  to  be  an  ablative,  governing  no 
case,  and  generally  having  a  passive  signification. 

CONJUGATION  OF  THE  VERB. 

I.  There  are  in  Latin /oi/r  conjugations,  or  modes  of  form- 
ing the  tenses  of  the  verb,  distinguished  by  the  infinitive 
mood. 

II.  The  First  Conjugation  ends  in  are,  and  has  a  long 
before  re  of  the  infinitive  ;  as,  amdre,  *'  to  love ;"  crcdre,  "  to 
create." 

III.  The  Second  Conjugation  ends  in  ere,  and  has  e 
long  before  re  of  the  infinitive  ;  as,  monere,  "  to  warn  ;"  do- 
cere,  "  to  teach.'' 

IV.  The  Third  Conjugation  ends  in  ere,  and  has  e  short 
before  re  of  the  infinitive  ;  as,  regere,  "  to  rule  ;"  currere 
»'  to  run." 

V.  The  Fourth  Conjugation  ends  in  w,  and  has  i  long 
before  re  of  the  infinitive  ;  as,  audire,  "  to  hear  ;"  punhe 
**  to  punish.' 


136 


THE  VERB. 


FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES. 

I.  There  sue  four  principal  parts  of  iliQ  verb,  from  whicb 
all  the  others  are  formed,  namely : 

The  Present  Indicative, 
The  Present  Infinitive, 
The  Perfect  Indicative, 
The  First  Supine. 

II.  To  Conjugate  a  verb  is  to  give  these  several  parts  m 
the  order  in  which  they  have  just  been  named.     Thus, 

Pres,  Ind,     Pres,  Inf.  Perf  Ind.  \st  Supine 

Amare,         Amavi,  Amaturn. 

Monere,       Monui,  Monitum. 

Regere,        RexT,  Rectum. 

Audire,        Audivi,  Auditum. 

III.  These  principal  parts,  it  will  be  perceived,  from  the 
verbs  just  given,  end,  in  the  different  conjugations,  as  -fol- 
lows:' 

» — _ — __ . -. 

1.  The  true  view  of  the  case  is  undoubtedly  the  following,  as  given 
by  Struve  (Grammafische  Untersuchung,  p.  134,  seq.).  The  third  con- 
jugation was  the  oldest,  and  the  parent  source  of  the  other  three,  which 
are  to  be  regarded,  strictly  speaking,  as  mere  derivatives  from  it,  and 
have  every  appearance,  in  some  of  their  parts,  of  being  contracted  verbs 
Thus, 


1^^ 

Conj, 

Amo, 

2d 

ti 

Moneo, 

3d 

a 

Rego, 

4th 

u 

Audio, 

Amao,    contracted 

Amo. 

A  maim  us, 

contracted  Amamus. 

Amais,           '* 

A  mas. 

Amaitis, 

Amatis. 

Amait,            " 

Amat. 

Amaunt, 

Amant. 

Moneo. 

Moneimus 

Monemus 

Moneis,          " 

Mones. 

Moneitis, 

Monetis. 

Moneit,          *' 

Monet. 

Moneunt, 

Monent. 

Audio. 

Audnmus, 

Audimus. 

Audlis,           " 

Audls. 

Audntis, 

Auditis. 

Audiit,            " 

Audit. 

Audiunt. 

The  final  syllables  in  amat,  monct,  and  avdit,  where  we  would  expect 
to  see  a  long  vowel  resulting  from  the  contraction,  are  shortened  by  the 
influence  of  the  t  at  the  end  of  the  words,  and  which  controls,  as  it  were 
the  contrdction,  in  order  to  pres-erve  the  analogy  of  the  language 


THE    VERB.  13^ 

'  Pres.  Ind.  Pres.  Inf.  Perf.  Ind.  Ist  Supine 
1st  Conj.       o,                 are,                avi,  a  turn. 

2d      "  eo,  ere,  ui,  itum. 

3J      "  o,  ere,  i,  turn. 

Ath     "  10,      •         Ire,  Ivi,  itum. 

IV.  As,  in  order  to  form  the  other  tenses,  it  is  necessary 
to  know  not  merely  the  present  of  the  indicative  and  in- 
finitive, but  ^Iso  the  perfect  and  supine,  the  following  rules 
must  be  carefully  attended  to. 

I.  The^r^^,  second^  ViXidi  fourth  conjugations,  with  som^ 
exceptions  in  the  first,  form  the  perfect  and  supine  ab 
follows:  /> 

1st  Conj.  in  avi  and  atum ;  as,  amdvi,  amdtum. 
2d      "      in    ui  and  itum ;    "    monui,  monUum, 
.'      4th     ^*      in  ivi  and  Itum ;    "    audivi,  auditum. 
2    In  the  third  conjugation  the  following  laws  hold  good, 
namely, 

If  a  vovi^el  precede  ere  in  the  infinitive,  the  perfect  is 
formed  by  adding  i  to  the  root,  and  the  supine  by 
adding  turn.  But  in  the  case  of  the  supine  the  vowel 
of  the  root  becomes  long ;  as, 

acii-Of  acii'i,  acu-tum. 

tribu-o,  tribil-i,  trihu-tnm. 

But  if  a  consonant  precede  ere,  the  regular  termination 

of  the  perfect  is  in  si ;  as,  carpo,  carpsi ;  demo,  demsi^ 

&/C. 

The  5,  however,  of  this  si  undergoes  various  changes  : 
(«)  When  the  letters  c,  g,  A,  or  qu  precede,  it  unites 

with  them  and  forms  x  ;  as,  ducOj  duxi ;  fingo,  finxi : 

tralio^  traxi ;   coquo^  coxi. 
(h)   When  the  letter  b  precedes,  it  is  changed  into  p ; 

as.  scriho,  scrtpsi 
(c)  When  d  precedes,  sometimes  s,  sometimes  d  is 

dropped  ;  as,  defendo,  defendi ;  claudo^  clausi, 
12* 


'38  THE    VERB. 

(J)  The  letier  5  is  also  dropped  in  niany  verbs  whose 
deviations  in  this  respect  are  best  learned  from  th« 
dictionary ;  as,  lego,  legi ;  emo,  emU  &c. 
The  supine,  when  a  consonant  precedes  ere,  adds  turn 
to  the  root ;  as,  carp-o,  carp-turn  T  dic-o,  dic-tum. 
Some  change  of  the  preceding  consonant,  however, 
occasionally  takes  place  ;  as,  for  example, 
(a)  The  letter  h  changes  to  b.  p ;  as,  in  scrib-o,  scrips 

turn;  nubo,  nuptum, 
{b)  The  letters  g,  h,  and  qu  change  into  c ;  as,  reg-o, 

rec-tum ;  trak-o,  trac-tum;  coqu-o^  coc-tum. 
[c]  Verbs  in  do  make  sum  in  place  of  dtum ;  as,  de 

fend'O,  defen-sum. 
{d)  In  some  verbs  the  supine  has  x ;  as,  fig-o,Jix-um , 
in  others,  n  of  the  root  is  thrown  out ;  as,  vinc-o 
vic-tum, 
6    Two  irregularities  are  especially  common  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  perfect  of  the  third  conjugation  ;  1st,  the 
reduplication  of  the  first  consonant  with  the  vowel  that 
follows  it,  or  with  e ;  as,  tundo,  tutudi ;  cano,  cecini ; 
curro,  cucurri ;  parco,  peperci ;  and,  2d,  many  of  them 
are  formed   like    the  second    conjugation,  especially 
those  in  lo  and  mo ;  as,  alo,  alui,  alitum  (or  ahum) ; 
molo,  mOlui,  molttum ;  gemo,  gemiii,  gemitum. 
Y.  The  present,  infinitive,  perfect,  and  supine  being  now 
known,  the  other  tenses  are  formed  from  them  as  follows  • 
I.  From  the  Present  Indicative  Active  are  fonned, 

1.  The  Present  Subjunctive  Active. 

2.  The  Imperfect  Indicative  Active, 

3.  The  First  Future  Active. 

1,  The  Present  Subjunctive  Active  is  formed  by  chang- 
ing 0  into  em  in  the  first  conjugation  ;  as,  am-o,  am-em ; 
and  0  into  am  in  the  remaining  conjugations  ;  as,  mon 
eo,  mon-eam  ;  reg-o,  reg-am  ;  aud-io,  aud-iam. 


THE    VERB.  139 

And  from  this  present  subjunctive  active  comes,  in  its 
turn,  the  present  subjunctive  passive,  by  changing  m 
into  r  in  all  the  conjugations ;  as,  am-er,  mon-ear 
reg-ar,  aud-iar. 

*Z,  The  Imperfect  Indicative  Active  is  formed  by  changing 
0  in  the  first  conjugation  into  dbam ;  and,  in  the  re- 
maining conjugations,  into  ebam;  as,  am-dham,  mof 
ebam,  reg-ehaniy  audi-ebam. 

And  from  this  is  formed  the  same  tense  in  the  passive 
by  changing  m  into  r ;  as,  am-abar,mon-ebar,  reg-ehar 
audi-ebar. 

3  The  First  Future  Active  is  formed  by  changing  o  m 
the  first  conjugation  into  dbo^  in  the  second  into  ebo, 
and  in  the  third  and  fourth  into  am ;  as,  laud-dbo,  mon- 
eboj  reg-am^  audi-am. 

And  from  this  is  formed  the  first  future  passive  by 
adding  r  in  the  first  and  second  conjugations,  and  by 
changing  m  into  r  in  the  third  and  fourth ;  as,  am-ahor, 
mon-ebor,  reg-ar,  audi-ar, 

II.  From  the  Present  Infinitive  Active  are  formed. 

1.  The  Imperative  Active. 

2.  The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  Active, 

3.  The  Present  Infinitive  Passive. 

1.  The  Imperative  Active  is  formed  by  dropping  re ;  as. 
amdre^  ama  ;  monere,  mone  ;  regere,  rege  ;  audire,  audi, 

2.  The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  Active  is  formed  by  adding 
171 ;  as,  amare,  amdrem ;  monere,  monerem ;  rcgere,  re* 
gerem ;  audire,  audirem. 

And  from  this  same  tense  is  formed  the  imperfect  sub- 
junctive  passive  by  changing  m  into  r;  as,  amdrer^ 
monerer,  regerer,  audirer. 

3.  The  Present  Infinitive  Passive  is  formed  by  changing 
e  into  i  in  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  conjugations,  and 
ere  into  i  in  the  third ;  as,  amdre,  anidri ;  monere^  mo- 
neri ;  audire ,  audiri ;  leg  ere,  legi 


140  THE    VERB. 

III.  From  the  Perfect  Indicative  Active  are  formed, 

1.  The  Perfect  Infinitive  Active, 

2.  The  Pluperfect  Indicative. 

3.  The  Perfect  Subjunctive. 

4.  The  Pluperfect  Subjunctive, 

5.  The  Second  Future. 

1  The  Perfect  Infinitive  Active  is  formed  by  adding  jse , 
as,  amaviy  amavisse ;  monui,  monuisse ;  rexi,  rexisse ; 
audivi^  audivisse,  , 

2.  The  Phiperfect  Indicative  is  formed  by  changing  i 
into  eram  ;  as,  amavi,  amaveram ;  monueram,  rexeram^ 
audiveram. 

3.  The  Perfect  Subjunctive  is  formed  by  changing  i  into 
erim ;  as,  amavi,  amaverim ;  monui,  monuerim ;  rexi, 
rexerim ;  audivi,  audiverim, 

4.  The  Plupefect  Subjunctive  is  formed  by  adding  ssem  ; 
as,  amavi,  amavissem ;  monui,  monuissem ;  rexi,  rexis- 
sem ;  audivi,  audivissem. 

6,  The  Second  Future  is  formed  by  changing  e  into  cro; 
as,  amavi,  amavero ;  monui,  monuero ;  rexi,  rexiro  i 
audivi,  audivero. 

IV.  From  the  Supine  are  formed, 

1.  The  Future  Participle  Active, 

2.  The  Perfect  Participle  Passive. 

1.  The  Future  Participle  Active  is  formed  by  changing 
um  into  ftrus ;  as,  am  Hum,  omatxirus  ;  monitum,  moni- 
t^'rus  ;  rectum,  recthrus  ;  aud  turn,  auditurus, 

2.  The  Pefect  Participle  Passive  is  formed  by  changing 
um  into  us,  a,  um;  as,  amatum,  amdtus,  -a,  -um;  mont- 
tus,  -a,  'Um  ;  rect-us,  -a^  -um ;  audU-us,  -a,  -um. 

YI.  Tne  Present  Participle  Active  ends,  as  has  already 
aeen  rcm-irked,  in  the  first  conjugation  in  ans  ;  in  the  secon«1 
and  third  in  ens ;  in  the  fourth  in  tens ;.  as,  amans,  rr,onens 
Tcgcns,  audiens.     Hence  is  derived  the  participle  passive  in 


THE    VERB    SUM.  141 

ius^  by  changing  ns  into  dus ;  as,  amans^  amandus ;  monens, 
monendus ;  regens^  regcndus ;  audiens,  aud.iendus. 

Hence  also  is  derived  the  Gerund ;  as,  atnandurriy  aman- 
din ama?ido,  Slc. 

XLVIII.  THE  VERB  SUM. 

T.  Sum  is  called  an  Auxiliary  verb,  because  its  aid  19 
necessary  to  the  complete  conjugation  of  the  passive  voice. 

ii.  It  is  also  called  a  Substantive  verb,  because  it  is  the 
most  general  expression  of  existence. 

III.  Its  conjugation  is  very  irregular,  and  this  irregularity 
is  owing  to  the  circumstance  of  its  being  derived  partly 
from  the  Greek  elfil  {nmi)^  and  partly  from  0i;a)  (fuo). 

IV.  It  is  thus  conjugated  : 

Pres.  Ind.  Pres,  Inf.  Perf.  Ind, 

Sum,  esse,  fui,  to  he, 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

PresexNT  Tense,  am. 

Singular,  Plural, 

1.  Sum,  /  am,  Sum  us,  we  are, 

2.  Es,  thou  art,  Estis,  ye  are, 
3    Est,  he  is.  Sunt,  they  are. 

Imperfect,  was  (state  of  being  going  on). 

1.  Y^r dim,  I  was,  KmmMS,  we  were, 

2.  Eras,  thou  wasty  Eratis,  ye  were, 

3.  Erat,  he  was,  Erant,  they  were. 

fj"  AoRisT,  was  (past  time  indefinite). 

1.  Fui,  /  was,  Fuimus,  loe  were, 

2.  Fuisti,  thou  wast,  Fuistis,  ye  xoere, 

3.  Fuit,  he  was,  Fuerunt  or  fuere,  they  frere. 

Perfect,  have  been. 

1 .  Fui,  /  have  been,  FuTmus,  we  have  been^ 

2.  Fuisti,  thou  hast   been,      Fuistis,  ye  have  been^ 

3.  Fuit,  he  haft  bee7i,  Fuerunt  or   fuere,    they  ham 


142  THE    VERB    SUM. 

Pluperfect,  had  been. 
1.  Fueram,  /  had  been,  Fueramus,  we  had  been, 

3.  Fueras,  thou  hadst  been,     Fu^ratis,  ye  had  been, 
3.  Fuerat,  he  had  been ;  Fuerant,  they  had  been 

First  Future,  shall  or  will  be. 
1 .  Ero,  /  shall  or  will  be,         Erimus,  we  shall  or  will  be, 
2>.  Eris,  thou  shalt,  &ic,,  be,     Eritis,  ye  shall,  &;c.,  be, 
3.  Erit,  he  shall.  Sic,  be ;        Erunt,  they  shall,  &,c.,  be. 

Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  been. 

1.  Fuero,  I  shall,  &c.,  have    Fuerimus,  we  shall,  Slc,  have 

bee?i,  been, 

2.  Fueris,  thou  shalt,  &c.,       Fueritis,  ye   shall,  <fec.,  have 

have  been,  been, 

3.  Fuerit,  he  shalU  &c.,  have  Fuerint,  they  shall,  &c.,  ha%>e 

been ;  been, 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense,  may  be, 
1    Sim,  I  may  be,  Simus,  we  may  be, 

2.  Sis,  thou  mayest  be,  Sltis,  ye  may  be, 

3.  Sit,  he  may  be ;  Sint,  they  may  be. 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  be, 

1.  Essem,  /  might,  Sic,  be,    Essemus,  we  might,  &,c.,  be, 

2.  'Esses,  thou  mightest,  &c.,  Essetis,  ye  might.  Sic,  be, 

be, 

3.  Esset,  he  might,  Slc,  be  ;    Essent,  they  might,  &LC.,  be 

Perfect,  may  have  been. 

1 .  Fuerim,  /  may  have  been,  Fuerimus,  we  may  have  beer^ 

2.  Fueris,  thou  mayest   have  Fueritis,  ye  may  have  been, 

been, 

3.  Fuerit,  he  may  have  been ;    Fuerint,  they  may  have  been 


THE    VERB    SUM.  143 

Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  been. 

1.  Fuissem,  /  might,  &;c.,     Fuissemus,  we  might,  <fec., 

have  been,  have  been, 

2.  Fuisses,  thou  mightest,      Fuissetis,  ye  might,  &;c.,  havi 

(fee,  have  been,  been, 

3.  Fuisset,  he  might,   &c.,     Fuissent,  they  might,  &c., 

have  been;  have  been. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

2.  Es  or  esto,  be  thou,  Este  or  estote,  be  ye, 

3.  Esto,  let  him  be ;  Sunto,  let  them  be. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
Present  az^'d  Imperfect,        Esse,  to  be. 
Perfect  and  Pluperfect,    Fuisse,  to  have  been. 
First  Future,  Esse  futurus,  to  be  about  to  be.' 

Second  Future,  Fuisse    futurus,  to  have  been 

about  to  be. 
Participle.     Future,  Futurus,  a,  uiu,  about  to  be. 

V.  The  compounds  of  sum,  namely,  adsum,  absum,  desum. 
insum,  intersum,  obsum,  prcBsum,  subsum,  supersum,  are  de- 
clined like  the  simple  verb,  except  that  insum  and  subsum 
want  the  perfect  and  the  tenses  formed  from  it. 

VI.  In  prosum,  another  compound,  a.  dis  interposed  when 
a  vov/el  follows  pro  ;  as,  prodes,  proderam,  prodesse,  &c., 
while  possum,  from  potis  and  sum,  is  very  irregular.  Both 
these  verbs  will  be  considered  under  the  head  of  irregular 
verbi^f  to  which,  in  strictness,  however,  j^o^^wm  alone  be- 
Jongs. 

VII.  Instead  of  essem,  the  form  forem  (contracted  from 
(jisrem)  is  also  in  use. 

VIII.  Ens,  the  participle  present  of  sum,  is  used  only  as 
a  substantive  in  philosophical  language,  and  in  the  two 
compounds  absens  and  prcesens, 

1.  This  same  participle,  when  joined  with  sim^  supplies  the  place,  n 
some  respect,  of  a  future  of  the  ?*ubi\incf  ivo  ;  as,  futurus  sim.  mjs,  Sia^, 
"  1  iuay  be  about  tb  l/e.'"  ^U . 


144  EXERCISES    ON    THE    VERB    SUM. 

XLIX.  EXERCISES  ON  SUM  AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS. 
I. 

Translate  the  following  and  name  the  number  and  per- 
son, <fec 

Ego  Slim  homo. — Nunquam  solus  es,  Deus  semper  tecum 
Fat. — Si  contenti  sumus,  felices  erimus. — Tu^  pater  tuus, 
el  omnes  homines,  estis'  mortales. — Omnes  homines,  reges, 
prmcipes,  divites  et  pauperes  sunt  vitae  futurae  hasredes. — 
Olim  adolescens  eram,  nunc  vir  sum,  mox  senex  ero. — Olim 
fi-dolescentes  eramus,  nunc  viri  sumus,  mox  senes  erimus. — 
0  puer,  multi  laboris  et  curae  causa  matri  tuae  eras.—  Saepe 
:n  domo  exigua  vir  magnus  est. —  Pueri,  qui  hie  estis,  olim 
eratis  infantes. — Antiquissimis  hominibus  specus  pro^domi 
bus  erant. — Si  contentus  es,  nunquam  eris  pauper. —  Igna- 
;-us  semper  erit  ignarus. — Nunc  pueri  estis,  aliquando  eritis 
viri,  denique  senes. — Boni  homines  sunt  et  erunt  fehces, 
mali  .  nfelices. — Ego  Idem  sum  qui^  fui,  et  semper  ero  qui^ 
fui. — Darie,  ultimus  regum  Persarum  fuisti ! — Marce  Tulli, 
quanta  fuit  tua  eloquentia,  gloria  et  doctrinal — Sumus,  fui- 
mus,  et  e.imus  semper  in  potestate  Dei. — Nero  et  Caligula, 
Caesarum  Romanorum  crudelissimi  fuistis  ! — Fuerunt  plures 
Hercules  ;  ^eleberrimus  eorum  fuit  Hercules  Graecus. — Ego 
non  sum  idem  qui  fui  et  fueram  ;  tu  non  es  idem,  qui  fuisti 
et  fueras.—  Imperium  imperatoris  Titi,  qui  semper  clemens 
et  benevolus  fuerat,  brevissimum  fuit. — Nos  omnes  senes^ 
non  sumus  iidlem,  qui  pueri  fuimus  et  fueramus. — Nonne 
omnes  pueri  fueratis,  antequam  viri  eratis? — Multae  urbes 
Oraeciae,  quae  olim  potentes  fuerant,  Christi  aetate  erant  ex- 
iguae. —  Es  industrius,  puer;  nam  vita  humana  est  brevissi- 

1.  As  we  have  already  remarked,  the  first  person  is  preferred  to  the 
second,  the  second  to  the  third.  Hence  we  have  csfis  here,  as  tu  in  the 
second  persoii  controls  pater  and  homines  in  the  third. 

2    Pro,  "  instead  of,"  *'  in  lieu  of." 

3.  Qui,  "  that." 

4.  Qf/i,  "  the  one  that." 

5    Senes,  "  as  old  men  ;"  puen,  '*  when  boyp.*' 


:  EXERCISES    ON    THE    VERB    SUM.  145 

ma. — Este  diligentes  ;  nam  labor  parens  est  omnium  virtu 
Mim. — Justus  esto,  judex! — Qui  miser  est,  semper  mihi 
proximus  esto. — In  schola,  discipuli,  diligentes  et  attenti 
estote. — Aliorum  exempla  nobis  veluti  specula  sunto. 

Quis  sim  mihi  notum  est,  quis  futurus  sim^  mihi  ignotuni 
est. — Sit^  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano. — Benigni  simus  non 
solum  adversus  amicos,  sed  etiam  adversus  inimicos. — Ne 
BJtis^  hominum  censores  rigidi. — Utinam''  ingenii  et  virtutum 
patriarum  haeredes  semper  sint  liberi ! — Essem  malus  homo, 
si  adversus  parentes,  praeceptores  et  alios  homines  benefi- 
cos  ingratus  essem. — Tu  esses  ditior  si  magis  prodigus  fii- 
issem. — Quis  esset  pauper,  si  omnes  homines  benefici  et 
liberates  essent. — Essetis  doctiores,  discipuli,  si  diligentio- 
res  fuissetis. — Qualis  puer  fuerim  mihi  ignotum  est. — Qui 
vitae  exitus  Euripidi  fuerit,  doctis  ignotum  est. — Qui  Home- 
rus  et  Hesiodus  fuerint  multis  ignotum  est. — Multi  feliciores 
essent,  si  semper  providi  fuissent. — Omnibus  ignotum  est, 
quid  futurum  sit. — Quae  futura  sint,  deo  soli  nota  sunt. — In- 
certum  est  quam  longa  vita  nostrum  cujusque  futura  sit. 

Usus  cerevisiae  frequens  est,  ubi  vinum  deest. — Mensis 
rotundis  desunt^  anguli. — Epistolae  ne  desit  mundltia. — Mag- 
no  exercitui  Persarum  defuit  dux  peritus. — Bonis  nunquam 
deerunt  amici. — Aliis®  consilium,  aliis  animus,  aliis  occasio 
deest. — Eae  civitates  sunt  felicissimae  quibus  praesunt  optimi 
magistratus. — Septem  Graeciae  sapientes  omnes,  praeter  Tha 
letem  Milesium,  civitatibus  suis   praefuerunt. — Reipublicae 

1.  Consult  note  1,  page  143. 

2.  Sif,  *'  let  there  be."     So,  in  the  next  sentence,  simuSj  "  let  ns  be." 

3.  With  the  imperative  not  must  be  rendered  by  ne.  Instead,  how- 
ever, of  the  imperative,  used  as  an  exhortation,  the  present  or  perfect 
subjunctive  may  be  used,  where  it  is  intended  to  express  the  command 
in  a  mildtr  form  :  as  in  English,  you  should  is  used  for  the  imperative 
Hence  ne  sitts  may  be  rendered  "do  not  be." 

i.  Ufinam  liberi  sinty  "  Oh  that  children  may  be,"  implying  that  they 
may  or  may  not  be.  But  utinam  liberi  essent,  "  Oh  that  children  were  !' 
implyincT  that  they  are  not. 

5  Desum,  pncifum.,  and  some  othf-r  compounds  of  .vwm,  take  the  da 
tive. 

6  ^liis  —ahiSf  "  to  some" — "  to  others  " 

13 


146 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    VERB    SUM. 


Romanae  praeerant  consules,  Atheiiiensibus  Arcliontes. — Ex 
ercitui  fortissimo  si  prajsit  imperator  timidus,  haud  certa  csl 
victoria.— In  aqua  marina  sal  inest.* — Semina^  scintillarum 
insunt  etiam  in  ligno. — Demosthenes  multis  reis^  adfuit. — 
Adestote  animis,'*  qui  adestis  corporibus. — Aristides  interfuit 
pugnae  navali  apud  Salamina. — Divites  pauperibus  adsunto. 
— Infelicibus  quam  multis  adfuisse,  morienti  magnum  sola- 
tium erit. — Inter  principium  et  interitum  reipublicae  Ro- 
manae mille  ducenti  et  viginti  anni  interfuerunt. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Thou  that  art  poor,  but 
healthy,  art  happier  than 
the  richest  man  who  is  of  a 
sickly  frame. 

Are  you  not  all  children  of  one 
father  ? 

Ye  doves,  how  pure,  ye  eagles^ 
how  cruel  ye  are  ! 

Hannibal,  thou  wert  the  great- 
est leader  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians, 

My  son,  be  a  good  boy,  and 
thou  wilt  be  pleasing  to 
God  and  man. 

Who  will  be  happy  in  death  1 
He  who  shall  have  been 
pious  in  this  life. 


Tu  qui  sum  pauper  sed  vaii 
dus,  sum  felix  quam  dives 
qui  sum  corpus  infirmus. 

Nonne  tu  omnis  sum  liberi 

unus  pater  ? 
Tu  columba  quam  purus,  tu 

aquila  quam  crudelis  sum ! 
Hannibal,  tu  sum  magnus  dux 

Carthaginiensis ! 

Mens  filius,  sum  puer  bonus, 

et  Deus  homoque  acceptus 

sum. 
Quis    sum    felix    in    mors? 

lUe   qui  in   hie  vita   pius 

sum. 


1.  It  is  looked  upon,  generally,  as  an  elegance,  to  hare  a  preposition 
m  composition,  and  the  same  preposition,  with  a  case  governed  by  it,  in 
one  and  the  same  clause. 

5    Semina,  "  the  germes."     The  reference  is  to  latent  heat. 

3.  Reis.     The  adjective,  from  reus. 

•1    Animis,  ''  with  vour  minds  " 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    VERB    SUM. 


147 


Thou  heaven^  and  ye  stars,  be 
ever  witnesses  of  the  wisdom 
and  goodness  of  God. 

You  Phoenicians  were  the  in- 
ventors of  very  many  arts. 

I  wish  I  were  very  learned. 

Oh  that  we  may  he  free  and 
happy. 

Do  not  he  a  defender  of  all 
abandoned  and  most  wicked 
men. 

He  is  most  happy  who  shall 
have  heen  most  pious. 

The  war  is  ahout  to  he  most 
cruel. 

What  may  he  ahout  to  he  is 
known  to  us  all  who  are  here. 

Magistrates  preside  over  the 
state,  laws  over  magistrates. 

Let  the  safety  of  the  people  he 
the  supreme  law. 

To  certain  animals  feet  are 
wanting. 

Regulus  commanded  the  Ro- 
man army. 

Let  clamour  and  quarrels  he 
away. 

He  to  whom  sight  is  wanting 
is  hlind ;  to  whom  hearing, 
deaf ;  to  whom  speech, 
dumh. 

[n  wine  there  is  truth. 

Be  present,  oh  my  God,  to  the 
prayers  of  all  who  are  faith- 
ful and  with  pure  hearts. 


Tu  coelum,  et  tu  Stella,  sum 
semper  testis  sapientia  et 
benelicentia  Deus. 

Tu  Phoenlces  sum  inventor 
plurimus  ars. 

Utinam  sum  doctus. 

Utinam  sum  liber  et  felix. 

Ne  sum  omnis  perditus  sce- 
leratusque  homo  defensor 

Qui  pius  sum  ille  felix  sum 

Bellum  sum  atrox. 

Quis  sum  notus  sum  ego  om 

nis  qui  hie  sum. 
Magistratus   civitas  prsesum, 

magistratus  lex. 
Salus  populus  supremus  lex 

sum. 
Quidam  animal  desum  pes 

Regulus  exercitus  Romanus 

praesum. 
Absum  clamor  et  rixa. 

Qui  visus  desum,  caecus  sum 
qui  auditus,  surdus ;  qui 
sermo,  mutus. 

In  vinum  insum  Veritas. 
Adsum,  meus    Deus,  preces 

omnis  qui   fidelis  sum,  eft 

cor  purus. 


l48  FIRST    CONJUGATION^l^XIi       , 

L.  FIRST  CONJUGATION,  ACTIVE  VOICE. 
Pres.  Ind,     Pres.  Inf.     Perf.  Ind.      Supine. 
Amo,  Amare,  Amavi,        Amatum,  To  »otM 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense,  love. 
Sifig    1    Ani-o,  /  love, 

2.  Am-as,  Thou  lovest, 

3.  Am-at,  He  loves ; 
Plur,   1.  Am-amus,  We  love, 

2.  Am-atis,       |      -      Ye  love, 

3.  Am-ant,  They  love. 

Imperfect,  was  loving. 
Sing.   1.  Am-abam,  /  was  loving, 

2.  Am-abas,  Thou  wast  loving^ 

3.  Am-abat,  He  was  loving  ; 
Plur.   1.  Am-abamus,  We  were  loving, 

2.  Am-abatis,  Ye  were  loving, 

3.  Am-abant,  Thej/  were  loving, 

AoRisT,  loved. 
Sing.   1 .  Am-avi,  /  loved, 

2.  Am-avisti,  Thou  didst  love, 

3.  Am-avit,  He  loved ; 
Plur.   1.  Am-avimus,  We  loved, 

2.  Am-avistis,  Ye  loved, 

3.  Am-averunt  or  They  loved, 

-avere, 

Perfect,  have  loved. 
Sing,    1.  Am-avi,  I  have  loved, 

2,  Am-avisti,  Thou  hast  loved, 

3.  Am-avit,  He  has  loved  ; 
Plur.   1.   Am-avimus,  We  have  loved, 

2.  Am-avistis,  Ye  have  loved, 

3.  Am-averunt  or  They  have  loved, 

-aveiVo 


FIRST    CONJUGATION.  149 

Y^!^  .     Pluperfect,  had  loved. 
Sing*   1.  Am-averam,  /  had  loved, 

2.  Am-averas,  Thou  hadst  loved, 
3    Am-averat,                He  had  loved ; 

Plur.   1.  Am-averamus,  We  had  loved, 

2    Am-averatis,  Ye  had  loved, 

3.  Am-averant,  They  had  loved. 

First  Future,  shall  or  will  love. 
Sing.   1.  Am-abo,  I  shall,  (fcc,  love, 

2.  Am-abis,  Thou  shah,  &c.,  lov* 

3.  Am-abit,  He  shall,  <fec.,  love; 
Plur.   I.  Am-abimus,  We  shall,  &c.,  love, 

2.  Am-abitis,  Ye  shall,  Slc,  love, 

3.  Am-abunt,  They  shalU  <fec.,  love. 

Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  loved. 
Sing.  1.  Am-avero,  I  shall,  &c.,  have  loved^ 

2.  Am-averis,  Thou  shaU,  &c.,  have  hve^ 

3.  Am-averit,  He  shall,  <fec..  have  loved ; 
Plur.   1.  Am-averimus,  We  shall,  &dc.,  have  loved j 

2.  Am-averitis,  Ye  shall,  Szc,  have  loved, 

3.  Am-averint,  They  shall,  <fec  ,  have  loviti 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  love. 
Sing.  1.  Am-em,  I  may  love, 

2.  Am-es,  Thou  mayest  love, 

3.  Am-et,  He  may  love  ; 
Plur.   1.   Am-emus,  We  may  love, 

2.  Am-etis,  Ye  may  love, 

3.  Am-ent,  They  may  love. 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  love 
Sing.   1.  Am-arem,  I  might,  &c.,  love, 

2.  Am-ares,  Tiiou  mightest,  <fec.,  1(a, 

3.  Am-aret,  He  might,  &lc.,  love; 

13* 


150  FIRST    CONJUGATION. 

PluT.   1.  Am-aremus,  We  might,  &c.,  love^ 

2.  Am-aretis,  Ye  might,  &;c.,  love, 

3.  Am-arent,  They  might,  &c.,  love. 

Perfect,  may  have  loved. 
Sing,   1    Am-averim,  /  may  have  loved, 

2.  Am-averis,  Thou  mayest  have  loved,    ^ 

3.  Am  averit,  He  may  have  loved; 
Plur.   1.  Am-a  erlmLs,  We  may  have  loved, 

2.  Am-averitis,  Ye  may  have  loved, 

3.  Am-averint,  They  may  have  loved.     . 

Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  loved. 
Sing.   1.  Am-avissem,  I  might.  Sic,  have  loved, 

2.  Am-avisses,  Thou  mightest.  Sic,  have  loved 

3.  Am-avisset,  He  might,  <fec.,  have  loved  ; 
Plur.   1.  Am-avissemus,  We  might,  &c.,  have  loved, 

2.  Am-avissetis,  Ye  might,  &c.,  have  loved, 

3.  Am-avissent,  They  might,  Slc,  have  loved 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Sing,  2.  Am-a  or  -ato.  Love  thou, 

3.  Am-atx),  Let  him  love  ; 

Plur.  2.  Am-ate  or  -atote.      Love  ye, 

3.  Am-anto,  Let  them  love. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
Pres.  and  Imp.,  Am-are,        To  love, 
Perf.  and  Plup.,  Am-avisse,  To  have  loved. 
First  Fut.,         Esse  am-      To  he  about  to  love^ 

aturiis, 
Second  Fut.,      Fuisse  am-    To  have  been  about  to  lom^ 
atunis, 

PARTICIPLES. 
Pres.  and  Imp.,  Am-ans,  Loving, 

Future,  Am-aturus,  a,  urn,  About  to  love. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION.         I  Til 

GERUNDS. 
Nom.        Am-andum,  Loving, 

Gen,         Am-andi,  Of  loving, 

Dat.         Am-ando,  To  loving, 

Ace.         Am-andum,  Loving, 

AbL         Am-ando,  By,  <fec.,  loving. 

SUPINES. 
First,     Am-atum,  To  love. 

Second,  Am-atu,  To  be  loved. 

LI    EXERCISES  ON  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION,  ACT*  ^ 
VOICE. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  number, 
person,  &c. 

Tu  me  amas,  ego  te  amo. — Animus  peccat,  non  corpus. 
— Asinus  onera  portat  gravissima.— Rogamus  Deum,  ut  no- 
bis propitius  sit ;  nam  tum  demum  felices  sumus,  quum 
Deus  nobis  propitius  est. — Si  cori^ectorem  amatis,  pueri, 
salutem  vestram  amatis  ;  si  reprehensorem  repudiatis,  stulti 
estis. — Innumerae  stellae  ornant  ccelum  nocturnum. — Te  de- 
lectant  tua  negotia,^  me  mea,  quemque  sua. — Ego  et  omnes 
'  praeceptores  laudamus^  diligentes  discipulos,  et  vituperamus 
pigros. — Tu,  ego,  et  omnes  homines  amamus  et  adoramus 
Deum,  universi  mundi  creatorem. — Omnes  homines  et  vos, 
qui  hie  adestis,  amatis  et  adoratis  Deum,  benignissimum 
patrem  nostrum  omnium. — Olim  habitabam  in  agro,  nunc 
habito  in  urbe. — Horati,  vehementer  vituperabas  pravos  mo- 
res degenerum  Romanorum  ! — Pythagoras  omnibus  homini- 
bus  frugalitatem  commendabat. — Nos  iEgyptii  antiquissimis 
temporibus  easdem  fere  regiones  habitabamus,  quas  nunc 

1.  Negotia,  "  affairs." 

2.  The  student  will  remember  that,  grammatically  speaking,  the  first 
person  is  superior  to  the  second,  and  the  second  to  the  third.  Hence 
we  have  laudamiis  here,  and  soon  after  amatis  and  adoratis. 


152  EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION. 

habitamus. — Romani  quotannis  bines  consules  creabant.— 
Parenles,  patriam,  et  omnia,  quae  bona  sunt,  semper  amabo, 
Honorabo,  et  laudabo. — Si  sis  felix,  multos  nurnerabis  ami- 
cos. — Deus  aliquando  omnes  mortuos  suscitabit. —  Alibi  ha- 
br^bimus  post  mortem. — Senes  semper  laudabunt  tempora 
praeterita. 

Optima  semper  laudavi,  pessima  vituperavi. — Quam  po- 
tens  et  sapiens  es,  mi  Deufe,  qui  universum  mundum  crea- 
visti ! — Calchas  divinavit  annos  belli  Trojani. — Nos  Chris- 
tiani  semper  veritateni  amavimus. — O  injusti  Athenienses, 
qui  Socratem  damnavistis ! — Ciceronem  Quintus  Catulus 
multique  alii  patrem  patriae  nominaverunt. — Puer,'  semper 
pptaveram  ut  dives  essem,  nunc  autem  opto  ut  Justus  et  sa- 
piens sim. — Croese,  magnae  divitiae,  quas  tibi  comparaveras, 
te  non  servaverunt ! — Fratres  Josephi  dilaceraverunt  vestem 
versicolorem,  quam  pater  ipsi  donaverat. — Rex  noster,  nobis 
donavit  pacem,  quam  diu  frustra  expectaveramus. — Spec- 
tavistis,  pueri,  quod  optaveratis. — Romulus  et  Remus,  quos 
pastores  educaverant,  fuerunt  conditores  Romae. — Non  re- 
pudiabo  amicos,  quos  mihi  comparavero. — Poma  gustabis, 
si  arbores  plantaveris. — Ille,  qui,  in  hac  vita,  Deum  adorave- 
rit,  homines  amaverit,  et  laudabilia  laudaverit,  in  altera  be- 
atissimus  erit. — Si  bonam  famam  nobis  servaverimus,  satis 
divites  erimus. — Quum  viginti  duplicaveritis,  discipuli,  quot  . 
numerabitis  ? — Si  quid  ignoras  interroga  sapientes. — Milites 
victores  ne  trucidate^  inermes  et  supplices. — Homo  semper 
sibi  bonam  famam  servato. — Celebratote  dies  festos. — Ju- 
niores  seniores  honoranto. — Magistratus  bini  quotannis 
suntO;  eosque  omnes  honoranto,  salutanto,  et  consules  vo 
canto. 

Religio  Christiana  postulat,  ut^  non  solum  parentes  e! 
propinquos  amem,  sed  etiam  alios  homines  ut**  me  ipsum. — 

1.  Puer,  "  when  a  boy." 

2.  Ne  trucidatc.     Consult  note  3,  page  145.     . 

3.  Ut,  "  that."     The  conjunction,  and  construed  with  the.  subjunctive 

4.  Uf,  '*  as,"  the  adverb. 


1^3 

EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION.         153 

In  rebus  adversis  ne  desperes. — Quis  dubitet,  quin^  in  vir- 
tute  divitiae  sint  1 — Laudemus  optima,  vituperemus  pessima ! 
— -Necem  Caesaris  probarem,  si  percussores  ejus  rempubli 
cam  Romanam  servavissent ! — Deus  terram  creavit,  ut  nos 
homines  earn  habitaremus. — Dubito  an  amicos,  quos  m^ii 
comparavero,  unquam  repudiaturus  sim. — Nemo  dubitat,  quin 
Deus  mundum,  quem  creavit,  gubernaturus  et  conservaturus 
sit.— Quo  grues  auctumno  migraturae  sint,  cuinam  notum 
est  ? — Quid  hodie  laboraverim  et  cogitaverim  tibi  narrabo. 
— Quid  cogitemus,  quid  cogitaverimus,  quid  cogitaturi  simus, 
soli  Deo  notum  est.-iHistoria  narrat  quantopere  veteres  Ro- 
mani  bellum  et  artes  bellicas  amaverint.^T--Si  semper  de 
morte  cogitavissem,^  minus  saepe  peccavissem. — Minus 
saepe  peccavissetis,  homines,  si  cogitavissetis,  quam  Justus 
sit*  Deus. — Errare  humanum  est. — In  errore  perseverare 
lurpe  est.-^Multo  se  ipsum,*  quam  hostem,  superare  opero- 
sius  est.:^ — Sibi^  divitias  comparare  jucundum  est.--Deum 
adoravisse,  atque  homines  amavisse,  morienti  magnum  so 
latium  erit.-n-Ipsa  voluntas  peccandi  est  peccatum. — Anto 
nius  deditissimus  erat  potando. — Camelus  non  solum  ad 
portandum,  sed  etiam  ad  equitandum,  est  idoneus. — Summa 
aceti  vis  est  in  refrigerando. — Fumans  camlnus  indicat  dom- 
icilium  humanum. — Erranti  monstremus  iter. — Nihil  est  Ion- 
gum  somnianti. — Cantantes  in  aerem  alaudae  evolant. 

1.  Quin^  "but  that."     Construed  with  the  subjunctive. 

2.  Amaverint,  "  loved."  All  sentences,  clauses,  or  simple  words 
which  contain  an  indirect  question,  that  is,  which  do  not  put  a  question, 
but  state  the  subject  of  one,  dependant  upon  some  other  verb  or  prepo- 
sition, are,  in  Latin,  in  the  subjuilctive  mood.  All  the  words  which  are 
used  for  direct  questions,  with  the  indicative  mood,  may  in  this  way 
have  a  subjunctive,  such  as,  quis,  quot^  qualisy  quantus,  &.c.,  and  among 
the  number  quantopere.  It  must  be  observed,  moreover,  that  frequently, 
in  translating  this  subjunctive  into  English,  we  have  to  use  the  indica- 
tive, as  in  the  present  instance. 

3.  Cogitavissem,  "  had  reflected."  The  mood  is  the  subjunctive, 
but  we  have  to  employ  our  indicative  in  translating  Compare  previout 
^ote,  towards  its  close. 

4.  Sit,  "  is."     Consult  note  2. 

5.  Se  ipsum,  ''  one's  own  self." 

6.  Sibi.  "  one's  self." 


154 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION 


II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

Vhtue    conciliates    and  pre- ,  Virtus  concilio  et  servo  ami- 
servcs  friends. 

Cicero  ^surpassed  all  the  Ro- 
mans in  eloquence. 

Cato  used  to  call  Sicily  the 
treasury  of  the  Roman  peo- 
ple. 

We  Christians  worship  none 
other  than  the  true  God. 

Vulcan  and  the  Cyclopes  in- 
habited  jTltna,  a  mountain 
of  Sicily. 

I  have  praised  a  country  life, 
but  now  I  will  praise  a  city 
life. 

You  Romans  are  going  to  call 
out  the  bravest  soldiers. 

The  time  of  fighting  is  now  at 
hand. 

Be  ye  all  faithful,  and  fight 
and  conquer,  and  celebrate 
victory  when  ye  shall  have 
drawn  near  to  the  city. 

There  are  even  fiying  fishes. 

The  instances  of  changing  for- 
tune are  innumerable. 

Let  us  all  praise  the  man  who 
preserves  himself  from  the 
snares  of  vice,  afid  curbs 
his  evil  desires. 

Let  vQur  books  delight  ycu. 


cus. 
Cicero  supero  omnis  Roma- 

nus  in  eloquentia. 
Cato  voco    Sicilia    aerarium 

populus  Romanus. 

Ego  Christianus  adoro  nuUus 
alius  quam  verus  Deus. 

Vulcanus  et  Cyclops  habito 
^tna,  mons  Sicilia. 

Laudo  vita  rusticus,  at  nunc 
vita  urbanus  laudo. 

Tu  Romanus  voco  fortis  mi- 
les. 
Tempus  pugno  nunc  adsum. 

Sum  omnis  fidelis,  et  pugno 
et  supero,  et  quum  ad  urbs 
advento  victoria  celebro 

Sum  etiam  piscis  vc'o. 

Exemplum  vario  fortuna  sum 
innumerus. 

Omnis  laudo  homo  qui  sui 
servo  ab  insidiae  vitium,  t| 
cupiditas  malus  freno 


Tuus  liber  delecto  tu. 


^- 


FIRST    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE. 


155 


You  would  regulate  your  life 
better,  my  friends,  if  you 
were  more  prudent. 

Most  beloved  sister,  you  are 
going   to    surpass    me    in 


You  would  taste  fruits  if  you 

had  planted  trees. 
Many  men  would  sin  less,  if 

they  would  reflect  how  just 

God  is. 
We  put  to  flight  sorrow   by 

singing. 
This  war  is  going  to  desolate 

our  city. 


Melius    colloco   vita   vestra 
amicus,  si  prudens  sum. 


Dilectus    soror 
doctrina. 


supero    ego 


Pomum  gusto  si  arbor  plan  to 

Multus  homo  minus  pecco,  s) 
cogito  quam  Justus  sum 
Deus. 

Moeror  canto  fugo. 

Hie  bellum  urbs  noster  de- 
vasto. 


Sing, 


LIT.  FIRST  CONJUGATION,  PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Pres,  Ind.     Pres.  Inf.     Perf.  Part. 
Amor,  Amari,         Amatus,   To  be  loved. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense,  am  loved. 
Am-or,  /  am  loved, 

Am-aris  or  -are,        Thou  art  loved. 


3.  Am-atur, 

Plur,    1.  Am-amur, 

2.  Am-amini, 

3.  Am-antur, 


He  is  loved  ; 
We  are  loved, 
Ye  are  loved, 
They  are  loved. 


Imperfect,  was  loved. 

Sing.   1 .  Am-abar,  /  was  loved, 

2.  Am-abarisor-abare,  Thou  wast  loved, 

3.  Am-abatur,  He  was  loved; 
Plur.    1  Am-abamur,  We  were  loved, 

2.  Am-abamini,  Ye  were  loved, 

3.  Am-abantur,  They  were  loved- 


156  FIRST    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICJg. 

AoRisT,  was  loved. 
Sing.  1 .  Am-atus  sum  or  fui,       /  was  loved, 

2,  Am-atus  esorfuisti,       Thou  wast  loved, 

3.  Am-atus  est  or  fuit,        He  was  loved ; 
Plur.  1.  Am-ati  sumusorfui-       We  were  loved, 

mus, 

2.  Am-ati  estis  or  fu-       Ye  were  loved, 

istis, 

3.  Am-ati  sunt  or  fue-        Thej/  were  loved 

runt  or  fuere, 

Perfect,  have  been  loved. 

Sing.  I .  Am-atus  sum  or  fui,  /  have  been  loved, 

2.  Am-atus  es  or  fuisti,  Thou  hast  been  loved 

3.  Am-atus  est  or  fuit,  He  has  been  loved ; 
Plur.  1 .  Am-ati  sumus  or  fui-  We  have  been  loved, 

mus, 

2.  Am-fiti  estis  or   fu-       Ye  have  been  loved, 

istis, 

3.  Am-ati  sunt  or  fue-       Thej/  have  been  loved, 

runt  or  fuere. 

Pluperfect,  had  been  loved. 

Sing.  1.  Am-atus  eram  or  fue-      I  had  been  loved, 
ram, 

2.  Am-atus  eras  or  fue-       Thou  hadst  been  loved^ 

ras, 

3.  Am-atus  erat  or  fue-      He  had  been  loved ; 

rat, 
Plur,  1.  Am-ati    eramus    or       We  had  been  loved, 
fueramus, 

2.  Am-ati  oratis  or  fue-       Ye  had  been  loved^ 

ratis, 

3.  Am-ali  erant  or  fue-      They  had  been  loved, 

rant, 


FIRST    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE,  157 

First  Future,  shall  or  loill  he  loved 
Sing.  1.  Am-abor,  /  shall,  &c.,  he  loved, 

2  Am-aberis  or  abere,  Thou  shalt,  &.C.,  he  loved, 

3  Am-abitur,  He  shall,  Sic,  he  loved; 
Plur,  1.  Am-abimur,  We  shall,  &c.,  he  loved^ 

2.  Am-abimini,  Ye  shall,  &c.,  he  loved, 

3.  Am-abuntur,  They  shall,  Szc,  he  loved 

Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  heen  loved. 

Sing.  1.  Am-atus  fuero,  /  shall,  Slc,  have  heen  loved, 

2.  Am-atus  fueris,  Thou  shalt,    &€.,    have    heen 

loved, 

3.  Am-atus  fuerit,  He  shall,  <fec.,  have  heen  loved; 
Plur.  1.  Am-ati  fuerimus,        We  shall,  &:c.,  have  heen  loved, 

2.  Am-ati  fueritis,  Ye  shall,  &c.,  have  heen  loved. 

3.  Am-ati  fuerint,  They    shall,    &c.,   have    heen 

loved. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
»ws;. .  Present,  may  he  loved. 

Sing.   1.  Am-er,  I  may  he  loved, 

2.  Am-eris  or  -ere,        Thou  mayest  he  lovedy 

3.  Am-etur,  He  may  be  loved ; 
Plur.   1.  Am-emur,  We  may  he  loved, 

2.  Am-emini,  Ye  may  he  loved, 

3.  Am-entur,  They  may  he  loved. 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  he  loved 
Sing.   1 .  Am-arer,  /  might,  &>c.,  he  loved, 

2.  Am-areris  or  -arere,  Thou  mightest,  &c.,  he  lovei 

3.  Am-aretur,  He  might,  &c.,  he  loved; 
Plur.   1.  Am-aremur,  We  might,  &lc.,  he  loved, 

2.  Am-aremmi,  Ye  might,  <fec.,  he  loved, 

3.  Am-arentur,  They  might,  Slc  ,  be  loved 

1  1 


158  FIRST    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE 

Perfect,  may  have  been  loved. 
Sing.  1 .  Am-atus  sim  or  fu-    /  may  have  been  loved, 
erim, 

2.  Am-atus  sis  or  fueris,  Thou  mayest  have  been  loved, 

3.  Am-atus  sitorfuerit,  He  may  have  been  loved; 
Plur,  1.  Am-ati  sTmus  or  fu-     We  may  have  been  loved, 

erimus, 

2.  Am-ati  sitis  or  fue-     Ye  may  have  been  loved^ 

ritis, 

3.  Am-ati  sint  or  fue-     They  may  have  been  loved. 

rint, 

Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  been  loved 
Sing.   1.   Am-atus  essem  or    I  might,  &c.,  have  been  lovedj 
fuissem, 

2.  Am-atus  esses  or     Thou  mightest,  Sic,  have  been 

fuisses,  loved, 

3.  Am-atus  esset  or      He    might,    <fec.,    have    been 

fuisset,  loved ; 

Plur.   1.  Am-ati  essemus  or  We    might,    Slc,   have    been 

fuissemus,  loved, 

2.  Am-ati  essetis  or  Ye    might,    &c.,    have    been 

fuissetis,  loved, 

3.  Am-ati   essent   or     They  might,  &;c.,  have  been 

fuissent,  loved. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Sing.  2.  Am-are  or  -ator,        Be  thou  loved, 

3.  Am-ator,  Let  him  be  loved  • 

Plur.  2.  Am-amini,  Be  ye  loved, 

3.  Am-antor,  Let  them  be  loved. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
Pres.  and  Imp.,        Am-ari,  To  be  loved. 

Perf.  anp  Plup.,    Esse  or  fuisse    To  have  been  loved 

am-atus, 
FrTURE,  Am-atum  iri.       To  be  abont  to  be  lovea 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION.  159 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perpect,       Am-atus,  a,  um,  Loved. 

Future,        Am-andus,  a,  um,         To  he  loved} 

LIII.   EXERCISES  ON  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION,  PASS- 
IVE VOICE. 

Preliminary  Rule, 
Thft  principal  agent,  when  following  a  verb  of  passive 
signification,  is  governed  in  the  ablative  by  the  prepositions 
cr,  ab,  or  abs  ;^  as,  Laudatur  ah  his,  culpatur  ab  illis  ;  "  he  is 
praised  by  these,  i^^i  blamed  by  those." 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tonse,  number, 
oerson,  &c. 

Honoro  omnes  probos,  et  honoror  ab  omnibus  probis, — O 
Deus,  nunquam  satis  laudaris  et  celebraris. — Sol  a  quibus- 
dam  gentibus  tanquam  Deus  adoratur. — Tempora  mutantur, 
et  nos  mutamur  in  illis. — Si  non  honoratis  eos,  qui  honore 
digni^  sunt,  ipsi  quoque  non  honoramini. — Pastores  migran 
tes  nomades  vocantur. — Saepe  non  resalutabar  ab  illis,  quos 
salutaveram. — Socrates,  summe  philosophorum,  a  multis 
vituperabaris,  et  a  multis  honorabaris  ! — Olim  Galli^  ab  Aqui- 
tanis,  Celtis  et  Belgis  habitabatur. — Benignissime  Deus, 
quoties  donabamur  a  te,  quem  nunquam  donabamus ! — 
Quoties,  Romani,  ab  Hannibale  superabamini ! — Vites, 
apud'*  priscos,  propter^  magnitudinem,  inter  arbores  numera- 
bantur. — Si  senes  honorabo,  ab  iis  laudabor. — Amaberis  ab 
omnibus  bonis  hominibus,  si  virtutem  amabis. — Bonus  di»- 

1,  Consult  remarks  on  this  participle,  page  133. 

4.  The  preposition  a  is  used  before  words  commencing  with  a  con- 
sonant ;  ab  before  those  which  begin  with  a  vowel,  or  with  either  of  the 
letters  h,  j  {I  not  uniformly),  r,  and  s.  Wiih  regard  to  abs,  the  rule  is 
to  employ  it  only  before  t  and  qu ;  but  even  here  a  is  often  used  for  it. 

3.  Honore  digni,  "worthy  of  honour."     Dignus  governs  the  ablative. 

4.  Apud,  "  among."     Preposition  governing  the  accusative. 

a.  Prypter,  '*  on  account  of.'' — Inter,  "  ftmong."  Both  prepositioija, 
governing  the  accusat've. 


160         EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION. 

cipulus  a  praeceptore  laudabitur,  piger  vituperabitur  et  cas- 
figabitur. — Si  sublevabimus  inopes,  et  ipsi  sublevabimur. 
— Laudabimini,  si  laudabiles  eritis. — Nunquara  honorabun- 
tur  ii,  qui  neminem  honorant. — Homo  a  Deo,  auctore  om- 
nium rerum,  creatus  est. — Quando  Constantinopolis  a  Tur- 
cis  expugnata  est  ? — Prima  aelas  mundi  vocata  est  aurea. — 
Caesar  a  Bruto  aliisque  conjuratis  necatus  est. — A  Tar- 
quinio  Superbo,  ultimo  Romanorum  rege,  templum  Jovis 
Capitolini  aedificatum  est. — A  Phoemcibus  variae  artes  ex- 
cogitatae  ^unt. — Tu,  pater,  et  fratres  tui  a  Deo  creati  estis. 
— Cyrus,  Romulus  et  Remus  inter  pastores  educati  sunt. — 
A  Graecis  et  Romanis  diis  deabusque  multa  templa  sacrata 
sunt. 

Romulus,  qui  a  Faustulo  pastore  educatus  erat,  cum 
multis  gentibus  bellavit. — A  fratribus  Josephi  dilacerata 
est  vestis  versicolor,  quae  a  patre  ipsi  donata  erat. — Man- 
lius,  a  quo  Capitolium  servatum  erat,  a  Romanis  postea 
damnatus  est. — Optimae  arbores  pomiferae  e  Graecia,  Asia 
et  Africa  in  Italiam'  deportatee  sunt,  et  ex  Italia  ad  nos 
migraverunt. — lis  hominibus,  a  quibus  vita  bene  collocata 
fuerit,  aliquando  mors  jucunda  erit. — Homo,  a  quo  Deus  in 
hac  vita  adoratus  fuerit,  in  altera  beatissimus  erit. — Quum 
octo  duplrcata  fuerint,  quot  numerabuntur  ? — Poma  gustabun- 
tur,  si  arbores  plantatae  fuerint. — Lex  erat  Solonis  :  oratio, 
qua^  laudantur  ii,  qui  in  procliis  necati  sunt,  quotannis 
eodem  die  recitator. — Nullus  hominum,  ne  bestia  quidem 
cruciator. — Seniores,  a  junioribus  honoramini. — Pharaonis, 
crudelissimi  regis,  lex  erat :  Omnes  Hebraeorum  pueruli  a 
matribus  ipsis  ne  cantor. 

Non  dubito,  quin  a  discipulis  meis  amer  et  honorer. — 
Ut®  lauderis,  laudabilis  esto. — Nemo  castigetur,  quia  pec- 
cavit,  sed  ne^  iterum  peccet. — Amabiles  simus,  ut  amemui 

1.  In  Ilaliam,  "  into  Italy." 

3.  Qua,  *'  in  which." 

3.  Ut,  "  in  order  that." 

4  Ne,  "  lest,"  or.  in  order  that  he  may  not,  &c. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATION.  16i 

— Ut  honoremini,  estote  honore  digni.' — Diligentes  dis- 
cipuli  optant,  ut  a  pr2eceptoribus  amentur  et  laudentur. — 
Virtutem  semper  amavi,  ut  a  probis  commendarer. — Te 
castigavi,  ignave  puer,  ut  emendareris. — Satis  longa  plu- 
rimorum  hominum  vita  esset,  si  tota  bene  collocaretur. — 
Laudaremur,  si  laudibiles  essemus. — Honoraremini,  si  lion- 
ore  digni  essetis. — Fulvia  Ciceroni  conjurationem  Catilinae' 
indicavit,  ut  cives  Romani  servarentur. — Non  dubito,  quin 
semper  a  parentibus  amatus  sim. — Quantopere  a  Romanis 
bellum  amatum  sit,^  nobis  omnibus  notum  est. — Dubito, 
pueri,  quin  bene  educati  sitis. — Quis  dubitat,  quin  Carthago 
a  Caesare  reparata  sit  1 — Quis  unquam  dubitabit,  quin  cerasi 
a  Lucullo  e  Ponto  in  Italiam  deportatae  sint  ? — Multi  hom- 
ines ignorant,  a  quonam  creati  sint. — Erravissem  semper, 
nisi*  ab  amico  in  rectam  viam  essem  revocatus.— Praemia 
vobis  donata  essent,  si  diligentiores  fuissetis. — Muhi  hom- 
ines de  multis  rebus  rectius  judicarent,  si  melius  educati 
essent. — Cicero  non  obtruncatus  esset,  si  audacior  fuisset. 
— Ab  aliis  laudari  satius^  est,  quam  a  se  ipso. — Turpius  est 
vituperare  quam  vituperari. — Ager  bis  vel  ter  aratus  sem- 
Inatur. — Tigris  satiata  quoque  trucldat. — Leones  satiati  in- 
noxii  sunt. — Vigilatae  noctes  attenuant  corpora  juvenum. 

11. 

Convert  the  foUow^ing  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Thou,  oh  lion,  art  called  by 
all  the  king  of  quadrupeds. 

How  often  were  we,  when  boys, 
blamed  and  punished  by  our 
elders. 


Tu,  leo,  voco  ab  omnis  rex 

quadrupes. 
Quam   saepe,  puer,  a  senex 

culpo  et  castigo. 


1.  Consult  note  3,  page  159. 
3.   Catilince,  '*  of  Catiline." 

3.  Consult  note  2,  page  1 53. 

4.  Nisi  J  &c.,  "  had  I  not,"  &c. 

5.  Satius J^heitei.^* 

14* 


162 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FIRST    CONJUGATfOW. 


Oh    Titus,  thou   wert    loved, 

praised,  and  valued  hy  all  I 
The  dead  were  burned  hy  the 

Romans. 
Ye  mil  he  honoured  hy  all  if 

your  actions  he  worthy  of 

honour. 
A  temple  has  been  consecrated 

to  Jupiter,  the  greatest  of 

the  gods. 
Let  the  good  he  praised,  the 

had  censured  and  punished. 
Be  thou  loved,  and  honoured, 

and  invoked,  oh   my  God, 

hy  us  all ! 
When  fifty   may   have    heen 

doubled,  how  many  will  ye 

count  1 
Love  ye  all  men,  in  order  that 

ye  may  he  loved  hy  all. 
The    things  that  are   wished 

for  by  us  are  often  hurtful* 
All  these  things  were  disclosed 

to  Cicero. 
We  would  he  happier  if  greater 

rewards  had  heen  given  to 

us. 
It  is  most  honourable   to  he 

praised    hy    one    who    lias 

(himself)  heen  praised. 
A  certain  peace  is  better  than 

a  hoped-for  victory. 


Titus,  tu  amo,  laudo  et  ab- 

timo  ab  omnis ' 
A  Romanus  cremo  mortuus. 

Honoro  ab  omnis  si  vestei 
factum  sum  honor  dignus. 

Jupiter,  deus  magnus,  tcm- 
plum  sacro. 

Laudo  bonus,  culpo  et  caati- 

go  malus. 
Amo,  et  honoro,  et  invoco, 

meus  Deus,  ab  ego  omnis  I 

Quum  L.  duplico,  quot  nu- 
mero  ^  ^ 

Amo  omnis  homo,  ut  ab  om- 
nis amo. 

Saepe  noxius  sum  qui  ab  ego 
opto. 

Omnis  hie  Cicero  indico. 

Felix  sum,  si  magnus  pre- 
mium ego  dono. 

Laudo  a  laudatus  sum  bo« 
norificus. 

Certus  pax  bonus  sum  quam 
speratus  victoria. 


IRREGULAR   YERBS    OF   FIRST   CONJUGATION.       163 

U7.  IRREGULAR  VERBS  OF  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION 

I.  The  irregularity  of  these  verbs  consists  chiefly  in  theii 
taking  ui  instead  of  cvi  in  the  perfect,  and  itum  instead  cf 
atum  in  the  supine. 

II.  This  peculiarity  of  ui  and  itum  makes  them  resembl*^ 
verbs  of  the  second  conjugation.^ 

llf.  The  following  are  examples  : 


Crepo, 

crepare. 

crepui, 

crepitmn, 

"  to  mdb  c  imse.^ 

Cubo, 

cubare. 

cabui. 

cubilum. 

"to  Ik  Awl" 

Domo, 

domaie. 

domui. 

domitum. 

"foteMC,"  **t99A 

Sono, 

sonare. 

soniii. 

sonimm. 

^UrtsmmL" 

Tcmo, 

tonare. 

tonui. 

tomtam. 

^^  to  thmmda-.^ 

Veto, 

vetare. 

vetiii, 

Tetitmn, 

^UoforiU.'' 

IV.  Sometimes,  howeyer,  the  t  is  thrown  out  from  the 
supine ;  as  in  the  following  : 

Eneco,  enecare,  eneciii,  eaectimi,  **  to  kUL" 
Frico,  fricare,  fncui,  fHrtnm,  "  to  ruL^ 
Seco,  secare,  secui,         secT^Tn,  "toc«/." 

V.  The  following  display  a  different  irregularity,  which 
assimilates  them  in  the  perfect  to  the  third  conjugation  * 

Do,  dxn  dedi,  datum,  ••to^we." 

Sto,  stare,  steii,  stauim,  **i9sHtmiJ^ 

VI.  CtrtteiiM2o,  "  to  surround ;"  pesstrnde^  "  to  nun  ;* 
satisdo,  "  to  give  security ;"  and  rcTiundc,  '*  to  sell,"  are 
formed  like  do ;  as,  circumdmre,  circumdedi,  circuimdMiMm ; 
pessvndiifr,  satisdare,  venuridMre.  The  other  compounds 
of  do  belong  to  the  third  conjugation  ;  as,  abdo,  abdere,  ab- 
dfdi,  abditum  ;  addere^  cond^re,  redderty  &c. 

I.  In  fact,  However,  both  these  verbs  in  iri,  t/vm,  and  all  Tearbs  of 
the  second,  are  merely  s«  many  bnnches  of  the  thiid  conjugatKHi.  T\ej 
appear  to  have  had  two  stems,  the  primitive  one  of  the  thiii  conjtomtiQa. 
and  a  derivative  one  of  the  first  or  second.  The  irregularity  cooststs  bi 
the  tenses  formed  from  these  two  stems  becoming  int^mingled.  ThiR 
we  have  m  Ennius,  sotmmt  and  ««ier«  ;  in  Livius  Andronicus,  ncjrriumi , 
and  even  m  Virgil,  fflrrrrre,  &c-  If  we  examine  the  subject  in  anot^ier 
point  of  view,  we  will  find  a  very  close  lesembUnce  between  cuhmi  and 
such  a  form  as  cubdru  which  is  only,  in  &ct,  arjknrt  and  a  lex\gth»ui^ 
of  mbhi ;  and  so  of  other  instances 


164   IRREGULAR  VERBS  OF  FIRST  CONJUGATION. 

VII.  In  genera],  the  compounds  of  sto  have  iti  in  the  per- 
fect and  dtum  in  the  supine,  whence  the  participle  future 
is  in  dturus.  In  the  verb  prcBsto  the  form  prcRstttum  is  alpo 
found,  though  less  commonly. 

VIII.  The  verb  lavo,  "  to  wash,"  blends  the  first  and  thidi 
conjugations  ;  as,  Idvo,  lavire,  and  lavere,  Idvi,  lautum,  Id- 
turn,  and  lav  a  turn. 

IX.  Neco,  "  to  kill,"  is  regular ;  but  from  it  are  formed 
eneco,  enecdre,  enecdvi,  enecdtum ;  and  eneciii,  enectum.  The 
participle  is  usually  enectus. 

X.  The  verb  expllco,  when  it  signifies  "  to  explain,"  has 
explicdvi  and  explicdtum  ;  but,  in  the  sense  of  "  to  unfold," 
it  makes  explicui^  explicitum, 

XI.  Poto^  "  to  drink,"  makes  the  supine  potdtum  and^o 
Cum^  whence  potus,  which  is  both  active  and  passive  ; 
"  having  been  drunk,"  and  ''  having  drunk." 

LV.  EXERCISES  ON  IRREGULAR  VERBS  OF  THE  FIRST 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mark  the  deviations,  if  any, 
from  the  regular  forms  of  the  first  conjugation. 

Graeci  et  Romani  coenantes  cubuerunt. — Quum  cubiturus 
sis,  Deum  semper  rogaut  sit  defensor  tuus. — Nemo  hucus- 
que  lupum  domuit. — Alexander,  postquam  Darium  domueral 
sese  non  domuit. — Attius  Navius,  augur,  cotem  novacula 
secuit. — Athletffi  Graecorum  et  Romanorum,  ante  initium 
certaminum,  corpora  oleo  fricabant. — Fortuna  saepe  homines 
magis  juvat  quam  ratio. — Apud  Romanos,  ante  praelium, 
cornua  semper  sonuerunt. — Quum  tonuerit,  signum  est  ple- 
rumque  appropinquantis  nimbi. — Apud  Gallos,  lex  vetuit 
duos  ex  una  familia  magistratus  creari. — Multi  nimio  gaudio 
SiBpe  enecti  sunt. — Auctumnum  satiirum  non  semper  dat 
Deus. — Cui  bestiarum  imperium*  dedit  Deus  ?  homini.— 

1.  Bestiarum  imperium,  "  dominion  over  beasts." 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    OF    FIRST    CONJUGATION.       165 


Brachia  ad  laborandum  nobis  data  sunt. — Theophrastus, 
moriens,  accusavit  naturam,  quod  cervis  et  cornicibus  vi- 
tarn  diutumam,  hominibus  tarn  exiguam  dedisset. — Cicero 
omnes  Romanos  eloquentia  praestitit,  Demosthenes  omnes 
Grsecos. — Multi  lavantur  sine  pelvi. 

II. 
Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


He  lay  down  in  that  apart- 
ment which  was  called  the 
golden  one. 

When  about  to  conquer  your 
own  self,  entreat  God  to  af- 
ford aid. 

I  forbade  him  to  be  with  me, 
who  had  divulged  the  secret. 

Thou,  oh  Camillus,  didst  sub- 
due the  Gauls,  who  had 
subdued  thy  country  ! 

The  ancient  Romans  often 
bathed  and  rubbed  their 
bodies. 

Speech  has  been  given  to  very 
many,  wisdom  to  few. 

God  has  given  to  man  nothing 
more  divine  than  the  mind. 

Hast  thou  washed  thy  hands 
with  pure  water,  and  rubbed 
thy  arms  ? 

Having  drunk,  he  gave  the  cup 
to  me. 

He  unfolded  to  Caesar  the 
whole  affair. 


In  is  conclave  cubo  qui  au- 
reus voco. 

Tu  ipse  domo,  Deus  oro,  ul 
auxilium  praesto. 

Veto  is  ego  cum  sum,  qui  ar- 

canus  vulgo. 
Tu,  Camillus,  domo  Gailus, 

qui  patria  tuus  domo  ' 

Priscus  Romanus  saepe  lavo 
et  frico  corpus. 

Sermo  do  permultus,  sapien- 

tia  pauci. 
Deus  homo  do  nihil  divinus 

quam  mens. 
Lavo  ne^  manus  tuus  punis 

aqua    et    frico    brachium 

tuum? 
Poto,  poculum  ego  do. 

Res  totus  Caesar  explico. 


1 .  Ne  is  appended  here  to  the  verb  as  an  interrogative,  not  negative, 
particle. 


166  DEPONENTS    OF    FIRST    CONJUGATION 

LVI.   DEPONENT  VERBS  OF  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION, 

I.  Deponent  verbs,  as  has  already  been  remarked,  are 
passive  in  form,  but  active  in  meaning. 

II.  They  are  called  "  Deponents"  because  they  lay  aside 
(deponun:)  their  passive  signification,  akhough  having  a 
passive  form. 

III.  Each  of  the  four  conjugations  has  deponents  belong- 
ing to  it. 

LVII.   EXERCISES  ON  DEPONENTS  OF  THE  FIRST  CON 
JUGATION. 

I. 

Translate  the  foUov^ring,  indicate  the  deponents,  and  ex 
plain  the  agreement  or  government  in  each  clause  or  phrase. 

Bonos'  imitor,  malos  detestor. — Accipiter  insidiatur  co- 
lumbis.' — Minus  ea  miramur,  quae  semper  spectamus. — Ul- 
iilae  et  feles  insidiantur  muribus,  vespertilionibus,  gliribus 
et  talpis. — Procellariae  nidulantur  in  scopiilis  saxosorum 
litorum. — Quomodo  te  consoler,  miserrime,  quum  rehgionis 
solatium  verissimum  asperneris  ? — Ne  verseris  cum  im- 
probis  hominibus. — Quis  non  admiretur  splendorem  pulchri- 
tudinemque  virtutis  ? — Contemplemur  solem,  lunam,  noc- 
turnaque  sidera,  et  admiremur  veneremurque  auctorem  eo- 
rum. — Augures  Romani  vaticinabantur  e  cantu  et  volatu 
avium. — Parentes  me  semper  adhortati  sunt,  ut  fraudem  et 
malorum  hominum  consortium  detestarer. — Homo  improbus 
aliquando  cum  dolore  flagitiorum  suorum  recordabitur.^ — 
Epistolae  imitantur  sermonem  vitae  communis. — Num  facta 
quoque  eorum  imitatus  es,  quorum  imitaberis  orationem. — 
Numantinis^  vires  corporis  non  auxiliatae  sunt. — Quosnam 
imitati  estis,  ignavi  ? — Non  erant  formicae,  sed  cicadae,  quas 
tu,  levissime  juvenis,  imitatus  eras. — Saepe  utile  est  praeter- 
itorum  malorum  recordari. — Successus  faustos  improborum 

1.   Co/wmfci*,  "  for  doves." 

3.  Recordor  governs  the  genitive  ;  sonaetimes  also  the  accusative 

3.   Numantinis',  "  to  the  Numantines." 


DEPONENTS    OF    FIRST    CONJ'JGATION. 


167 


no  admirare. — ^Venerare  Deum,  vreiierare  parentes,  et  quos 
parentum  loco  tibi  natura  dedit. — Contemplamini  coelum 
nocturnum  et  astra  fulgentia. — Miseri  et  infelices  Deura 
precantor,  ut  eos  opituletur ;  et  eos  opitulabitur, 

II.  ^ 

Convert  the  following  imgrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
rnatical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


/  wondered  at  many  things 
during  boyhood  at  which  I 
will  no  longer  wonder, 

I  do  not  doubt  but  that  you 
two  are  holding  converse 
with  the  wicked. 

When  the  hour  of  death  shall 
he  present,  we  will  no  long- 
er jest. 

Hope  alone  consoles  us  in 
misfortunes. 

Let  the  lazy  boys  not  retard 
the  diligent  and  studious 
ones. 

The  eagle  hunts  not  only  after 
birds,  but  also  hares. 

Foxes  lie  in  wait  for  hens, 
wolves  for  sheep. 

We  Christians  worship  one 
God. 

Thou,  oh  sun,  and  thou,  oh 
moon,  always  testify  the 
power  of  the  Creator, 

The  Romans  borrowed  certain 
laws  from  the  Greeks. 

Certain  birds  imitate  the  hu- 
man i^oirf 


Multus  in  pueritia  miror,  qui 
non  amplius  miror. 

Non  dubito  quin  tu  duo  cum 
improbus  versor. 

Cum  mors  hora  adsum,  non 
amplius  jocor. 

In   res  adversus  spes  solus 

ego  consolor. 
Ignavus  puer  ne  moror  dili- 

gens  et  studiosus. 

Aquila  venor  non  tantum  avis 

sed  etiam  lepus. 
Vulpis  insidior  gallina,  lupua 

ovis. 
Ego    Christianus  unus  ven- 

eror  Deus. 
Tu,  sol,  et  tu,  luna,  sempei 

Creator  potentia  testor. 

Romanus  quidam  lex  a  Grae 

cus  mutuor. 
Quidam  avis  7  ox  humana  im 

.■^^^^ 

Vhivbesity] 


(v 


168  SECOND    CONJUGATION. 

LVII,  SECOND  CONJUGATION,  ACTIVE  VOICE. 

Pres,  Ini,     Pres.  Inf,     Perf,  Ind,      Supine. 
Moneo,         Monere,         Monui,       Monitum,  To  advise* 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense,  advise. 


Sing.  1. 

M6n-eo, 

/  advise, 

2. 

Mon-es, 

Thou  advisest. 

3. 

Mon-et, 

He  advises ; 

Plur.  1. 

Mon-emus, 

We  advise, 

2. 

Mon-etis, 

Ye  advise. 

3. 

Mon-ent, 

^They  advise. 

Imperfect, 

was  advising. 

Sing.  1. 

Mon-ebam, 

I  was  advising, 

2. 

Mon-ebas, 

Thou  wast  advising. 

3. 

Mon-ebat, 

He  was  advising ; 

Plur.  1. 

Mon-ebamus, 

We  were  advising, 

2. 

Mon-ebatis, 

Ye  were  advising. 

3. 

Mon-ebant, 

They  were  advising. 

Aorist, 

advisea. 

Sing,  1. 

M6n-ui, 

I  advisea, 

2. 

Mon-uisti, 

Thou  didst  advise. 

3. 

Mon-uit, 

He  advised  ; 

Plur.  1. 

Mon-uimus, 

We  advised. 

2. 

Mon-uistis, 

Ye  advised, 

3.  Mon-ueruntor-uere,  They  advised. 

Perfect,  have  advised. 

Sing.  1    Mon-iii,  /  have  adxnsed, 

2    Mon-uisii,  Thou  hast  advised, 

3.  Mon-uit,  He  has  advised ; 

1.  The  verb  commonly  given  in  the  grammars  as  an  example,  namely, 
Mceo,  "  to  teach,"  makes  the  supine  doctum  by  throwing  out  the  ?,  and 
.s,  therefore,  not  well  calculated  for  the  intended  purpose.  Mcneo  forms 
the  supine  regularly  in  ittcm. 


SECOND    CONJUGATION. 


169 


Plur    i.  Mon-uimus,  We  have  advised, 

2.  Mon-uistis,  Ye  have  advised, 

3.  Mon-uerimtor-ueie,  They  have  advised 

Pluperfect,  had  advised. 
Sing,  I.  Mon-ueram,  I  had  advised, 

2.  Mon-ueras,  Thou  hadst  advised 

3.  Mon-uerat,  He  had  advised ; 
Plur.  1.  Mon-ueramus,  We  had  advised 

2,  Mon-ueratis,  Ye  had  advisea 

3.  Mon-uerant,  They  had  adviseu 

First  Future,  shall  or  vnll  advise. 


Sing.  1.  Mon-ebo, 

2.  Mon-ebis, 

3.  Mon-ebit, 
Plur.  I  Mon-ebrrnus, 

2.  Mon-ebitis, 

3.  xMoii-ebimt, 


/  shall  or  will  advise. 
Thou  shall,  &c.,  advise^ 
He  shall,  &:c.,  advise; 
We  shall,  &c.,  advise. 
Ye  shall,  &c.,  advise, 
They  shall,  &LC.,  advise. 


Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  advised. 


Sing. 


Plur. 


1.  Mon-uero, 

2.  iMon-ueris, 

3.  Mon-uerit, 

1.  Mon-uerimus, 

2.  Mon-ueritis, 

3.  Mon-uerint, 


/  shall  or  will  have  advised, 
Thou  shall,  &c.,  have  advisee 
He  shall,  <fcc.,  have  advised  ; 
We  shall,  &c.,  have  advised. 
Ye  shall,  Sic,  have  advised, 
They  shall,  &€.,  have  advisea 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  advise. 


Sing   i.  Mon-eam, 

2.  Mon-eas, 

3.  IMon-eat, 
Plur.  I.  iMon-eamiis, 

2.  Mori-ealis, 

3.  Mon-eant, 


/  may  advise. 
Thou  mayest  advise^ 
He  may  advise  ; 
We  may  advise^ 
Ye  may  advise. 
They  may  advise, 
15 


170 


SECOND    COiXJUGATlOiN. 


Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  advise. 


Si?ig.  1.  Mon-erem, 

2.  Mon-eres, 

3.  Mon-eret, 
Plur.  1.  Mon-eremus, 

2.  Mon-eretis, 

3.  Mon-erent, 


I  might,  &c.,  advise, 
Thou  mightest,  &c.,  advise, 
He  might,  <fec.,  advise  ; 
We  might,  <fec.,  advise^ 
Ye  might,  &>c.,  advise, 
They  might,  &c.,  advise. 

Perfect,  fnay  have  advised. 


Sing.  1.  Mon-uerim, 
*2.  Mon-ueris, 
3.  Mon-uerit, 
Plur.  1.  Mon-uerimus, 

2.  Mon-ueritis, 

3.  Mon-uerint,^ 


/  may  have  advised. 
Thou  may  est  have  advised, 
He  may  have  advised ; 
We  may  have  advised 
Ye  may  have  advised. 
They  may  have  advised. 


Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  advised. 
Sing.  1.  Mon-uissenj,Vi.X-i  '^  , I  might,  <fec.,  have  advised, 
2,  Mon-uisses, iv<t  yi^^:'\:Thou  mightest,  &c.,  have  ad 
vised, 


3.  Mon-uisset, 

Plur,  I.  Mon-uissemiis, 

2.  Mon-uissetis, 

3.  Mon-uissent, 


He  might,  <fcc.,  have  advised , 
We  might,  &:c.,  have  advised, 
Ye  might,  &>c.,  have  advised, 
They  might,  &c.,  have  advised 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Sing.  2.  Mon-e  or  -eto,  Advise  thou, 

3.  Mon-eto,  Let  him  advise  ; 

Plur.  2.  Mon-ete  or  -etote,    Advise  ye, 

3.  Mon-ento,  Let  them  advise. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
Prks.  AND  Imp.,    Mon-ere,       To  advise. 
Perf.  and  Plup.,  Mon-uisse,  To  have  advised. 
First  Fut.,  Esse  mon-    To  he  about  to  advise. 

iturus. 
Second  Fut.,       Fiiisse  mon-  To  have  been  about  to  advt* 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION.       17' 

PARTICIPLES. 
jt'RES.  AND  Imp.,  Mon-ens,  Advising. 

Future,  Mon-iturus,  a,  um,  About  to  advise. 


GERUNDS. 

No7n. 

Mon-endum, 

Advising. 

Gen, 

Mon-endi, 

Of  advising. 

Dat, 

Mon-endo, 

To  advising. 

Ace, 

Mon-endum, 

Advising. 

Ahl. 

Mon-endo, 

SUPINES. 

With,  (fee,  advising. 

First, 

Mon-itum, 

To  advise. 

Second, 

Mon-itu, 

To  he  advised. 

LVIII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  SECOND  CONJUGATION,  AC- 
TIVE VOICE.i 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  number, 
person,  &:c. 

Si  vales,  bene  est,  ego  valeo. — Conatui  audaci  non  sem- 
per arrldet^  fortuna. — Frontem  videmus  in  capite,  frondem 
in  arbore. — Judices,  qui  ex  lege^  judicatis,  legibus  obtem- 
perare  debetis. — Apud  priscos  Germanos  plus  boni  mores 
valebant,  quam  alibi  bonae  leges.-— Quum  parvulus  eram, 
multa  non  videbam,  qua3  nunc  video. — Cyrus  omnium  in 
exercitu  suo  militum  nomina  tenebat. — Romanis*  cuncta 
maria  terraeque  patebant. — Num  eras  et  perendie  habebo, 

1.  The  irregular  verbs  in  this  and  the  remaining  conjugations  are 
best  learned  from  the  dictionary.  No  separate  exercises  are  therefore 
given  for  them,  as  in  the  case  of  irregular  verbs  of  the  first,  but  they 
are  introduced  at  once,  along  with  the  regular  verbs,  in  the  examples 
tha,  follow. 

2.  Arrideo,  "  to  smile  upon,"  *•  to  favour"  (i.  c.,  "  to  smile /or,'*  "  to 
i  c  favourable  ^o"),  governs  the  dative. 

3.  Ex  lege,  "  according  to  law."  More  literally,  "  from,*'  i.  e.,  out 
f,  or  in  strict  accordance  with  the  internal  spirit  and  meaning  of,  the 
aw. 

4.  Romanis,  **  unto  the  Romans."     Ilcnf  the  dative  with  paten 


172       EXERCISES    Oii    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION. 

quae  nunc  habeo  ? — Quid  virtus  a  te  postulet,  tu  videbis. — 
Non  valebitis,  si  non  modum  habebitis  in  omni  re,  praeser- 
tim  in  cibo  et  potu. — Minus  habeo  quam  speravi ;  at  for- 
tasse  plus  speravi,  quam  debui. — Cnei  Pompei,'  quam  mis- 
erabilem  vitae  exitum  habuisti ! — Catilina  omnibus  bonis  dis- 
plicuit. — Anacharsis,  interrogates  quid  esset  in  homine  pes- 
simum  et  quid  optimum,  respondit,  "  Lingua." — Si  paruistis^ 
parentibus,  pueri,  quod^  poenam  timuistis,  laudem  nequa- 
quam  meruistis. — Hodie  vidi,  quae  nunquam  antea  videram. 
— Quid  vidisti  ?  lumen  boreale. — Athenienses  te,  Socrates 
qui  nemini  nocueras,"*  damnaverunt. 

Epaminondas,  qui  Thebanorum  potentiam  incredibiliter 
auxerat,^  nullam  aliam  habebat  supellectilem,^  praeter  ahe- 
aum  et  veru. — Non  amplius  nos  monebunt,  quibus  non  pa- 
rueramus. — Lacedaemonii,  fortes  et  robusti  eratis,  quod  cor- 
poris vires  semper  exercueratis  ! — Alexander  'i'hebas,  quae 
diu  floruerant,  delevit. — Quem  saepe  frustra  monuero,  non 
amplius  monebo. — Si  in  hac  vita  Deo  parueris,  in  altera 
beatissimus  eris. — Probis  hominibus  qui  placuerit,'  deo  quo- 
que  placebit. — Aliquando  imperabitis,  pueri,  si  in  juventute 
libidines  vestras  coercueritis. — Arbores,  quae  vere  floruerint, 
auctumno  nobis  poma  praebebunt. — Pacem  habe  cum  ho- 
minibus, et  bellum  cum  vitiis. — Pueri,  animi  facultates  ex- 
ercete  ! — Legibus  paretote  cives ! — Homo  quotidie  recorda- 
tor,  quam  multa  deo  et  hominibus  deb  eat. 

1.  Cnei  and  Pompei  are  vocatives  from  Cneius  Pompeius,  where  the 
;  and  i  do  not  form  a  diphthong,  but  each  word  ends  in  ins,  and,  of 
course,  has  i  in  the  vocative.  The  ordinary  pronunciation  of  Cneius  and 
Fompeius,  therefore,  as  if  the  vowels  in  question  formed  a  diphthong,  is 
iius  shown  to  be  erroneous,  for  the  vocatives  would  then  be  Cneie  and 
Pompeie. 

2.  PareOf  "  to  obey,"  i-  e.,  "  to  yield  obedience  /o,"  governs  the  da- 
ive. 

3.  Quod^  "because." 

4.  Noceo,  "  to  injure,"  i.  e.,  "  to  do  harm  /o,"  governs  the  dative. 

5.  From  augeo. 

6.  Nominative  supellex,  "  an  article  of  furniture." 

7.  PlaceOj  "to  please,"  i.  e.,  "  to  afford  pleasure  io,"  goroms  the  da* 
*ve. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION.       175 

Frequento  scholam,  non  ut  doceam,  sed  ut  praeceptor  mc. 
doceat. — Amico  nihil  reticeas.' — Homo  in  omnibus  rebus 
modum  adhibeat.^ — Moneamus  alter  alterum. — A  nulla  re, 
parentes,  magis  arceatis^  liberos,  quam  a  malorum  consor 
tio. — Deus  ita  hominum  naturam  comparavit,  ut  aliena  vitia 
melius  videant,  quam  sua. — Si  omnibus  mercatura  placeret 
quis  opificia  exerceret  1 — Si  in  nos  ipsos  severiores  esse 
mus,  aliena  vitia  minus  videremus,  quam  nostra. — Num  ovea 
tonderetis,  agricolae,  nisi  lanam  vobis  praeberent  ? — Incer* 
turn  est,  an  crastino  die'^  habiturus  sim,  quae  nunc  habeo. — 
Non  dubito  quin  puer  diligens,  et  obediens,  parentibus  et 
praeceptoribus  suis  placiturus  sit. — Nautae  trans  mare  mi- 
grantes  saepe  dubitant  an  parentes  denuo  visuri  sint. — 
Quantopere  memoriam  exercuerim  mihi  soli  notum  est. — 
Vobisne  notum  est  quando  Mummius  deleverit  Corinth- 
um  ? — Quid  heri  videritis,  pueri,  mihi  narrato. — Historia 
narrat,  quantum  bellum  Brutus  et  Cassius  post  Caesaris  ne- 
cem  moverint. — Sol  oriens  hodie  nobis  magnificentissimum 
spectaculum  praebuisset,  si  nubes  eum  non  obscuravissent. 
— Bonis  placuisse  et  malis  displicuisse  morienti  solatium 
erit. — Avaritia  est  insatiabilis  cupldo  plus  habendi. — Nos 
omnes  valemus  ad  nocendum. — Filii  patri  dolenti  solatium 
praebento. — Nihil  habenti  nihil  deest. — Luscinia  cantat  se- 
dens,  alauda  volitans. — Nebulae  in  vallibus  pendentes  seren- 
itatem  significant. — Prudentiam  omnes,  qui  cuique  artificio 
praesunt,  habere  debent. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

Nothing  will  terrify  the  fear-  1  Impavidus  nihil  terreo. 

less  man.  \ 

! ^ I 

1.  The  subjunctive  is  here  employed  as  a  softened  imperative. 

2.  Adhiheatj  "  let,'*  &,c.     So  moneamus,  immediately  after. 

3.  Arcealis.     Subjunctive  for  softened  imperative, 

4.  Crastino  die,  "  to-morrow."     Time  "  when"  is  put  in  the  ab'ative 

15* 


174   EXERCISES  ON  THE  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 


As  long  as  thou  wert  upright, 
oh  Adam,  thou  didst  please 
God. 

After  death  we  shall  see  many 
things  which  we  do  not  now 
see. 

Many  who  have  been  first  in 
this  life,  shall  hold  the  last 
place  in  the  next. 

That  which  we  ourselves  see, 
we  hold  true. 

Do  ye  harm  to  no  one. 

Let  the  pupil  keep  silence 
while  the  preceptor  is  in- 
structing. 

Let  the  sick  employ  nn  expe- 
rienced physician. 

Thou  wouldst  be  silent  if  thou 
wert  wise. 

Wicked  man,  thou  dost  not 
consider  what  termination 
thy  wickedness  may  be  go- 
ing to  have. 

How  long  we  may  be  going  to 
remain  on  this  earth  is  un- 
known to  us. 

I  wish  I  could  have  seen  to- 
day the  rising  sun  ! 

It  is  disgraceful  not  to  have 
a  friend. 

The  commencement  of  sinning 
is  the  end  of  felicity. 

Blooming  trees  delight  us  all. 

The  pilot  sits  holding  the  til- 
ler 


Quamdiu  bonus  sum,  Adam* 
us,  placeo  Deus. 

Post  mors  multus  video  qui 
nunc  non  video. 

Multus,  qui  in  hie  vita  pri- 
mus sum,  in  alter  ultimus 
locus  obtineo. 

Is,  qui  ego  ipse  video,  vems 
habeo. 

Nemo  lioceo. 

Discipulus  taceo,  dum  prae- 
ceptor  doceo. 

Aegrotus  medicus  peritus  ad- 

hibeo. 
Taceo  si  sapiens  sum. 

Improbus,  non  cogito  quis 
finis  habeo  improbitas  tuus. 

Quamdiu  in  hie  terra  maneo 
ego  incognitus  sum. 

Utinam  hodie  video  sol  ori- 
ens ! 

Turpis  sum  amicus  non  ha- 
beo. 

Initium  pecco  sum  finis  fe- 
licitas. 

Floreo  arbor  delecto  ego  om- 
nis. 

Gubernator  sedeo  clavus  to- 
neo. 


SECOND    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE. 


175 


LIX.  SECOND  CONJUGATION,  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

Pres.  Ind.     Pres.  Inf. 
Moneor,         Moneri, 


Perf  Part. 
Monitus,   To  be  adty^^a, 


INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense,  am  advised. 


Sing. 

.  1. 

Mon-eor, 

/  am  advised, 

2. 

Mon-eris  or  -ere, 

Thou  art  advised^ 

3. 

Mon-etur, 

He  is  advised  ; 

Plur. 

1. 

Mon-emur, 

We  are  advised. 

2. 

Mon-emmi, 

Ye  are  advised, 

3. 

Mon-entur, 

They  are  advised. 

Imperfect,  was  advised. 

Sing. 

1. 

Mon-ebar, 

I  was  advised, 

2. 

Mon-ebaris  or 

-ebare, 

Thou  wast  advised 

3. 

Mon-ebatur, 

He  was  advised ; 

Plur. 

1. 

Mon-ebamur, 

We  loere  advised, 

2. 

Mon-ebammi, 

Ye  were  advised, 

3. 

Mon-ebantur, 

They  were  advised 

Aorist,  was  advised. 
Sing.  1.  Mon-itus  sum  or  fui,     I  was  advised, 

2.  Mon-itus  es  or  fuisti, 

3.  Mon-itus  est  or  fuit, 
Plur,  1.  Mon-iti  sumus  or  fui- 

mus, 

2.  Mon-Tti  estis  or  fu- 

istis, 

3.  Mon-iti  sunt  or  fue- 

runt  or  fuere. 

Perfect,  have  been  advised. 
Sing.  1.  Mon-itus  sum  or  fui,     I  have  been  advised, 

2.  Mon-itus  es  or  fuisti,     Thou  hast  been  advised 

3.  Mon-itus  est  or  fuit.      He  has  been  advised ; 


Thou  wast  advisea 
He  was  advised; 
We  were  advised, 

Ye  were  advised. 

They  were  advised. 


iJ6^^        SECOND    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE. 

Plur.  1.  Mon-Iti  sumus  or  ful-     We  have  been  advised, 
mus, 

2.  Mon-iti    estis  or  fu-      Ye  have  been  advised, 

istis, 

3.  Mon-iti  sunt  or  fue-      Thej/  have  been  advised. 

runt  or  fuere, 

Pluperfect,  had  been  advised. 
Sing.  I.  Mon-itus  eram or  fue-     I  had  been  advised, 
ram, 

2.  Mon-itus  eras  or  fue-      Thou  hadst  been  advised, 

ras, 

3.  Mon-itus  erat  or  fue-     He  had  been  advised , 

rat, 
Plur,  1.  Mon-iti    eramus    or     We  had  been  advised, 

fueramus, 
2.  Mon-iti  eratis  or  fue-     Ye  had  been  advised, 

ratis, 
3    Mon-iti  erant  or  fue-      They  had  been  advised. 

rant, 

First  Future,  shall  or  will  be  advised. 

Sing,  1.  Mon-ebor,  /  shall,  Slc,  be  advised, 

2.  Mon-eberis  or  -ebere,  Thou  shah,  Slc,  be  advised^ . 

3.  Mon-ebitur,  He  shall,  &c.,  be  advised; 
Plur,  1.  Mon-ebimur,  We  shall,  &c.,  be  advised^ 

2.  Mon-ebimini,  Ye  shall,  <tc.,  be  advised, 

3.  Mon-ebuntur,  They  shall,  <fec.,  be  advised. 

Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  been  advised. 
Sing.  1.  Mon-itus  fuero,  /  shall,  &;c.,  have  been  ad- 

vised, 

2,  Mon-Ttus  fueris,  Thou  shah,  Slc,  have  been 

advised, 

3.  Mon-itus  fuerit.  He  shall,  Slc,  have  been  ad- 

vised ; 


SECDND    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE.  177 

Plur,  1.  Mon-iti  fuerimus,       We  shall,  &:c.,  have  been  ad 

vised, 

2.  Mon-iti  fueritis,  Ye  shall,  &c.,  have  been  ad* 

vised, 

3.  Mon-iti  fuermt,  They  shall,  Sic,  have  been  ad- 

vised. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  be  advised. 
Sing.   1 ,  Mon-ear,  /  may  be  advised,  'I 

2  Mon-earis  or  -eare,  Thou  mayest  be  advised, 

3  Mon-eatur,  He  may  be  advised; 
Plur.  1 .  Mon-eamur,  We  may  be  advised, 

2.  Mon-eamini,  Ye  may  be  advised, 

3    Mon-eantur,  They  may  be  advised. 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  be  advised. 
Sing.  1 .  Mon-erer,  /  might,  &c.,  be  advised, 

2.  Mon-ereris  or -erere,  Thou  mightest,  &Lc.,be  advised, 

3.  Mon-eretur,  He  might,  Slc,  be  advised; 
Plur.  1.  Mon-eremur,  We  might,  &c.,  be  advised, 

2.  Mon-eremmi,  Ye  might,  &c.,  be  advised, 

3.  Mon-erentur,  They  might,  &;c.,  be  advised 

Perfect,  may  have  been  advised. 
Sing.  1.  Mon-itus  sim  or  fu-  /  may  have  been  advised, 
erim, 

2.  Mon-itus  sis  or  fue-   Thou    mayest    have    been  ad- 

ris,  vised, 

3.  Mon-itus  sit  or  fiie-  He  may  have  been  adv^ed; 

rit, 
'  Plur.  1.  Mon-Tti  simus  or  fu-   We  may  have  been  advised^ 
erimus, 

2.  Mon-iti  sTtis  or  fue-  Ye  may  have  been  advised, 

rltis, 

3.  Mon-iti  sint  or  fue-    Thpy  may  have  been  advised 

rint, 


178  SECOND    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICfi 

Pluperfect,  might ycould,  would,  or  should  have  been  advised. 

Sing,   1.  Mon-itus  essem  or  I  might,  <fec.,  have   been  ad' 

fuissem,  vised, 

2.  Mon-itus  esses  or  Thou  mightest,  <fcc.,  have  been 

fuisses,  advised, 

'6    Mon-itus  esset  or  He    might,    &:c.,    have    been 

fuisset,  advised ; 

Plur.   1.  Mon-Tti  essemus  or  We    might,    &:c.,    have    been 

fuissemus,  advised, 

2.  Mon-iti  essetis  or  Ye    might,    &c.,    have    been 

fuissetis,  advised, 

3.  Mon-iti  essent  or    They  might,  Slc,  have  been 

fuissent,  advised 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
tSing,  2.  Mon-ere  or  -etor,      Be  thou  advised, 

3.  Mon-etor,  Let  him  be  advised ; 

Plur.  2.   Mon-emmi,  Be  ye  advised^ 

3.  Mon-entor,  Let  them  be  advised 

INFINITIVE  MOOD.  ^  1  ^      _ 

Pres.  and  Imp.,      Mon-eri,  To  be  advised.      S* 

Perf.  and  Plup.,  Esse  or  fuisse    To  have  been  advised. 

mon-itus, 
Future,  Mon-Ttum  iri,      To  be  about  to  be  advised. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect,         Mon-itus,  a,  um,         Advised. 
Future,  Mon-endus,  a,  um,      To  be  advised. 

LX.  EXERCISES  ON   THE   SECOND  CONJUGATION,  PAS 
SIVE  VOICE. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  riumbor, 
person;  &c. 

Du2e  urbes  potenlissimae,  Carthago  atque  Niimantia,  ab 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION.        179 

eodem  Scipione  deletae  sunt. — ^Quod  tibr  suasum  fuerit'  ab 
expertis,  id  tene  et  serva. — Magistri,  a  quibus  docti  estis, 
semper  honorantor  a  vobis. — Agricultura  olim  ab  ipsis  re- 
gibus  exercebatur,  et  ab  iis  qui  civitatibus  praeerant.^ — Dis- 
cipuli  diligentes,  quum  fuerint  irrisi  ab  ignavis,  silebunt,  et 
ignavorum  sortem  dolebunt. — A  pueris  animi  facultates  ex 
ercentor. — Aer  commotus  est  ventus. — Amari  major  laus  est 
quam  timeri. — Saepe  peccavissemus,  nisi  a  peccando  pro- 
hibit essemus. — Non  commovereris  miserorum  precibus,^ 
nisi  ipse  fiiisses  miser. — Quoties  monitus  sim  mihi  notum 
est,  at  quoties  paruerim  monentibus  amicis  mihi  ignotum 
est. — Nero  adeo  crudelis  erat  ut  ab  omnibus  Romanis  tim 
eretui. — Semper  parui  quoties  monebar. — Si  stulti  erimus, 
deridebimur. — Quum  docemini,  pueri,  attenti  et  obedientes 
estote.  ;• 

A  nulla  re  magis  arceantur  liberi  quam  a  malorum  con- 
sortio. — A  quonam  agricola  tonderentur  oves,  nisi  lanam 
praeberent  ? — Si  moniti  fuerimus,  obtemperemus  monentibus. 
— In  hac  vita  probi  et  improbi  miscentur,  in  altera  non  mis- 
cebuntur. — Minus  terrebimini,  si  de  rerum  causis  a  sapien- 
tibus  docti  fueritis. — Monere,"*  pigei^  discipule  ;  monemini, 
pigri  discipuli,  ne  vosmet  ipsi  auctores  sitis  miseriae  vestrae. 
— Ab  iis  amicis,  a  quibus  saepe  frustra  moniti  sumus,  hand 
amplius  monebimur. — Ab  Epaminonda  et  Pelopida  The- 
banorum  potentia  incredibiliter  aucta  est. — Si  quid  ignoras, 
interroga  sapientes,  et  tibi  melius  respondebitur,^  quam  ab 
imperltis. — Per  totam  vitam  doceberis,  homo,  non  in  schola 
sed  in  vita. — Pueri  parentes,  a  quibus  educati,  et  praecep- 
tores,  a  quibus  docti  sunt,  amanto  et  venerantor. — Moneatur 
alter  ab  altcro. — Tibine  notum  est^  quo  anno  Veii  a  Camil- 
\o  deleti  sint? 


1.  From  suadco.     Suasum  fuerit,  taken  impersonally,  "  shall  nave 
been  advised,"  i.  e.,  shall  have  been  given  thee  as  advice.  ^ 

2.  PrcEesse  is  one  of  the  compounds  of  sum  that  take  the  dative. 

3.  Precibus,  "  by  the  prayers." 

4.  Monere,  present  imperative. 

5.  RespondrJniury  used  impersonally,  "  k  will  be  answered.** 


i80        EXERCISES    ON    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION. 


II. 


Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  grara* 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Nero,  the  most  cruel  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  was  fear- 
ed by  all, 

J  frequent  school,  not  that  I 
may  teach,  hut  that  I  may 
he  taught. 

I  will  ohey  as  soon  as  I  shall 
have  heen  advised  and  fully 
instructed. 

Many  would  he  ignorant  of 
many  things  unless  they 
were  well  instructed. 

Children  who,  having  heen  ad- 
monished hy  their  parents^ 
do  not  ohey,  (ieserve  pun- 
ishment. 

Be  ye  docile,  in  order  that  ye 
may  be  taught, 

Athens,  which  was  destroyed 
by  the  Persians,  was  after- 
ward rehuUt. 

He  who  is  ^^^  by  many, 
fears  many,  ^^^:^ 

Let  us  be  wise,  in  order  that 
we  may  not  be  derided  by 
the  foolish. 

Sufferings  are  increased  by 
want  of  patient  endurance. 

We  are  often  terrified  hy  the 
most  trifling  things. 

The  dove  is  alarmed  hy  the 
least  noise. 


Nero,  crudelis  imperator  Ro- 
manus,  ab  omnis  timeo. 

Frequentb  »chola,  non  lit  do- 
ceo,  sed  ut  doceo. 

Pareo  statim  quum  moneo  et 
edoceo. 

Mitltus   raultus   ignoro,    nisi 
edoceo. 

Liberi,  qui,  a  parens  moneo, 
non  pareo,  poena  mereo. 


Ut  doceo,  docilis  sum. 

Athenee,  qui  a  Persa  deleo, 
postea  reparo. 

Is  qui  a  multus  timeo,  multus 

timeo. 
Ne  a  stultus  derideo,  sapiens 

sum. 

Dolor  augeo  impatientia 

Saepe  levis  res  terreo. 

Columba  terreo  parvus  strep 
itus. 


DEPONENTS    OF    THE    SECOND    CONJUGATION.       181 

LXI.  DEPONENTS  OF  THE  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

I  The  deponents  of  the  second  conjugation  are  com- 
paratively few  in  number. 

II.  Of  these,  medeor,  "  to  heal,"  has  no  participle  of  its 
own,  but  borrows  medicatus,  Mereor,  **  to  merit"  or  "  de 
serve,"  has  more  commonly  merui  in  the  perfect  than  mer- 
itus  sum.  And,  moreover,  reor,  "to  think,"  has  no  imper- 
fect subjunctive. 

LXII.  EXERCISES  ON  DEPONENTS  OF  THE  SECOND 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  number, 
person,  &c. 

Reverere  Deum  et  parentes. — Imbecillitatem  valetudinis 
tuee  tuere.' — Pueri  tuentor  pudorem  et  candorem. — Suos 
quisque  debet  tueri. — Deus  probis  favet,  res  eorum  tuetur 
et  moderatui,^  ut  pater. — Specula  parantur,  ut  homines  se 
ipsos  intueantur. — Nemo  cunctam  intuens  terram  de  divina 
providentia  dubitabit. — Intiiemini,  homines,  coelum  noctur- 
num,  et  admiramini  majestatem  Dei. — Quod  pollicitus  es 
da. — Milites  patriae  fines  tueantur. — Gives  melius  tuebun- 
turpatriam,  quam  milites  mercenarii. — Quod  pollicitus  fuero 
semper  praestabo. — Carthaginienses  Hannibalem  revocave- 
runt,  ut  patriam  contra  Scipionem  tueretur. — Mitiorem  poe- 
nam  merentur,  qui  scelera  fatentur,  quam  qui  diffitentur. — 
Utinam  nihil  pollicitus'^  esses ! — Dubito  an  latro  callidus 
fassurus  sit  scelera  sua. — Qui  in  hac  terra  hominum  pau- 
perum  atque  inopum  miseritus  fuerit,'*  in  ccelo  beatissimus 
crit. — Semper  erimus  amici  ejus  viri,  qui  nos  in  periculis 
f  aitus  est. — Heraclitus  miserebatur  omnium  qui  laeti  erant, 

1 .  From  tueor.     The  present  imperative. 

2.  Moderatur,  "directs"  or  "guides."  This  same  verb  govenis  th* 
dative  when  it  signifies  "  to  set  limits  to"  or  "  restrain."  ^ 

3.  From  polliceor. 

4.  Miscrcor,  when  nsed  [Hirsonaliv.  governs  the  gei  ''Mve. 

16 


182 


EXERCISES    ON    DEPONENTS. 


11. 

Convert  the  ibllowing  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


All  men  ought  tc  reverence 
virtue. 

Good  princes  protect  the  arts 
and  sciences. 

What  we  may  have  promised 
we  ought  always  to  perform. 

He  will  be  pardoned  when  he 
shall  have  confessed  his 
sins. 

They  will  deserve  the  heaviest 
punishment  who  look  upon 
the  beauty  of  nature  and  do 
not  corf  ess  that  there  is  a 
God. 

When  Orgetorix  offered  a 
price,  no  one  dared  to  bid 
against  him. 

May  God  defend  the  innocent. 

Do  ye  revere  the  man  who  is 
ever  ready  for  protecting 
the  needy  and  wretched. 

He  offered  a  price  for  the  Ro- 
man world. 

I  will  confess  all  things,  oh 
my  God  ;  I  will  promise, 
if  thou  wilt  pity  me.  a  bet- 
ter life. 


Omnis  homo  virtus  revereoi 

debeo. 
Bonus  princeps  ars  et  scien 

tia  tueor. 
Qui  pblliceor  semper  presto 

debeo. 
Condono     quum     peccatum 

confiteor. 

Mereor  poena  gravis,  qui  na- 
tura  pulchritudo  intueor, 
neque  Deus'  sum  confiteor. 


Quum  Orgetorix  liceor,  ne- 
mo contra  liceor  audeo. 

Tueor  Deus  innocens. 
Revereor  ille  qui  semper  pa 

ratus  sum  ad  tueor  inops 

et  miser. 
Liceor  orbis  Romanus.^ 

Confiteor  omnis,  meus  Deus ; 
polliceor,  si  tu  ego  miser- 
eor,  bonus  vita. 


\.  The  accusative  is  here  to  be  employed  before  the  infinitive  of  sum. 
9.  To  be  put  in  the  accusative. 


THIRD    CONJUGATION,    ACTIVE    VOICE.  183 

LXII.  THIRD  CONJUGATION,  ACTIVE  VOICE 

Pres,  Ind,     Pres.  Inf,     Perf,  hid.     Supine, 

Rcgo,  Regere,  Rexi,         Rectum/   To  rule, 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense,  rule. 
Sing.  1.  Reg-o,  /  rule, 

2.  Reg-is,  Thou  rules t, 

3.  Reg-it,  He  rules  ; 
Plur,  1.  Reg-imus,  We  rule, 

2.  Reg-itis,  Ye  rule, 

3.  Reg-unt,  They  rule. 

Imperfect,  was  ruling  (action  going  on). 
Sing,  1.  Reg-ebam,  I  was  ruling, 

2.  Reg-ebas,  Thou  wast  ruling, 

3.  Reg-ebat,  He  was  ruling ; 
Plur,  1.  Reg-ebamus,  We  were  ruling, 

2.  Reg-ebatis,  Ye  were  ruling, 

3.  Reg-ebant,  They  were  ruling, 

AoRisT,  ruled  or  did  rule  (past  time  indefinite). 
Sing,  1.  Rex-i,  I  ruled, 

2.  Rex-isti,  Thou  didst  rule, 

3.  Rex-it,  He  ruled ; 
Plur.  1.  Rex-imus,  We  ruled, 

2.  Rex-istis,  Ye  ruled, 

3.  Rex-erunt  or  -ere,     They  ruled. 

Perfect,  have  ruled. 
Sing,  1 .  Rex-i,  I  have  ruled^ 

2,  Rex-isti,  Thou  hast  ruled, 

3.  Rex-it,  He  has  ruled ; 

— 1- 

1.  In  the  ordinary  grammars  the  verb -lego,  "  to  read,"  is  commonly 
given  as  a  specimen  of  the  third  conjugation.  HegOy  however,  is  fai 
•preferable,  since  it  forms  its  perfect  according  to  the  general  rule,  whereas 
^he  perfect  of  lego  is  legi. 


184  THIRD    CONJUGATION,    ACTIVE    VOICE. 


Plur, 

1. 

Rex-imus, 

We  have  ruled, 

2. 

Rex-istis, 

Ye  have  ruled, 

3. 

Rex-erunt  or 

-ere. 

They  have  ruled. 

Pluperfect,  had  ruled. 

Sing. 

1. 

Rex-eram, 

I  had  ruled, 

2. 

Rex-eras, 

Thou  hadst  ruled, 

3. 

Rex-erat, 

He  had  ruled  ; 

Plur. 

1 

Rex-eramns, 

We  had  ruled. 

2. 

Rex-eratis, 

Ye  had  ruled, 

3. 

Rex-erant, 

They  had  ruled. 

First  Future,  shall  or  will  rule. 

Sing.  1.  Reg-am,  I  shall  or  will  rule, 

2.  Reg-es,  Thou  shall,  <fec.,  rule^ 

3.  Reg-et,  He  shall,  Slc,  rule  ; 
Plur.  1.  Reg-emus,  We  shall,  &c.,  rule, 

2.  Reg-etis,  Ye  shall,  &c.,  rule, 

3.  Reg-ent,^  They  shall,  Slc,  rule. 

Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  ruled. 
Sing.  1.  Rex-ero,  I  shall  or  will  have  ruled, 

2.  Rex-eris,  Thou  shall,  Slc,  have  ruled, 

3.  Rex-erit,  He  shall,  Slc,  have  ruled ; 
Plur.  1.  Rex-erlmiis,  We  shall,  Slc,  have  ruled, 

2.  Rex-eritis,  Ye  shall,  Slc,  have  ruled, 

3.  Rex-erint,  They  shall,  Slc,  have  ruled 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  rule. 
Sing  1.  Reg-am,  /  may  rule 

2.  Reg-as,  Thou  mayesl  rule, 

3.  Reg-at,  He  may  rule ; 
Plur.  1.  Reg-amus,  We  may  rule, 

2.  Reg-atis,  Ye  may  rule, 

^.  Rejr-aTit,  They  may  rule. 


THIRD    CONJUGATION,    ACTIVE    VOICE.  185 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  rule. 
Sing.  1.  Reg-erem,  /  might,  Sic,  rule, 

2.  Reg-eres,  Thou  mightest,  &c.,  rule^ 

3.  Reg-eret,  He  might,  &c.,  rule  ; 
Phir.  1.  Reg-eremus,  We  might,  &>c.,  rule, 

2.  Reg-eretis,  Ye  might.  Sic  ,  rule, 

3.  Reg-erent,  The^  might,  &c.,  rule. 

Perfect,  mat/  have  ruled. 
Sing.  1 .   Rex-erim,  /  may  have  ruled, 

2.  Rex-eris,  Thou  mayest  have  ruled, 

3.  Rex-erit,  He  may  have  ruled ; 
Plur.  1.  Rex-erimus,  We  may  have  ruled, 

2.  Rex-eritis,  Ye  may  have  ruled, 

3.  Rex-erint,  They  may  have  ruled. 

Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  ruled. 
Sing.  1.  Rex-issem,  I  might,  <fcc.,  have  ruled, 

2.  Rex-isses,  Thou  mightest,  &c.,  have  ruled^ 

3.  Rex-isset,  He  might,  (fee  ,  have  ruled ; 
Plur.  1.  Rex-issemus,  We  might,  &c.,  have  ruled, 

2.  Rex-issetis,  Ye  mighty  <fcc.,  have  ruled, 

3.  Rex-issent,  They  might,  (fee,  have  ruled 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Sing.  2.  Reg-e  or  -ito,  Rule  thou, 

3.  Reg-ito,  Let  him  rule  ; 

Plur,  2.  Reg-ite  or  -itote,       Rule  ye, 

3.  Reg- unto.  Let  them  rule. 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
Present  and  Imp.,  Reg-ere,        To  rule. 
Perf.  and  Plup.,     Rex-isse,       To  have  ruled 
First  Future,         Esse  rectu-   To  he  about  to  rule. 

rus. 
Second  Future,      Fuisse  rec-   To  have  been  about  to  rule 
turns, 

16* 


186         EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Pres.  and  Imp.,  Regens,  Ruling. 

Future,  Recturus,  a,  um,  About  to  ruU* 

GERUNDS. 
Nom.         Reg-endum,  Ruling, 

Gen,  Reg-endi,  Of  ruling, 

Dal.  Reg-endo,  To  ruling.        *• 

Ace.  Reg-endum,  Ruling. 

Ahl.  Reg-endo,  With,  &;c.,  ruling, 

SUPINES. 
First,  Rec-tum,  To  rule. 

Second,        Rec-tu,  To  be  ruled, 

LXIII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  THIRD  CONJUGATION,  AC- 
TIVE  VOICE. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  number, 
person,  &c. 

Cneium  Pompeium  omnibus  qui  unquam  fuerunt  semper 
anteposui.' — Roman i  lugentes^  togam  splendidam^  exuebant. 
-E  duobus  malis  minus,  e  duobus  vitiis  neutrum  elig«. — 
Edo  ut  vivam,  non  vivo  ut  edam. — Quid  agis,  mi  frater? 
scribo,  ut  vides.  Quid  scribis?  id  quod  praeceptor  dictavit. 
— Tibi  non  scripsi ;  nam  nihil  habebam,  de  quo  ad  te 
scriberem. — Subscripsere  quidam  Lucii  Bruti  statuae,*  **  uti- 
nam  viveres !" — Se  ipsum  vincere  maxima  et  optima  victoria 
est. — Bis  vincit  qui  se  ipsum  vincit. — Quidquid  discis,  dis- 
cis  tibi,  non  praeceptori. — Quid  hodie  egistis  ?^  scripsimus 
et  didicimus,  quae  praeceptor  dictavit  et  docuit. — Memoriam 

1 .  From  antejpono. 

2.  Lugentes,  "  when  mourning." 

3.  Splendndam,  "  their  bright-coloured."  The  ordinary  colour  of  th« 
Roman  gown  was  a  bright  white. 

4.  StatucB,  "  under  the  statue,"  the  dative  governed  by  the  verb  suh 
scribo. 

6.  From  ago. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION.        187 

semper  exercui ;  itaqiie  multa  teneo,'  quae  parvulus  didice- 
ram.^ — Omnia  facilius  disceretis,  discipuli,  si  attenti  semper 
essetis. — Multa  non  didicisses,  ignave,  nisi  pcenam  metu- 
isses. — Melius  est  sero  discere  quam  nunquam  didicisse. — 
i^  Morbum  facile  contrahit,  qui  in  edendo  et  bibendo  moduro 
excessit. — Sub  biemem^  grues  nos  relinquent,  et  migrabant 
in  regiones  calidiores. 

Quot  efficiunt  ter  deni?  triginta. — Quot  efficiunt  novies 
octogeni?  septingentos  viginti.  — In  iis  Unguis,  quas  non 
intelligimus,  surdis  similes  sumus. — Si  dicetis  quod  verum 
est,  atque  facietis  quod  honestum  est,  bene  agetis. — Dis- 
cipule,  quid  emisti  ?  emi  cbartam,  pennas,  et  atramentum. 
— Justus  est  qui  suum  cuique  tribuit. — Longe  minus  pec- 
caretis,  homines,  si  didicissetis  imperare  vobismet  ipsis. — 
Nos  Germani  olim  colebamus  plures  deos,  nunc  autem  coli- 
mus  unum  Deum. — Quis  dubitat  quin  Romani  plures  deos 
coluerint  ? — Quamdiu  in  hac  terra  ricturi*  simus,  nobis  om- 
nibus incognitum  est. — Utinam  miiiti  aliter  vixissent! — 
Quid  quoque  die^  laboraverim,  dixerim  et  egerim,  litteris^ 
mandabo. — Quis  dubitat,  quin  sub  hiemem  grues  nos  relic- 
turse"^  et  in  calidiores  regiones  migraturae  sint  ? — Sapere^ 
praestat  quam  divitem  esse. — Charta  bibula  ad  scribendum 
inutilis  est. — Quando  diruistis,  Romani,  Carthaginem  ? — 
Pietas  erga  Deum  postulat,  ut  nihil  ab  eo  expetas,  quod  sit 
injustum  atque  inhonestum. — Si  omnibus  mercatura  placeret, 
quis  agrum  coleret,  quis  opificia  exerceret  1 — Undeviginti 
habebitis,  quum  viginti  subtraxeritis^  unum. — Salutare  con- 
silium ne  spernatis. — Justitia  est  constans  et  perpetua  vo« 
luntas  suum  cuique  tribuendi. — Fugite,  discipuli,  ut  pesteni 

1 .  Teneo,  *'  I  retain"  or  "  remember." 

2.  From  disco. 

3.  Sub  hiemem,  "on  the  approach  of  winter. " 

4.  From  vivo.  ^ 

5.  Quoque  die,  "  each  day."     Time  *'  when"  requires  the  ablative. 

6.  Litteris,  "to  wriH;ing." 

7.  From  relinquo. 

8.  From  sapio. 

9    From   vbtrdho. 


188         EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION. 

consortium  eorum  qui  nihil  agendo  dediti'  sum. — Fumus 
ascendens  facil  fuliginem. 

Bonjun  librum  semel  legisse,  non  satis  est. — Doctiores 
essemiis,  si  meliores  libros  legissenius.j::-:Agricola  serit  ar- 
bores,  quarum  fructus  ipse  fortasse  nunquam  adspiciet.— yOy  / 
Alexander  Magnus  Tyrum,  opulentissimam  Phoenicum  ur- 
bem,  cepit^  atque  diruit. — Quidquid  promiserint^  homines 
probi,  semper  praestabunt. — Ne  repellite  salutem  vestram. — 
Quern  potissimum  colant  et  diligant  homines  praeter  Deum  ? 
— Nonne  nobis  ipsis  noceremus,  si  homines  perditos  magis 
diiigeremus  quam  probos  ? — Fortuna  hominis  viventis  variis 
vicissitudinibus  obnoxia  est. — Spectra  quum  times,  falsus  est 
metus  ;  nunquam  ea  conspecturus'*  sis. — Pro^  innumeris  illis 
beneficiis,  qua  a  Deo  quotidie  accipimus,  meritam  gratiam 
persolvamus. — Christianus  Deum  amato  et  metuito,  et  vitia 
fugito. — Athenienses,  te,  Themistocles,  qui  muros  Athe- 
narum  restitueras,  in  exilium  miserunt."' — Phidias  ex  ebore 
fecerat  Jo  vis  Olympii  signum,  cujus  pulchritudo  omnium 
oculos  delectabat — Multi  aliquando  dicent :  aliter  vixis- 
sem,  si  satis  cogitavissem,  quam  Justus  sit  Deus. — Filiae 
Scipionis,  clarissimi  Romanorum  ducis,  ex  aerario  dotem 
acceperunt,^  quia  pater  illis  nihil  reliquerat. — Romani  par- 
ricTdas  vivos  in  culeum  insuenmt,  atque  ita  in  flumen  de- 
jecerunt.^ — Quum  parvulus  eram,  multa  non  cernebam,  quae 
nunc  cerno,  quamvis  oculos  non  claudebam  :  alia  enim  non 
cadebant  sub  oculos  meos,  alia  non  movebant  eos. — Quo- 
cunque  nos  cogitatione  converterimus,  permultos  excel- 
lentes  in  quoque  genere  artium  videbimus. — Dionysius  ty- 
rannus,  ne  tonsori  collum  committeret,  tondere  filias  suas 
docuit. — In  tria  tempora  vitas  nostras  natura  dividit,  quod 
est,  quod  fuit,  quod  futurum  est. — Suae  quisque  saluti  con- 
sulat. — Athenienses  malos  histriones  explodebant. 

1.  From  dfdo.  6.  Yxovcs.  fnp[io. 

2.  From  cafio.  7.  From  mitto. 

3.  From  promitto.  8.  From  accipio. 

4.  From  conspicio.  9.  From  dejicin 

5.  Pro- "  in  return  for." 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION. 


189 


II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


t/  we  shall  conquer  temper^ 
zve  will  conquer  our  great- 
est enemy. 

Let  boys  repeat  by  themselves 
whatever  they  may  have 
learned. 

To-morrow  I  will  ask  you 
what  you  may  have  written, 
read,  and  learned. 

To  have  learned  many  things, 
and  to  have  retained  many 
tilings  in  remembrance,  is 
very  useful  for  boys. 

There  is  more  of  evil  in  fear- 
ing, than  in  the  very  thing 
which  is  feared. 

Socrates  left  no  writings. 

The  regal  title  offended    the 

feelings  of  the  Romans. 
Tf  you  will  live  according  to 

nature,  you   will  never  be 

poor. 
When  I  shall  have  read  your 

books  I  will  send  them  back 

to  you. 
What  the  magistrates  order, 

do  ye,  oh  citizens,  perform. 
Always  forgive  another,  never 

your  own  self 


Iracundia  si  vinco,  vinco  nos- 
ter  magnus  hostis. 

Puer  suicum  quicunque  disco 
repeto. 

i Jras  tu  interrogo  quis  scribo, 
lego,  et  disco. 

Multus  disco,  atque  multus 
in  memoria  teneo,  sum  uti- 
lis  puer. 

Plus  sum  malum  in  metuo, 
quam  in  is  ipse  qui  timeo. 

Nullum     scriptum     relinquo 

Socrates. 
Nomen  regius  animus  Roma- 

nus  ofFendo. 
Si  ad  natura  vivo,  nunquam 

pauper  sum. 

Quum  liber  tuus  lego,  tu  re- 
mitto. 

Qui  impero  magistratus,  facio 

cives. 
Alter^  semper  ignosco,  tu  ipse 

nunquam. 


1.  Dative.     Put  tu  ipse  in  the  same  case. 


190  THIRD    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE. 

LXIV.  THIRD  CONJUGATION,  PASSIVE  VOICE 


Pres.  Ind.     Pres.  I 

nf. 

Per/,  Part. 

Regor,          Regi, 

Rectus,   To  be  ruled. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Present 

Tense,  am  ruled. 

Sing.  1. 

Reg-or, 

I  am  ruled, 

2 

Reg-eris  or  -ere 

> 

Thou  art  ruled. 

3. 

Reg-itur, 

He  is  ruled ; 

Plur.l. 

Reg-imur, 

We  are  ruled, 

2. 

Reg-immi 

Ye  are  ruled. 

3. 

Reg-untui, 

They  are  ruled. 

Imperfect,  was 

ruled  (was  being  ruled). 

Sing,l. 

Reg-ebar, 

I  was  ruled. 

2. 

Reg-ebaris  or  -ebare. 

Thou  wast  ruled 

3. 

Reg-ebatur, 

He  was  ruled  ; 

Plur.  1. 

Reg-ebamur, 

We  were  ruled. 

2. 

Reg-ebamini, 

Ye  were  ruled. 

3. 

Reg-ebantur, 

They  were  ruled. 

AoRisT,  was  ruled  (past  time  in(fefinite). 

Sing.  1.  Rectus  sum  or  fui,  /  was  ruled, 

2.  Rectus  es  or  fuisti,  Thou  wast  ruledy 

3.  Rectus  est  or  fuit,  He  was  ruled; 
Plur.  1.  Recti  sumus  or  fui-  We  were  ruled, 

mus, 

2.  Recti  estis  or  fuistis,  Ye  were  ruled j 

3.  Recti  sunt  or  fuerunt  They  were  ruled. 

or  fuere. 

Perfect,  have  been  ruled. 

Sing.  1.  Rectus  sum  or  fui,  I  have  been  ruled, 

2.  Rectus  es  or  fuisti,  Thou  hast  been  ru'adf 

3.  Rectus  est  or  fuit,  He  has  been  ruled; 


THIRD    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE.  'i9] 

Plur.  1.  Kecti  sumus  or  ful-  We  have  been  ruled^ 
mus, 

2.  Recti  estis  or  fuistis,  Ye  have  been  ruled, 

3.  Recti  sunt  or  fuerunt  Thei/  have  been  ruled 

or  fuere, 

Pluperfect,  had  been  ruled. 
Sing,  I,  Rectus  eram  or  fue-     /  had  been  ruled, 
ram, 

2.  Rectus  eras  or  fueras,     Thou  hadst  been  ruled 

3.  Rectus  erat  or  fuerat,    He  had  been  ruled ; 
Plur  1.  Recti  eramus  or  fue-     We  had  been  ruled, 

ramus, 

2.  Recti    eratis  or  fue-     Ye  had  been  ruled, 

ratis, 

3.  Recti  erant  or  fuerant,    They  had  been  ruled. 

First  Future,  shall  or  will  be  rided. 
Sing,  1.  Reg-ar,  /  shall,  &c.,  be  ruled, 

2.  Reg-eris  or  -ere,  Thou  shalt,  &.c.,  be  ruled, 

3.  Reg-etur,  He  shall,  &,c.,  be  ruled; 
Piur,  1.  Reg-emur,  We  shall,  &c.,  be  ruled, 

2.  Reg-emini,  Ye  shall,  &.c.,  be  ruled, 

3.  Reg-entur,  They  shall,  &;c.,  be  ruled 

Second  Future    shall  or  will  have  been  ruled. 
Stng.  I.  Rectus  fuero,  /  shall,  &c.,  have  been  ruled, 

2.  Rectus  fueris.  Thou  shalt,  &c.,  have  been 

ruled, 

3,  Rectus  fuerit,  He   shall,   &:c.,   have  been 

ruled ; 
Ptur,  1.  Recti  fuerimus.  We  shall,   Slc,  have  been 

ruled,  ^ 

2.  Recti  fueritis,  Ye   shall,   &lc,,    have   been 

ruled, 

3.  Recti  fuerint,  They  shall,  &g     have  been 


192  THIRD    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOIC£> 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  he  ruled. 
Sing,  I .  Reg-ar,  /  mai/  be  ruled y 

2.  Reg-aris  or  -are,        Thou  mayest  he  i^uled, 

3.  Reg-atur,  He  may  be  ruled  ; 
Plur.  1.  Reg-amur,  We  may  be  ruledy 

2.  Reg-amini,  Ye  may  he  ruled, 

3.  Reg-antur,  They  may  be  ruled. 

Imperfect,  mighty  could,  would,  or  should  be  ruled. 

Sing.  1.  Reg-erer,  I  might,  &c.,  be  ruled, 

2.  Reg-ereris  or  -ere,  Thou  mtghtest,  Slc,  be  r^ned 

3    Reg-eretur,  He  might,  &c.,  he  ruled  ; 

Plur.  1.   Reg-eremur,  We  might,  &.C.,  he  ruled, 

2.  Reg-eremini,  Ye  might.  Sic,  he  ruled, 

3.  Reg-erentur,  They  might,  &lc.,  be  rhled. 

Perfect,  may  have  been  ruled. 
Si»g,   1.  Rectus  sim  or  fue-  /  may  have  been  ruled, 
rim, 

2.  Rectus  sis  or  fueris.  Thou  mayest  have  been  rulea 

3.  Rectus  sit  or  fiterit,  He  may  have  been  ruled ; 
Plur.   1.  Recti  sTmus  or  fue-  We  may  have  been  ruled 

rimus, 

2.  Recti  sitis  or  fueri-  Ye  may  have  been  rulea 

tis, 

3.  Recti   sint  or  fue-    They  may  have  been  rulea. 

rint, 

Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  bee/:  ruled. 
Sing    1.  Rectus  essem  or  fu-  /  might,  &Lc.,  have  been  ruled 
issem, 

2,  Rectus  esses  or  fu-  Thou  mightest,  &c.,  have  been 

isses,  ruled, 

3.  Rectus  csset  or  fu-  He   might,    &lc.,     have     been 

isset,  ruled ; 


THIRD    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE.  193 

Plur    1.  Recti   essemus    or  We    might,    Sic,   have    been 
fuissemiis,  ruled, 

2.  Recti  essetis  or  fu-  Ye  might,  &:c  ,  have  been  ruled 

issetis, 

3.  Recti  essent  or  fu-   They   might,  Slc,  huve  been 

issent,  ruled, 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Sing.  2.  Reg-ere  or  -Iter,       Be  thou  ruled, 

3.   Reg-itor,  Let  him  be  ruled  ; 

Plur.  2.  Reg-immi,  Be  ye  ruled, 

3.  Reg-untor,  Let  them  be  ruled, 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
pRES.  AND  Imp.,    Reg-i,  To  be  ruled. 

Pfrf.  and  Plup.,  Esse  or  fuisse      To  have  been  ruled. 

rectus, 
First  Future,     Rectum  iri.  To  be  about  to  be  ruled 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect,         Rect-us,  a,  um,  Ruled, 

Future,  Reg-endus,  a,  um,        To  be  ruled. 

LXV.  EXERCISES   ON  THE   THIRD  CONJUGATION,  PAS- 
SIVE VOICE. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  number, 
person,  &;c. 

A  leonibus  bestiae  majores  capiuntur,  minores  contem- 
auntur.  —  Diligo  et  semper  diligam  eos,  a  quibus  alebar  et 
iustituebar. — Probus  eris,  si  non  decipies  ;  prudens,  si  non 
decipieris. — Areopagus  a  Solone  institutus  est. — Mens,  cui 
"cgnum  totius  corporis  a  natura  tributum  est,  praestantissi- 
mum  deorum  donum  est. — Romulum  Remumque  cupldo  ce^ 
pit  urbem  condendi  in  iis  locis,  ubi  expositi*  erant. — Deus 
cui  innumera  beneficia  debes,  a  te,  homo,  colitor. — Ami- 

1.  From  expono. 
17 


194         EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    COxN JIJGATION. 

citiae,  a  nemine  rumpiminor  ! — Dona  raalorum  hominum  a 
te  despuuntor. — Bona  valetudo  anteponatur  voluptati. — Sal- 
utaria  consilia  ne  spernantur. — Si  adspicereris,  mi  Deus, 
ab  omnibus  colereris  et  adorareris. — Vobisne  notum  est, 
quo  anno  Corinthus  diruta  sit  ? — Veteres  dubitabant  de 
mundo,  casune^  sit  eflectus,  an^  a  deo ;  nos  non  dubitamus. 
— Doctiores  essemus,  si  meliores  libri  a  nobis  lecti  essent. 
-  E  ligno  combusto^  remanet  cinis. — Vini  ex  uvis  express 
saepe  longe  alius  est  color,  quam  uvarum,  e  quibus  est  ex- 
pressum. — Nihil  dulcius  est,  quam  diligi ;  nihil  odiosius, 
quam  timeri  et  contemni. . 

Si  colis  probos,  coleris  a  probis. — Signum  Dianae,  quod 
Ephesi**  erat,  colebatur  a  civibus,  et  ab  omnibus  advenis  vis- 
ebatur.^ — Quo  magis  diligam  homines,  eo  magis  diligar  ab 
illis. — Regia  potestas  a  Marco  Bruto  dissoluta^  est,  duoque 
creati  sunt  consules. — Is  intelliget,  quanta  sit  Dei  sapientia, 
a  quo  tota  hominis  fabricatio  perspecta  fuerit. — Quum  literae 
tuie  a  me  lectse  fuerint,  eas  tibi  remittam. — Non  dubito  quin 
diligar  ab  eis,  quos  diligo. —  Quum  Hamilcar  cum  exercitu 
in  Hispaniam  mitteretur,  Hannibalem,  filium  suum,  secum 
duxit. — Non  deciperemini  toties,  si  attentiores  essetis.  — 
A  quo  hucusque  instituebamini  ? — Singulis  Romanorum  le- 
gionibus  addebantur  triceni  equites. — Morbus  praiceps  al- 
teriitrum  faciet,  aut  exstinguetur  aut  exstinguet. — Quo  magis 
contemnetis  homines,  eo  magis  contemnemini. — Tibine  no- 
tum est,  quo  anno  regia  potestas  a  Marco  Bruto  dissoluta 
sit,  duoque  creati  sint  consules  ? — Saepe  homines  dicent : 
multa  nobisnon  incognita  essent,  si  melius  instituti  esse- 
mus.— Sexaginta  quatuor  habebimus,  quum  septuaginta  sub- 
tracta  fuerint  sex. — Numa  Pompilius,  secundus  Romano- 
rum  rex,  Jani  templum  clausit :  bis  deinde  clausum  I'uit ; 
anno  ducentesimo  quadragesimo  primo,  et  anno  tricesimo 
primo  ante  Christum  natum. 

1.  Ne  here  means  "  whetlier."        4.  Ephesi,  "at  Kjih<>.r>rs  " 

2.  An,  "  or."  5.  From  viso. 

3.  From  romburo.  '>    From  /tissoli'o 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION. 


195 


II. 


Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
iiatical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

If  I  shall  have  been  offended 

by  any  one,  I   will  in  no 

way  offend  him. 
Oh  boy,  be  thou  regulated  by 

the  example  of  the  best. 
Ye  elders,  be  not  surpassed  by 

your  juniors. 
1   should   be    miserable  if  I 

were  deserted  by  all. 
Unless  we  shall  rule  our  own 

selves,  we  will  be  ruled  by 
'    others. 
The  walls  of  the  Pineus  and 

of    Athens    were     thrown 

down    by    Lysander,    and 

restored  by  Conon. 
Our  affairs  will    be    directed 

by  the  Deity,  and  will  be 

led  to  a  favourable  issue. 
The  senators  were  called  fa- 

thers  by  the  Romans. 
Great  blessings  have  been  re- 
ceived from  the  Deity,  and 

great    thanks  ought    to   be 

rendered  by  us. 
No  writings  were  left  by  Soc- 
rates. 
It  is  disgraceful  to  be  left  be- 
hind, it  is  more  disgraceful 

to  be  contemned,  it  is  most 

disgraceful  to  be  cut  with 

fcour^e.'^ 


Si  offendo  a  quipiam  ille  nul- 
lus  modus  offendo. 

Compono,  puer,  ad  exemplai 

bonus. 
Senex,  ne  vinco  a  junior. 

Miser  sum  si  ab  omnis  re- 

linquo. 
Nisi  ego  ipse  rego,  rego  ab 

alius. 

Mums  Piraeus  et  Athenae  a 
Lysander  diruo,  et  a  Co- 
non restituo. 

Res  noster  a  Deus  rego  et 
ad  bonus  exitus  perduco 

Senator  a  Romanus  Pater 
dico. 

Magnus  beneficium  a  Deus 
accipio,  magnusque  gratia 
debeo  persolvo  ab  ego. 

Nullus  scriptum  a    Socratea 

relinquo. 
Turpis  sum  relinquo,  turpi3 

sum  contemno,  turpi?  s'  m 

verber  caedo. 


196  EXEKCIbES    ON    DEPONENTS. 

LXVT.   EXERCISES  ON  DEPONENTS  OF  THE  THIRD 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  person,  tense, 

Tempus  praeteritum  nunquam  revertitur. — Nemo  semper 
assequetur,  quae  conatur  assequi. — Pauci  oratores  gloriam 
Demosthenis  et  Ciceronis  assecuti  sunt. — Naturam  se- 
quamur,  et  omne  quod  pravum  est  fugiamus. — Primi  homi- 
nes naturam  incorrupti  sequebantur. — Phillipus,  rex  Mace- 
donum,  quum  magnam  e  bello  contra  Phocenses  gloriam 
apud  omnes  nationes  adeptus  esset,'  Olynthios  aggressus 
est.^ — Nihil  est  virtute  amabilius  ;  quam  quum  adeptus  fue- 
ris,  ab  omnibus  diligeris. — Nefas  est  irasci  iis,  quos  amare 
debemus. — Peccatis  irascamur,  non  iis,  qui  peccarunt. — Ne 
obliviscimi  pauperum.* — Proprium  est  stultitiae,"*  aliorum  vi- 
tia  cernere,  oblivisci  suorum. — Cohortatus  est  Caesar  iEduos, 
ut  controversiarum  ac  dissensionum  obliviscerentur — Nos 
omnes  propensi  sumus  ad  obliviscendum. — Tmpares  nati 
sumus,^  pares  moriemur. — Bestiae,  in  quo  loco  natae  sunt,  ex 
30  se  non  commovent. — Cogita  tecum,  quod  non  uni  angulo 
oatus  sis ;  patria  tua  totus  hie  mundus  est. — Pii,  quaj  Deus 
immisit  adversa,  aequo  animo^  patiuntor. — Gere  morem'^  pa- 
rentibus,  pare  cognatis,  obsequere  amicis,  obtempera  legi- 
bus. — Consume  omne  tempus  in  quaerendo  et  discendo,  non 
m  querendo^  et  irascendo.— »-Ne  irascaris  sine  causa,  neve, 
otiam  si  causa  irascendi  adsit,  iram  tuam  diu  manere  pati- 
*ris. — Senex  laudat  tempus  praeteritum,  queritur  de  eoquod 
pi  resells  est. — Naturam  semper  stequere. 

1.  From  adipiscor. — Quum  adeptus  esset,  "when  he  had  obtained." 

2.  From  aggredior. 

3.  Obliviscnr  governs  the  genitive. 

4  Proprium. esty  "  it  is  the  property." — Suorum^  *'  one's  own." 

5  From  na^cor. 

6.  Mquo  animo,  "  patiently." 

7.  Gereremoremj  "  to  comply  with  the  wishes  of,"  "  to  yield  to,"  &c. 

8.  From  queror. 


EXERCISES    ON    DEPONENTS. 


197 


11. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

It  is  better  to  suffer  than  com-    Melius  sum  patior  quam  facio 

injuria. 
Is   laus   sum  jucundus,   qui 

proficiscor  ^  vir,  qui  ipse 

laus  mereo. 
Crepusculum  magis  idoneus 

sum  coUoquor,  quam  lego 

et  scribo. 
Juventus  sum  tempus  colligo 

et  paro,  senectus  fruor  e^ 

utor. 
Alexander     Magnus     India 

finis  ingredior. 
Stella  Venus    Lucifer   dico, 

quum  antegredior  sol,  qu- 

um  subsequor  autem,  Hes- 
perus. 
Xerxes  Leonidas  aggredior, 

qui  angustiae  Thermopylae 

occupo. 
Laus  sequor,  quum  labor  via 

facio. 


7nit  an  injury. 

That  praise  is  pleasing  which 
comes  from  men  who  have 
themselves  deserved  praise. 

Twilight  is  more  adapted  for 
conversing  than  for  reading 
and  writing. 

Youth  is  the  season  of  collect- 
ing and  procuring,  age  that 
of  enjoying  and  using. 

Alexander  the  Great  entered 
within  the  confines  of  India. 

The  star  of  Venus  is  called 
liucifer  when  it  precedes 
the  sun,  hut  Hesperus  when 
it  follows  after. 

Xerxes  attacked  Leomdas, 
who  had  occupied  the  pass 
of  Thermopyl(B. 

Praise  will  follow,  when  la- 
hour  shall  have  prepared 
the  way. 

To  die  for  one^s  country  is 
most  glorious. 

The  soldier,  dying,  remembers 
his  home  and  children. 

We  indeed  will  die,  but  our 
souls  will  never  die. 


Pro  patria  morior  sum  bono- 

rificiis. 
Miles,  morior,  reminiscor  do- 

mus  et  liberi. 
Ego  quidem  morior,  animus 

autem  noster  morior  nun- 

quam. 


IT* 


198 


FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    ACTIVE    VOICE. 


LXVIL  FOURTH  CONJUGATION,  ACTIVE  VOICE. 

Pres,  Ind.     Pres.  Inf,     Perf.  Ind.      Supine. 

Audio,         Audire,         Audlvi,        Auditum,  To  heca 

INDICATIVE  ]\IOOD. 
Present  Tense,  hear. 


Sing.  I.  Aud-io, 

2.  Aud-is, 

3.  Aud-it, 
Plur.  1.  Aud-Imus, 

2.  Aud-itis, 

3.  Aud-iunt, 

Imperfect, 
Sing.  I.  Aud-iebam, 

2.  Aud-iebas, 

3.  Aud-iebat, 

Plur,  1.  Aud-iebamus,         , 

2.  Aud-iebatis, 

3.  Aud-iebant, 


/  hear, 
Thou  hearesty 
He  hears ; 
We  hear, 
Ye  hear. 
They  hear. 

was  hearing, 
I  was  hearing, 
Thou  wast  hearings 
He  was  hearing ; 
We  were  hearing, 
Ye  were  hearing, 
They  were  hearing. 


Sing.  1.  Aud-ivi, 

2.  Aud-ivisli, 

3.  Aud-Ivit, 
Plur,  I,  Aud-ivimus, 

2.  Aud-ivistis, 


AoRisT,  heard. 

I  heard. 

Thou  didst  hear. 
He  heard ; 
We  heard. 
Ye  heard. 


3.  Aud-iverunt  or  -ivere.    They  heard. 

Perfect,  have  heard. 

I  have  heard. 


Sing.  1.  Aud-ivi, 

2.  Aud-ivisti, 

3.  Aud-Ivit, 
Plur.  1.  Aud-ivimus, 

2.  Aud-ivistis, 

3.  Aud-iverunt  or  -ivere, 


Thou  hast  heard. 
He  has  heard  ; 
We  have  heard. 
Ye  have  heard. 
They  have  heard. 


Sing, 

1. 

Aud-iveram, 

2. 

Aud-iveras, 

3. 

Aud-iverat, 

Ply. 

1. 

Aud-iveramus, 

2. 

Aud-iveratis, 

3. 

Aud-iverant, 

First  Future, 

Sing. 

1. 

Aud-iam, 

2. 

Aud-ies, 

3. 

Aud-iet, 

Plur, 

1. 

Aud-iemus, 

2. 

Aud-ietis, 

3. 

Aud-ient, 

FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    ACTIVE    VOICE.  199 

Pluperfect,  had  heard, 
I  had  heard, 
Thou  hadst  heard,        ^ 
He  had  heard ; 
We  had  heard. 
Ye  had  heard. 
They  had  heard, 

shall  or  will  hear. 
I  shall  or  icill  hear, 
Thou  shall,  &c.,  hear. 
He  shall,  &DC.,  hear  ; 
We  shall,  &c.,  hear, 
Ye  shall,  &LC.,  hear,     ^.     * 
They  shall,  &c.,  hear. 

Second  Future,  shall  or  v-ill  have  heard. 
Sing,  1.  Aud-ivero,  I  shall  or  will  have  heard, 

2.  Aud-iveris,  Thou  shall,  &c.,  have  heard, 

3.  Aud-iverit,  He  shall,  <fec.,  have  heard; 
Plur,  1.  Aud-iverlmus,  We  shall,  Slc,  have  heard, 

2.  Aud-iveritis,  Ye  shall,  (fee,  have  heard, 

3.  Aud-iverint,  They  shall,  &c.,  have  heard 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  hear.  "i- 

Sing,  1.  Aud-iam,  I  may  hear, 

2,  Aud-ias,  Thou  mayest  hear., 

3.  Aud-iat,  He  may  hear; 
Plur.  1.  Aud-iamus,  We  may  hear, 

2.  Aud-iatis,  Ye  may  hear, 

3.  Aud-iant,  They  may  hear. 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  w-iuld,  or  should  hear. 
Sing,  1.  Aud-Irem,  I  might,  &:c,,  hear, 

2.  Aud-ires,  Thou  mighlcst,  <fec.,  hear^ 

3.  Aud-Tret,  He  might,  &c.,  hear: 


200 


FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    ACTIVE    VOICE. 


Plur,  1.  Aud-iremus, 
2.  Aud-iretis, 
3    Aud-Irent, 


We  might,  &c.,  hear^ 
Ye  might,  &c.,  hear, 
They  might,  &;c.,  hear. 


Perfect,  may  have  heard. 
Sing,  1.  Aud-iverim,  /  may  have  heard, 


2.  Aud-iveris, 

3.  Aud-iverit, 
Plur.  1.  Aud-iverimus, 

2.  Aud-iveritis, 

3.  Aud-iverint, 


Thou  mayest  have  heard, 
Ht  may  have  heard  ; 
We  may  have  heard. 
Ye  may  have  heard, 
They  may  have  heard. 


Pluperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  have  heard. 


Sing,   1.  Aud-ivissem, 

2.  Aud-ivisses, 

3.  Aud-ivisset, 
Plur.   1.  Aud-ivissemus, 

2.  Aud-ivissetis, 

3.  Aud-mssent, 


/  might,  (fee,  have  heard. 
Thou     mightest,     (fee,    havt 

heard, 
He  might,  &LQ.,have  heard. 
We  might,  <fec.,  have  heard, 
Ye  might,  <fec.,  have  heard. 
They  might,  <fec.,  have  heard. 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Sing.  2.  Aud-i  or  -Ito,  Hear  thou, 

3.  Aud-ito,  Let  him  hear ; 

Plur.  2.  Aud-Ite  or  -itote,       Hear  ye, 

3.  Aud-iunto,  Let  them  hear, 

INFINITIVE  MOOD. 
Pres.  and  Imp.,     Aud-ire,  To  hear 

Perf.  and  Plup.,  Aud-ivisse,  To  have  heard. 

First  Future,     Esse  aud-iturus,       To  be  about  to  heay. 
Second  Future,  Fuisse  aud-iturus,   To  have  been  about  te 

hear. 


Pres.  and  Imp., 
Future, 


PARTICIPLES. 
Aud-iens, 
Aud-iturus,  a,  uiti, 


Hearijig. 
About  to  hear 


EXERCISES    ON   THE    FOURTH    CONJcJGATION.      20i 


;  .    >^.-.. 

GERUNDS 

Nom, 

Aud-iendum, 

Hearing, 

Gen. 

Aud-iendi, 

Of  hearing. 

DaU 

Aud-iendo, 

To  hearing 

Ace. 

Aud-iendum, 

Hearing, 

Ahl 

Aud-iendo, 

With,  &c,,  hearing, 

r 

SUPINES. 

First, 

Aud-Ttum, 

To  hear. 

Second 

',        Aud-Itu, 

To  be  heard. 

LXVIII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 
ACTIVE  VOICE. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  number,  person 
tense,  Slc. 

Nunc  multa  scio,  quae  olim  nesciebam,  et  aliquando  pei- 
multa  sciam,  quae  nunc  nescio.  —  Ventum  non  cernimus 
sed  audimus. — Canes,  greges  et  domos  custodltis,  et  arcetis 
fures  et  latrones  nocturnos. — Magna  vis  est  in  virtutibus ; 
eas  excita,  si  forte  dormiant. — Quidni  aperiam  domum  hos- 
piti  ?  quidni  vestiam  nudos  ?  quidni  miseriam  aliorum  leni- 
am  ? — Cura  ut  quam  primum'  venias. — Virgines  Vestales, 
in  urbe  Roma,  custodiebant  ignem  sempiternum. — Obeditote 
aliis,  ut  vobis  quoque  alii  obediant. — Quod  sentimus  loqua- 
mur ;  quod  loquimur,  sentiamus. — Multa  nescirem,  nisi  per- 
multa  ab  aliis  audivissem. — Magistri,  quum  iterum  atque 
iterum  frustra  ad  discendum  hortati  fu^rint  discipulos,  eos- 
dem  punient. — Praestat^  scire  quam  opinari. — Aetate  virTli 
multa  vidi  et  audivi,  quae  antea  neque  videram  neque  audi 
veram. — Semper  obediam  parentibus  et  praeceptoribus,  qui 
me  educant  et  erudiunt,  semperque  serviam^  Deo,  qui  mo 
creavit,  vestivit  et  nutrivit.  ^ 

1.  Quam  priinum,  "  as  soon  as  possible." 

2.  PrcBstaty  "  it  is  better." 

3.  Serviam,  "  will   serve ;"  literally,  "  will  render  service  <o,"   aii^ 
Sencc  it  is  joined  with  the  dative. 


202       EXERCISES    ON    THE    FOURTH    CONJUGATION. 

Veni  et  vide,  quid  sit  verum,  bonum,  et  pulchrum. — Hom- 
ines esurientes  nullum  cibum  fastidiunt.  —  Obedite  pueri 
parentibus  ;  morem  gerite  prasceptoribus,  parete  magistrati- 
bus,  obtemperate  legibus. — Multa  nesciretis,  nisi  permulta 
ab  aliis  audivissetis. — Romam*  quum  venero,  quae  perspex- 
ero,  scribam  ad  te. — Nulla  civitas,  preeter  Persas,  ingratos 
punlvit. — Adsuesce  et  dicere  verum  et  audire. — Cur  heri 
mihi  non  aperiebas  domum,  quum  pulsabam  ?  non  audivi, 
nam  dormiebam. — SoUicitudinis  nostrae  in  hac  terra  finem 
non  reperiemus. — Non  multa  legisse,  sed  multa  scire,  debent 
eruditi. — Pueri,  si  valent,  ne  ultra  septem  horas  dormiunto. 
— Jacet  corpus  dormientis  ut  mortui,  at  vivit  animus. — Con- 
diant  alii  mortuos  et  sepeliant  in  marmore,  auro,  et  argento, 
ego  potius  vivis  benefaciam. — Olim  linteum  et  tabula?  cera 
obductae^  scribendo  inserviebant. — Homini  loquaci  ne  arcana 
committas,  statim  enim,  quae  audiverit,  effutiet. — Multi  hom- 
ines, quos  pro  mortuis  habuerant  et  sepeliverant  sui,^  in 
sepulcro  misere'*  exspiraverunt. — Sartores  sarciunt  vestes 
laceras. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  \\  ords  opposite. 


Hear  many  things^  say  few 

things. 
It  is  hose  to  say  one  thing,  to 

think  another.         ^ 
Those  whom  we  have  buried 

will  rise  again. 
Boys,   when   you    have   slept 

seveii  hours,  arise. 


Audio  multus,  loquor  multus. 

Turpi s  sum,  alius  dico,  alius 

seiitio. 
Resurgo  qui  sepelio. 

Puer,  quum  sepjem  hora  dor- 
mio,  surgo. 


1.  Romanij  "to  Rome." 

2.  Cera  obductcB,  "  covered  over  with  wax." 

3.  Sui,  "  their  relations  :"  literally,  "  their  own."     It  also  may  mean 
•  their  friends.'* 

4.  Misere,  "  iniserably,'   the  adverb 


FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE. 


203 


There  is  always  an  opportu- 
nity of  readings  not  always 

of  hearing. 
The  ancient  Germans  slept  in 

the  skins  of  wild  animals. 
To  have  slept  seven  hours  is 

sufficient  for  the  young  man 

arid  the  old  one. 
If  you  do  not  know  anything, 

ask  those  who  do  know. 
Good  hoys  will  always  obey 

the  precepts  of  their  parents 

and  teachers. 
What  we  blame  in  others,  ice 

will  find  in  our  own  selves. 
He  will  serve  many  who  is  a 

slave  to  his  own  body. 
The  vine  has  come  to  us  from 

Asia, 
He  who  knows  not  how  to  he 

silent,  knows   not   how   to 

speak. 

LXIX.   FOURTH  CONJUGATION,  PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Pres.  Ind.     Pres.  Inf.      Perf  Part. 
Aiidior,         Audiri,  Audltus,   To  he  heard, 

>  INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Present  Tense,  am  heard. 


Semper   sum    occasio    lego, 
non  semper  audio. 

Vetus  Germamis   dormio  in 

pellis  fera. 
Septem    hora'    dormio    satis 

sum  juvenis  et  senex 

Si  quis^  nescio,  rogo  scio. 

Bonus   puer   parens  et  prac- 

ceptor  praeceptum  semper 

obedio. 
Qui  in  alius  reprehendo,  in 

egomet  ipse  invenio. 
Multus    servio,    qui    corpus 

suus  servio. 
Vitis  ad  ego  ex  Asia  venio 

Qui  nescio  taceo,  nescio  lo- 
quor. 


Sing.  1.  Aud-ior, 

2.  Aud-iris  or  -Tre, 

3.  Aud-itur, 
Plur,  1  Aud-imur, 

2  Aud-immi, 

3.  Aud-iuntur, 


/  am  heard, 
Thou  art  heard. 
He  is  heard  ;  * 
We  are  heard. 
Ye  are  heard^ 
They  are  heard. 


1.  Continuance  of  time  is  put  in  the  accusative 

2.  Quifi  for  aliqiiis. 


204  FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICE. 

Imperfect,  was  heard. 
Sing.  1.  Aud-iebar,  I  was  heard, 

2.  Aud-iebaris  07  -iebare.       Thou  wast  heard^ 

3.  Aud-iebatur,  .    He  was  heard ; 
Plur    1 .  Aud-iebamur,  We  were  heard ^ 

2.  Aud-iebamini,  Ye  were  heard, 

3.  Aud-iebantur,  They  were  heard, 

AoRisT,  was  heard. 
Sing.  1 .  Aud-itus  sum  or  fui,  /  was  heard, 

2.  Aud-itus  es  or  fuisti,  Thou  wast  heard 

3.  Aud-itiis  est  or  fuit,  He  was  heard ; 
Plur,  1.  Aud-Iti  sumus  or  fuimus.  We  were  heard, 

2.  Aud-Iti  estis  or  fuistis,       Ye  were  heard', 

3.  Aud-Iti   sunt  or   fuerunt   They  were  heard 

or  fuere. 

Perfect,  have  been  heard. 
Sing.  1.  Aud-itus  sum  or  fui,  /  have  been  heard, 

2.  Aud-itus  es  or  fuisti,  Thou  hast  been  heard, 

3.  Aud-itus  est  or  fuit.  He  has  been  heard ; 
Plur,  1.  Aud-Iti  sumus  or  fuimus,  We  have  been  heard, 

2.  Aud-Iti  estis  or  fuistis.       Ye  have  been  heard, 

3.  Aud-iti    sunt  or  fuerunt   They  have  been  heard, 

or  fuere. 
Pluperfect,  had  been  heard. 
Sing,  1.  Aud-itus  eram^r  fueram,  /  had  been  heard, 

2.  Aud-itus  eras  or  fueras.     Thou  hadst  been  heard, 

3.  Aud-itus  erat  or  fuerat.     He  had  been  heard : 
Plur,  1.  Aud-Iti  eramus  or  fuera-    We  had  been  heard, 

mus, 

2.  Aud-iti  eratis  or  fueratis,  Ye  had  been  heard, 

3.  Aud-Iti  erant  or  fuerant,    They  had  been  heard. 

First  Future,  shall  or  will  be  heard. 
Sing,  1.  Aud-iar,  I  shall.  Sic,  be  heard, 

2.  Aud-ieris  or  -iere,  Thou  shalt.  Sic,  be  heard 

3.  Aud-ietur,  He  shall  &.r^  be  heard : 


FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    PASSIVE    VOICB  206 

Plur.  1.  Aud-iemur,  We  shall,  &c.,  be  heard^ 

2.  Aud-iemini,  Ye  shall,  &c.,  be  heard, 

3.  Aud-ientur,  They  shall,  &.C.,  be  heard* 

Second  Future,  shall  or  will  have  been  heard. 
Sing    1.  Aud-itus  fuero,  I  shall,  &c.,  have  been  heard^ 

2.  Aud-Itus  fueris.  Thou   shall,    &c.,  have   been 

heard, 

3.  Aud-itus  fuerit,  He  shall,  Sic,  have  been  heard , 
Plur.  1 .  Aud-iti  fuerimus,        We  shall,  &c.,  have  been  heard^ 

2.  Aud-iti  fueritis.  Ye  shall,  &LC.,  have  been  heard^ 

3.  Aud-iti  fiieriat,  Theij    shall,    &c.,   have    been 

heard. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
Present,  may  be  heard. 
Sing.  1 .  Aud-iar,  /  may  be  heard, 

2.  Aud-iar  is  or  -iare,      Thou  may  est  be  heard, 

3.  Aud-iatur,  He  may  be  heard ; 
Plur.  1.  Aud-iamur,  We  may  be  heard, 

2.  Aud-iamini,  Ye  may  be  heard ^ 

3.  Aud-iantur,  They  may  be  heard. 

Imperfect,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  be  heard. 
Sing.  1.  Aud-irer,  I  might,  &;c.,  be  heard, 

2.  Aud-ireris  or  -irere,  Thou  mightest,  &c.,  be  heard^ 

3.  Aud-irelur,  He  might,  Slc,  be  heard; 
Plur,  1.  Aud-iremur,  We  might,  &c.,  be  heard, 

2.  Aud-iremini,  Ye  might,  &c.,  he  heard, 

3.  Aud-irentur,  They  might,  &lc.,  be  heard 

Perfect,  may  have  been  heard. 
Sing.  1 .  Aud-itus  sim  or  fu-  /  may  have  been  heard, 
erim, 

2.  Aud-itus  sis  or  fue-   Thou  mayest  have  been  heard 

ris, 

3.  Au(.t-itus  sit 0?' fuerit,  He  may  fia^w  ham  heard; 

18 


206  FOURTH    CONJUGATION,    TASSIVE    VOICE 

Plur.  1 '.  Aud-iti  simus  or  fu-   We  may  have  been  heard^ 
erlmus, 

2.  Aud-Iti  sitis  or  fue-  Y(  may  ka?)e  been  heard ^ 

rltis, 

3.  Aud-iti  sint  or  fue-   They  may  have  been  heard 

rinU 

Plupehfect,  might,  could,  wouldy  &c.,  have  been  heard. 

Sing.  1.  Aud-itus   essem  or  I  mighty  ia^.^  have  been  h'iar a ^ 
fuissem, 

2.  Aud-Itus    esses    or   Thou  mightest,  &c.,  have  been 

f'uisses,  heard, 

3.  Aud-Itus    esset    or  He    might,    <fec.,    have    been 

fuisset,  heard; 

Plur.  1.  Aud-iti  essemus  or  We    might,   &c.,    have    been 

fuissemus,  heard^ 

2.  Aud-ili    essetts    or  Ye    mighty    <fec.,    have    been 

fuissetis,  heard, 

3.  Aud-Iti    essent    or  They   might,  &:c..  have   been 

fuissent,  heard. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

Sing,  2.  Aud-Ire  or  -iter,  Be  thou  heard^ 

3.  Aud-Itor,  Let  him  he  heard  ; 

Plur.  2.  Aud-imini,  ,Be  ye  heard, 

3    Aud-iuiitor,  Jm  them  be  heard, 

INFINITIVE  MOOD, 

Pres.  and  Imp.,     Aud-Iri,  To  be  heard. 

Perf.  and  Plup.,  Esse  or  fuisse  To  have  been  heard, 

aud-Itus, 

Future,  Aud-Itum  iri.  To  be  about  to  be  heard 

partioipi.es. 

Perfect,     Aud-Itus,  a,  urn,  Heard. 

Future,      Aud-iendus,  a,  um.     To  be  heard. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    FCCRTIl    CONJUGATION.       207 

LXX.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 
PASSIVE  VOICE. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  name  the  person,  number, 
ense,  &c. 

Tonitru  a  surdis  non  auditur. — Nos  homines  impedlmug 
saepe  alios,  et  impedimur  ab  aliis. — In  mari  reperiuntur  eti 
am  pisces  volantes. — Justum  est,  ut  sontes  puniantur,  absol- 
vantur  innocejites, — Audiatur  et^  altera  pars. — Mortui  ab 
iEgyptiis  condiebantur,  et  conditi  domi^  servabantur ;  a  no 
bis  sepeliuntur. — Homo  mortuus  ante  diem  tertium  ne  sepe- 
lltor. — Infantes  a  parentibus  ciistodiuntor. — A  quonam  huc- 
usque  alebaris  et  vestiebaris  ? — Rudis  essem,  nisi  erudirer. 
— Pre^es  hominum  piorurn  a  Deo  audientur. — Quum  propter 
flagi'  a  quaedam  pimitus  fuero,  eadem  non  amplius  commit- 
tam. — Quum  sepultus  fueris,  cessabit  omnis  dolor. — A  qui- 
bus  nutriti  et  vestiti  simus,  nescire  srepe  videmur. — Tu  ne 
erudias  alios,  antequam  ipse  eruditus  sis. — Alios  sepelivisti, 
nunc  ab  aliis,  vespillo,  sepultus  es. — Cui  sapientia  deest,  a 
Deo  earn  petat,  et  audietur. — Magistri,  a  quibus  docti  et  eru- 
diti  estis,  semper  honorantor  a  vobis. — Hoc  majores  nostri 
questi^  sunt,  hoc  nos  querimur,  hoc  posteri  querentur,  in 
terra  nihil  inveniri  perfectum. — Ne  quis  insepultus  esset  re- 
rum  natura  prospexit. 

.    II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Many  arts  have  been  discov- 
67  ed  by  men. 

We  would  have  sinned  oftener 
if  we  had  never  been  pun- 
ished on  account  of  our  sins. 


Multus  ars  ab  homo  invenio. 

Saepius   pecco,    si   nunquam 
propter  peccatum  punio, 


1.  Et,  "also."  3.  Prom  queror. 

2.  Domi,  "  at  home." 


208 


EXERCISES    ON    DEPONENTS. 


het  the  public  safety  he  guard- 
ed hy  the  magistrates. 

As  soon  as  anything  new  shall 
have  been  heard  by  me,  I 
will  write  to  you. 

Trajan  alone  of  all  was  bu- 
ried within  the  city. 

Alcibiades  was  instructed  by 
Socrates. 

Oh  ye  winds,  ye  are  not  seen, 
but  are  heard  and  felt. 

We  are  deservedly  punished 
when  we  do  not  obey  God. 

Not  only  human  beings,  but 
also  animals,  were  embalm- 
ed by  the  Egyptians* 


Salus  publicus  a  magistratus 

custodier. 
Simul  ac  aliquis  novus  ab  ego 

audio,  tu  scribo. 

Trajanus    solus  omnis   intra 

urbs  sepelio. 
Alcibiades  a  Socrates  erudio 

Ventus,  non  video,  sed  audio 

et  sentio. 
Merito  punio,  quum  Deus  non 

obedio. 
Non  solum  homo,  verum  eti- 

am  animal,  ab  iEgyptius 

condio. 


LXXI.  EXERCISES  ON   DEPONENTS  OF  THE   FOURTH 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  mention  the  tense,  number, 
person,  &c. 

^'..  Mentientibus  nunquam  assentiar. — Dolos  verentur  cauti 
homines,  siquis  ipsis  blanditur. — Fuge  voluptates,  quae  sen- 
sibus  quidem  blandiuntur,  at  animo  nocent. — lUi  sunt  opti- 
mi  amici,  qui  et'  gaudia  cum  amicis  partiuntur. — Ne  menti- 
mini,  pueri,  etiamsi  omnes  alii  mentiantur. — Necessitas 
multa  experiri  homines  docuit. — Optime  scimus  id,  quod- 
experti  sumus. — Credam  id,  quod  expertus  fuero. — Quod 
oisus  sum,^  homo  patiens  dicit,  ad  finem  etiam  perdQcam. 
— Non  assequenlur  semper  homines,  quaj  experientur. — Si 
nihil  expertus  essem,  nihil  scirem. — Multi,  etiamsi  melio- 
rem  fortunam  sortiti  essent,  non  meliores  essent  homines 
— Infelicissimi  erant  per  omnem  vitam,  quicunque  dedig 


I.   El  "also 


2.  From  ordior. 


EXERCISES    ON    DEPONENTS. 


209 


fiabantur  bona,  quae  in  hac  terra  sortiti  erant. — Experire 
memoriam  quotldie,  et  quotidie  magis  valebit. — Non  eodem 
semper  loco^  sol  oritur  et  occidit. 

11. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


To  flatter  and  to  lie  are  alto- 
gether similar. 

He  who  assents  to  the  wicked^ 
begins  himself  to  be  wicked. 

Arise,  boys  ;  the  sun  himself 
has  arisen,  and  has  begun 
to  measure  out  his  course. 

We  ought  never  to. believe  him 
who  has  once  uttered  a 
falsehood. 

Many  rich  men  measure  merit 
by  money. 

The  tiger  lies  in  wait  for  both 
wild  beasts  and  men. 

Antonius,  Octavianus,  and 
Lepidus  divided  among 
themselves  the  Roman 
world. 

Measure  men  by  their  deeds, 
not  by  their  words. 

They  often  cast  lots  who  do 
not  know  what  they  ought 
to  do. 

When  I  may  have  begun  to 
speak,  no  one  arises,  no  one 
assents  to  me,  because  I 
have  never  flattered. 


Blandior  et  mentior  sunt  om- 
nino  similis. 

Qui  malus  assentior,  malus 
sum  ipse  ordior. 

Surgo,  puer ;  sol  ipse  orior, 
cursusque  suus  metior  or- 
dior. 

Qui  semel  mentior,  is  nun- 
quam  credo  debeo. 

Multus  dives  virtus  metior 
pecunia. 

Tigris  et  fera  et  homo  oppe- 
rior. 

Antonius,  Octavianus,  et  Le- 
pidus, orbis  Romanus  inter 
sui  partior. 

Factum,  non  verbum,  homo 

metior 
Ille  S2epe  sortior  qui  quis  fa- 

cio  debeo  nescio. 

Quum  loquor  ordior,  nemo 
exorior,  nemo  eg®  assen- 
tior, quia  nunquam  blan 
dior. 


1.  Eodem  loco,  "in  the  same  quarter." 
18* 


^'\0  REMARKS    ON    THE    COrUUOMTIONS. 

LXXII.  REMARKS  ON  THE  CONrJGATIONS. 

1.  In  khe  perfect  and  pluperfect  a  syncope  takes  effect, 
us  follows : 

.  In  the  first  conjugation  vi  is  dropped,  and  a  circum 
Hexed  where  an  ^  or  an  r  follows  avi  or  ave ;  as.  am- 
iisti^  amdssem^  amCirim,  amdram,  amCtro,  &c.,  for  ama- 
vistu  amamssem,  amaverim,  &c. 

2.  In  the  second  and  third  conjugations  a  similar  change 
takes  place  with  evi ;  as,  complessem  for  complevissem  , 
deleram  for  deleveram  ;  decressem  for  decrevissem,  Szc. 

3  But  ovi  is  syncopated  only  in  noviy  novisse,  and  the 
compounds  of  moveo,  movi  ;  as,  norunt  for  novernnt  : 
ndrim  for  noverim ;  nosse  for  novisse^  commossem  for 
commovissem^  &c. 

4.  In  the  fourth  conjugation  ivi  is  often  syncopated  be- 
fore s;  as,  audisti  for  audtvisti;  audissem  for  audivis- 
sem.  There  is  also  another  form,  which  is  produced 
by  throwing  out  the  v  only ;  as,  audii  for  audivi ;  au- 
dierafn  for  audiveramy  &c.  This,  however,  is  not  so 
common  in  the  best  prose  writers  as  the  others, 

II.  In  the  older  and  especially  poetic  remains  of  the 
Latin  language  the  infinitive  passive  was  lengthened  by 
annexing  the  syllable  er;  as,  amarier  for  amari ;  legier  for 
Icgiy  &;c. 

III.  The  third  person  plural  of  the  perfect  indicative  ac- 
tive has  two  forms ;  one  ending  in  erunt  and  the  other  in 
ere.  This  form  in  ere  is  more  common  in  the  later  writers 
and  in  those  whose  prose  style  has  a  poetic  tinge  ;  as,  foi 
example,  Tacitus  and  Curtius. 

IV.  The  imperatives  of  dico,  duco,  facio,  and  fero,  are 
usually  written  die,  due,  fac,  far ;  and  in  the  compounds 
educ,  ejfer^  calefac ;  except  in  those  compounds  o^  facto 
wliioh  chaiiue  a  into  i;  as.  cvnfice,  perftce. 

V.  For  the  termination  of  the  second  person  in  the  pas- 
sive in  ris\  Xho  lorrn  rp  ^cnJ^  niso  used.     In  Cicero  re  is 


REMARKS    ON    THE    COxNJUGATIONS  21  J 

more  common  than  ris  in  the  imperfect  and  future  indicative 
and  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive.  In  the  present  in- 
dicative, on  the  other  hand,  re  for  ris  is  comparatively  rare. 

VI.  The  old  grammarians  are  at  variance  respecting  the 
quantity  of  i  in  rimus  and  ritis  of  the  second  future  indica- 
tive and  perfect  subjunctive  active.  Poets  use  these  sylla- 
bles both  as  long  and  short,  but  the  preponderance  of  usage 
appears  to  be  in  favour  off  in  both  tenses.' 

VII.  Some  active  and  several  deponent  verbs  have  a 
fQrm  in  bundus,  which  has  the  general  force  of  a  present 
participle,  but  with  the  meaning  commonly  strengthened  , 
as,  errahundus,  "  wandering  to  and  fro ;"  gratulahundus^ 
"  full  of  congratulation  ;*'  moribundits^  ''  in  the  agonies  ol 
death,"  &c. 

VIII.  The  tenses  formed  hy  fui,  fuer am,  fuero,  and  the 
passive  participle  in  us,  express  more  emphatically  the 
completion  of  the  action  than  those  by  sum,  eram,,  ero 
'Vh.u^,  pransus  sum  means  that  I  have  just  dined  ;  hwi  pran- 
sus  fui  denotes  that  I  dined  some  time  ago. 

IX.  The  verb  sum  and  its  tenses,  joined  with  the  parti- 
ciple in.  rus,  denote  that  a  person  has  a  mitid  to  do,  or  is 
*^pon  the  point  of  doing  something  ;  differing  thus  from  the 
future  of  the  verb,  which  only  expresses  that  an  event  will 
take  place.  Hence  arises  a  new  conjugation  called  Peri- 
phrastic,^    Thus, 

Indicative. 

n  Amaturus  (a,  um)  fui,  /  was^ 


Amaturus  (a,  um)  sum,  /  am 

about  to  love. 
Amaturus  eram,  /  %oas  about 

to  love. 
Amaturus  ero,  /  shall  be  about 

to  love. 


or  have  been  about  to  love. 
Amaturus  fueram,  /  had  been 

about  to  love. 
Amaturus  fuero  (not  in  use), 


1.  We  have  given  the  i,  in  the  paradigms  of  the  different  verbs,  (he 
short  quantity,  as  more  in  accordance  with  the  modern  v\'ay  of  pronoun- 
cing, though  not,  perhaps,  the  more  accurate  one. 

2.  This  periphrastic  conjugation  has  been  already  alluded  to  in  the 
MOtes  that  precede. 


212  REMARKS    ON    THE    CONJUGATIONS. 

Subjunctive. 


Amaturub  sim,  /  may  he  about 

to  love, 
Amaturus  essem,  /  might  be 

about  Ci^  love. 


Amaturus  fuerim,  I  may  have 

been  about  to  love. 
Amaturus  fuissem,  /  migh. 

have  been  about  to  love. 


Infinitive. 


Amaturum   esse,  to  be  about 
to  love. 


Amaturum  fuisse,  to  have  been 
about  to  love. 


X.  The  participle  in  dus,  usually  called  the  future  parti- 
ciple passive,  often  has  in  the  oblique  cases  a  signification 
like  that  of  a  gerund,  whence  it  derives  another  grammati- 
cal appellation  for  itself,  namely,  a  gerundive ;  as,  for  ox- 
ample,  tempus  petendm  pads,  "  time  of  seeking  peace  ;"  an- 
imal idoneum  ad  portanda  onera,  "  an  animal  fit  for  bearing 
burdens.'" 

XI.  The  participle  in  dus  also  implies  obligation,  pro- 
priety, &c.  ;  as,  amandus,  "  deserving  of  being  loved  ;"  fa- 
ciendum, "  what  ought  to  be  done."  It  may  be  joined  with 
all  the  tenses  and  moods  of  sum,  and  hence  arises  a  second 
periphrastic  conjugation ;  as,  amandus  (a,  ?/m)  sum,  fui, 
fueram,  &c.,  "  I  am  deserving  of  being  loved,"  <fcc. ;  hoc 
faciendum  est,  "  this  ought  to  be  done." 

XII.  The  gerund  in  dum,  w^hen  joined  with  some  pan 
of  the  verb  sum,  rises  in  force  above  the  neuter  of  the  par- 
ticiple in  dus,  and  as  that  denotes  obligation  ("ought"),  so 
this  implies  necessity  ("  must"),  and  takes  the  dative  of  the 
person  ;  as,  mihi  scribendum  est,  ''  I  must  write  ;"  mihi  scri- 
bandum  erat,  "I  was  obliged  to  write;"  mihi  scrihr.ndum 
erit,  *'  I  shall  be  compelled  to  write,"  &c.^ 

1.  Tliis  gerundive  meaning  arises  out  of  its  primitive  signification  as 
^  present  participle  passive.     Compare  note  1,  page  133. 

2.  This  meaning  of  "  must,"  however,  or,  in  other  words,  the  idea  of 
necessity,  arises  in  a  great  measure,  if  not  entirely,  from  the  substantive 
verb  with  the  dative.  Thus,  scribendum  est  mihi  literally  means  '•  there 
is  writing  for  me,"  i.  e.,  I  have  to  write,  I  must  write,  ard  so  of  the 
rest. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    GERUNDS    AND    SUPINES.      213 

XIII.  In  what  is  called  the  future  infinitive  passive, 
namely,  amatum  iri,  monicum  irU  <fec.,  the  latter  part,  m,  is 
in  reality  the  infinitive  of  the  passive  impersonal  itur 
"  things  tend."  Hence  audio  eum  monituw  iri  means,  lit 
erally,  "  1  hear  that  things  tend  to  an  advising  him,"  i.  e., 
that  he  is  about  to  be  advised.  The  supine  therefore  re- 
mains unchanged,  whatever  be  the  gender  or  number  of  the 
substantive  ;  as,  audio  feminam  monitum  iri ;  audio  nos  mon- 
ilum  iri. 

LXXIII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  GERUNDS  AND  SUPINES. 
Preliminary  Rules. 

i.  The  gerund  in  dMm^  with  the  verb  est,  governs  the 
dative  of  the  person,  and  denotes  necessity  ;  as,  mihi 
laudandum  est,  *'  I  must  praise  ;"  tibi  studendum  est, 
"  thou  must  study." 

2.  Gerunds  are  construed  like  nouns  ;  as,  tempus  studen- 
di,  "  time  of  studying  ;"  aptus  disnendo,  "  fit  for  learn- 
ing ;"  penn(B  datcB  sunt  ad  volandum,  "  wings  were 
given  for  flying." 

3  Gerunds  and  supines  govern  also  the  same  cases  as 
the  verbs  whence  they  are  formed ;  as,  mihi  laudan- 
dum est  hunc  hominem^  ''  I  must  praise  this  man ;"  sal- 
utatum  arnicos,  "  to  salute  friends." 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  construction  in 
hach  clause.  Sic. 

Tibi  laudandum  est. — Tibi  laudandum  est  te  ipsum. — 
Mihi  laudandum  est  memet. — Illi  laudandum  est. — Mihi, 
tihi  et  vobis  omnibus  laudandum  est. — Illis  monendum  est. 
~  -Nobis  omnibus  monendum  est. — Etiam  post  malam  mes- 
Bem  agricolse  serendum  est. — Orandum  est  nobis,  ut  sit 
mens  sana  in  corpore  sano. — Discipulis  tacendum  est  dum 
prseceptores  docent. — Juvenilis  aetas  est  tempus  discendi. 


214     EXERCISES    ON    THE    GERUNDS    AND    SUPINES. 

— Optime  peccatum  eyiisX,  qui  occasiones  fugit  peccandi 
— O  quara  jucundum  est,  gaudendi  causas  dare  parentibus ! 
— Studium  Deo  placendi  signum  est  amoris  erga  Deura. — 
Avaritia  est  insatiabilis  cupldo  plus  habendi. — Plerique  hom- 
ines cupidi  sunt  nova  videndi  audiendique. — Chart  a  bib- 
ula  inutilis  est  scribendo. — Aqua  utilis  est  bibendo. — Non 
omnis  debitor  par  est  solvendo. — Aculeus  datus  est  apibus 
ad  pungendum. — Pennae  avibus  ad  volandum  datae  sunt. — 
Inter  docendum  confabulari  non  licet. — In  jocando  modum 
adhibere  debemus. — Fabius  a  cunctando  Cunctator  appel- 
latus  est. — Scriba  a  scribendo,  venator  a  venando  nomen 
habet. — Ex  mentiendo  raulta  mala  nascuntur. — Docendo 
discimus. — Tertia  vitae  pars  dormiendo  amittitur. — Saepe 
scribendo  bene  scribere  discimus. — Xerxes  in  Graeciam 
venit  bellatum. — Cubiculum  vespere  intramus,  ibi  dorrai- 
t'um. — Multi  veniunt  quidem  salutatum  amicos,  at  pauci  ad- 
jutum. — Mercatores  patriam  suam  linquunt  varias  merces 
aut  emtum  aut  venditum. — Omnia  Deo  sunt  efFectu  facilia. 
— Animi  natura  difficillima  est  explicatu. — Quae  tibi  jucun- 
da  sunt  narratu,  alteri  saepe  sunt  minime  jucunda  auditu  — 
De  apibus  multa  narrantur,  notatu  dignissima. 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

We   must   love  our  enemies, 

and  forget  injuries. 
Must  not  all  men  die  ? 


We  must  always  think  of  the 
end  of  life. 

Many  youths  waste  in  amuse- 
ment what  their  parents 
have  acquired  by  toiling. 


Inimicus  ego  amo  sum,  et  in 

juria'  obliviscor. 
Nonne   omnis   homo  moriot 

sum? 
Semper    ego    de    finis   vita 

cogito  sum. 
Multus   juvenis    ludo   perdo 

qui  parens  suus  laboro  ac- 

quiro. 


1.  The  gjenitivc  is  here  requiied  with  ahliviscor. 


EXERCISES    CN    THE    GERUNDS    AND    SUPINES. 


il5 


The  faculty   of  thinking  25 1  Cogito  facuitas  mens  dico. 

called  mind.  \ 

A  good  hoy  is  always  desirous  Bonus  puer  semper  studiosus 

of  learning.  I      sum  scribo. 

Even  he    who   is  skilled  in  Etiam  nato'  peritiis  in  aqua 

swimming  is  not  secure  in 

the  waters. 
Skins  are  useful  for  jyrotect- 

ing  against  cold. 
Grass  is  produced  for  feeding 

cattle. 
The  heaver  has  weh-feet  for 

swimming. 
Cleanliness  contrihutes  much 

to  preserving  heoltn. 
By  doing  nothing  men  learn 

to  do  evil. 
The  Israelites  migrated  into 

Egypt  to  dwell  there. 
Moses  was  sent  into  Egypt 

to  free  the  Israelites. 
I   have    come    to    hehold    the 


non  sum  securus. 

Pellis    utilis    sum   adversus 

frigus  (pi.)  munio. 
Gramen    pecus    (pi.)    nutrio 

nascor. 
Castor  pes  anserinus  ad  nato 

liabeo. 
Multum  ad  sanitas  tueor  con- 

fero  munditia. 
Nihil   ago    homo   male    ^jgo 

disco. 
Israelita  is  i^gyptus  migro. 

ibi  habito. 
Moses  in  iEgyptus  mitto  Is- 
raelita libero. 
Venio  ludus  Olympicus  spec- 

to. 


Olympic  games* 
The  shepherd  leads  forth  his  I  Pastor  grex  pasco  educo. 
flocks  to  feed. 


Let  us  hasten  to  lend  aid. 
The  Alps  are  very  difficult  to 

he  ascended. 
Shun  ivhatever  is  hase  to  be 

mentioned. 
A  wise  man  utters  those  things 

only  which   are  worthy  of 

being  mentioned. 

1 .  (lenitive  of  Oie  serunxi. 


Auxilior  propero. 

Alpis  sum  adscendo  difficilis. 

Fugio    quisquis    turpis   sum 

dico. 
Sapiens   is   tantum   profero,. 

qui  memoro  digmis  sum. 


I 


216  EXERCISES    ON    THE    GERUNDIVES. 

LXXIV.  EXERCISES  OxN  THE  GERUNDIVES. 
Preliminary  Rule. 
Gerunds  governing  the  accusative  are  often  turned  inic 
gerundives  or  participles  in   dus,  which,  like   adjectives, 
igree  with  their  nouns  in  gender,  number,  and  case ;  as, 

Petendum  est  mihi  pacem,  )        ^  i         j  - 

,  „      >  or  Pax  est  peteiida  mihi. 

*'  I  must  seek  peace,       )  '^ 

Tempus  petendi  pacem,  )        ^  . 

'   .  ^        ,  .  „  J  or  1  empus  petendoi  pacts 

"  1  ime  ox  seeking  peace,    ) 

Ad  petendum  pacem,  }  .  ,  , 

'  _  :  ^         \  or  Aa  petendam  pacem. 

"  For  seeking  peace,    ) 

Petendo  pacem,  )        -n         i 

r.  ,  .  „  [  or  Petenda  pace, 

''  By  seeking  peace,    ) 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  construction  in 
each  clause,  <fec. 

Ego,  qui  te  consolari  cupio,  consolandus  ipse  sum. — Beii- 
(»,ficia  non  in  vulgns'  effundenda  sunt. — Permulta  Horatii 
carmina  ad  verbum*^  ediscenda  sunt. — Suo  quaeque  tempore 
facienda  sunt. — Justitia  propter  sese  colenda  est. — In  mag- 
neto mira  vis  est  ferri  attrahendi — Omnem  exercendae  vir- 
tutis  occasionem  arripere  debemus. — Deus  nobis  jus  dedit 
pecudum  comedendarum. — Cyrus  Judeeis  potestatem  dedit 
templi  instaurandi. — Pigris  discipulis  nullaTest  cupiditas  dis- 
cendarum  literarum. — Boves  oneribus  gestandis  sunt  idonei 
— Lignum  domibus  exstruendis,  igiii  alendo,  conficiendisque 
variis  instrumentis  inservit  — Vestimenta  tegendo,  atque 
omando  corpori  humano  comparantur. — Fruges  ad  susten- 
tandam  hominum  vitam  sunt  necessariae. — Aqua  et  ventus 
molas  ad  frumentum  comminuendum  circumagunl. — Silvan 
lignum  praebent  ad  calefaciendum  corpus,  cibum  potumque 

1.  In  valgus,  **  upon  the  crowd,"  i.  c,  upon  every  one  indiscrimi- 
nately. 

2    Ad  vcrhunff  •*  by  heart,"  literally,  "  to  the  very  woxJ,"  i.  e.,  lette^^ 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    GERUNDIVES. 


217 


parandum,  variamque  supellectilem'  conficiendam.  —  Ad 
amicitiam  stabiliendam  multum  confert  morum  similitudo. — 
Maxima  parentum  cura  est  in  liberis  bene  educandis. — In 
cibis  deligendis  valetudinem  potius  quam  roliiptateui  res- 
picere  debemus. — Fuge  illos  amicos,  qui  a  virtute  colenda 
te  abducant. — Erudili  multi  scripserunt  de  agris  hortisque 
colendis. — Legendis  bonis  scriptoribus  doctiores  evadimus.^ 

11. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  grani 
inatical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Virtue  ought  to  he  praised 
even  in  an  enemy. 

Not  many,  hut  good  hooks 
ought  to  he  read. 

Corrupt  examples  are  to  he 
detested  and  shunned. 

The  surest  art  of  strengthen- 
ing the  memory  is  its  exer- 
cise* 

All  men  are  desirous  of  oh^ 
tairiing  happiness. 

The  spider  suspends  very 
workmanlike  wehsfor  catch- 
ing flies. 

Books  serve  for  acquiring 
knowledge. 

Camels  appear  horn  for  car- 
rying hurdens. 

In  selecting  friends  prudence 
ti  to  be  exercised. 

In  reading  good  hooks  ice 
ought  to  he  attentive. 


Virtus  etiam  in  hostis  laudo 

est, 
Non  multus,  sed  bonus  liber 

lego  sum, 
Pravus  exemplum  detestor  et 

fugio  sum. 
Certus   memoria   augeo    ars 

sum  exercitatio. 

Omnis  homo  virtus  consequor 

sum  cupidus. 
Araneus    artifi'^^'^sus    musca 

capto  cassis  suspendo 

Liber  eruditio  acquire  inser- 

vio. 
Camelus  ad  onus  porto  nas- 

cor  videor. 
In    eligo    amicus    pruderitia 

sum  adhibeo.      ^ 
In  bonus  liber  lego  attentus 

sum  debeo. 


1 .  From  swpeUcx. 

3.  Er>aaimn.Sf  **  we  become.' 


10 


Lterally,  "ne  go  forth." 


^18  DtFPERENT    KINDS    OF    VERBS. 


Stoi'tns  are  sometimes  neces- 
sary for  dissipating  un- 
healthy  vapours. 

Birds  jiy  through  the  air  by 
moving  tfieir  wi7igs  up  and 
down. 

Domitian  passed  some  time 
daih/  t;i  killing  flics. 


Procella  noniimiquam  neces- 
sarius  sum  atl  insalubriR 
vapor  dissipo. 

Avis  per  aer  volo  ala  sursuni 
ac  deorsum  agito. 

Domitianus  quotidie  aliqui? 
tempus  musca  neco  tran 
siffo. 


LXXV.  VERBS  RECEIVING  DIFFERENT  NAMES,  ACCORD- 
ING  TO  THEIR  VARIOUS  NATURES  OR  TENDENCIES. 

Frequentatives, 
1.  Frequentative  Verbs  denote  frequency  of  action,  and 
are  formed'  from  the  latter  supine  of  the  primitive  verb,  by 
changing,  in  the  first  conjugation,  dtu  into  tto ;  and  in  the 
other  conjugations,  u  into  o ;  as,  from  clamdtu,  clamXto  ; 
from  pulsu,  pulso;  from  donnitu,  dormito ;  the  primitives 
being  clamo,  pello,  and  doi^mio. 

Inceptives, 
II  Inceptive  verbs  denote  an  action  begun  and  going  on. 
They  all  end  in  scoy  and  are  formed  from  the  second  per- 
son singular  present  indicative  of  the  primitive  verb  ;  as, 
cateOf  '*  I  am  warm,"  second  person  cales,  inceptive  calesco, 
'*  I  begin  to  grow  warm." 

III.  Inceptives  are  also  derived  from  nouns  and  adjec- 
tives, by  changing  the  last  vowel  of  the  genitive  into  asco 
ur  esco;  as,  puerasco^  ignesco,  dulcesco,  from  puer,  ig^s, 
dnlcis. 

IV.  Inceptive  verbs  are  all  intransitive,  and  of  the  third 
i  unjugation.     Those  which  are  formed  from  nouns  want 

1  The  old  system  of  formation,  in  the  case  of  frequentatives,  incep- 
lives,  &c.,  is  here  retained,  not  so  much  from  any  accuracy  it  possesses 
as  from  its  convenience  for  the  purposes  of  the  youngf  student.  The 
true  formation  turns  upon  the  doctrine  of  roots,  but  is  best  learned  'n  a 
mon*  advance*!  sta^e  M  the  pupil's  pro^res^. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS.  21t 

the  preterit  and  supine  ;  the  others  borrow  them  from  theL 
primitives. 

V.  Most  inceptives  are  formed  from  verbs  of  the  second 
conjugation.  There  are  some  verbs,  however,  ending  in 
SCO,  which  are  not  inceptives,  but  actives ;  as,  disco,  posco. 

Desideratives. 

VI.  Desideratives  express  a  desire  of  doing  the  act  de 
noted  by  the  primitive. 

VII.  They  are  formed  from  the  latter  supine  of  the  prim 
itive  by  shortening  the  final  u  and  adding  rio ;  as,  ccbwo,  "  to 
sup,"  supine  coRnatu,  desiderative  ccznatiirio,  "  I  desire  to 
sup."  And  again,  cdo,  "  to  eat,"  supine  esu,  desiderative 
esiirio,  *'  I  desire  to  eat." 

L"XXVI.  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

I.  The  simple  irregular  verbs  are  six  ;  sum,  eo,  queo,  volo, 
fero,  fio. 

II.  Five  are  compounded  •  prosum,  possum,  nolo,  mdlo, 
nequeo, 

III.  Sum  has  already  been  conjugated. 

IV.  Prosum,  to  prove  of  advantage,  has  a  d  where  sum 
begins  with  e, 

Prosum,         prodeSse,         profui. 

Indicative  Mood. 

Pr.  Pro-sum,  prod-es,  prod-est ;  pro-siimus,  prod-esris,  pro- 

sunt. 
Imp.  Prod-eram,  prod-eras,  prod-erat ;  prod-eramus,  prod- 

eratis,  prod-erant. 
A.  AND  Perf.  Pro-fui,  pro-fuisti,  pro-fuit ;  profuimus,  j.  ro- 

fuistis,  pro-fuerunt,  or  pro-fuere. 
Piu.  Pro-fueram,  pro-fueras,  pro-fuerat  •  pro-fueramus,  pro- 

fueratis,  pro-fuerant. 
I.  FuT.  Prod-ero,  prod-eris,  prod-erit ;  prod-erimus,  prod 

eritis,  prod-erunt. 


220  V  IRREGULAR    VERBS. 

1.  FuT    Pro-fuero,  pro-fueris,  pro-fuerit ;  pro-fuerimus,  pro- 
fueritis,  pro-fuerint. 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.  Pro-sim.  pro-sis,  pro-sit ;  pro-sTmus,  pro-sitis,  pro-sinl, 
[mp.   Prod-essem,    prod-esses,    prod-esset ;    prod-essemus, 

prod-essetis,  prod-essent. 
Per.  Pro-fuerim,    pro-fueris,  profuerit ;  pro-fuerimus,  pro- 

fueritis,  pro-fuerint. 
Plu.  Pro-fuissem,  pro-fuisses,  pro-fuisset ;    pro-fuissemus, 

pro-fuissetis,  pro-fuissent. 

Imperative  Mood. 
Pr    2.  Prod-es  or  prod-esto,     2.  Prod-este  or  prod-estote, 
3.  Prod-esto  ;  3.  Pro-sunto. 

Infinitive  Mood. 
Pr.  and  Im[p.,  Prod-esse. 

Per.  and  Plu.,  Pro-fuisse. 

1.  Future,  Esse  pro-futurus. 

2.  Future,  Fuisse  pro-futurus. 

Participle. 
Future,    Pro-futurus,  a,  um. 

V.  Possum  is  compounded  of  potis,  "  able,"  and  sum  ;^ 
And  is  thus  conjugated : 

Possum,     posse,     potui,   To  be  able. 
Indicative  Mood. 
Pr.    Possum,  potes,  potest;  possumus,  potestis,  possunt. 
iMP.  Pot-eram,  -eras,  -erat;  -eramus,  -eratis,  -erant. 
A.  &  Per.  Pot-ui,   -uisti,   -uit;    -uimus,   -uistis,  -uerunt  or 

-uere. 
Plu.  Pot-ueram,  -ueras,  -uerat ;  -ueramus,  -ueratis,  -uerant. 

1.  FuT.  Pot-ero, -eris,  -erit;  -erimus,  -eritis,  -erunt 

2.  FuT.  Pot-uero,  -ueris,  -uerit;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerint 

I.  The  component  parts  are  often  found  separately  in  earlier  writers; 
jhotix  Iminff  of  all  sjenders  and  botti  numbers. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS.  221 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.    Pos-sim,  -sis,  -sit ;  -sTmus,  -sitis,  -sint. 
Imp.  Pos-sem,  -ses,  -set ;  -semus,  -setis,  -sent. 
Per  Pot-uerim,  -ueris,  -uerit ;  -uerlmus,  -ueritis,  -uerint. 
Plu.  Pot-uissem,  -uisses,  -uisset ;   -uissemus,  -uissetis,  -uia 
sent. 

Infinitive  Mood. 
Pr.  and  Imp.,  Posse.         Per.  and  Plu.,  Potuisse 

The  rest  wanting. 


Eo,     ire,     ivi,     Ttum,   To  go. 
Indicative  Mood. 
Pr.  Eo,  is,  it ;  imus,  itis,  eunt. 
Imp.  Ibam,  ibas,  ibat ;  ibamus,  ibatis,  ibant. 
A.  <fe  Per.  Ivi,  ivisti,  ivit ;  ivimus,  ivistis,  iverunt  or  ivere 
Plu.   Iveram,  iveras,  iverat ;  iveramus,  iveratis,  iverant 

1.  FuT.   Ibo,  ibis,  ibit;  ibimus,  ibitis,  ibunt. 

2.  FuT.  Ivero,  iveris,  iverit ;  iverimus.  iverltis,  iverint. 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.    Earn,  eas,  eat ;  eamus,  eatis,  eant. 
Imp.  Irem,  ires,  iret ;  iremus,  iretis,  irent. 
Per.  Iverim,  iveris,  iverit ;  iverimus,  iveritis,  iverint. 
Flu.  Ivis?em,  ivisses,  ivisset ;  ivissemus,  ivissetis,  ivissent 

Imperative  Mood, 
Pr.,  I  or  ito,  ito  ;  Ite  or  itote,  eunto. 

Infinitive  Mood. 

Pr.  and  Imp.,  Ire. 

Per.  and  Plu.,  Ivisse            ^ 

1.  Future,  Esse  itunis. 

2.  Future,  Fuisse  itfirus. 

19* 


222  IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


Participles. 

PR., 

lens,  Gen,  euntis 

FUT., 

Iturus,  a,  urn. 

Gerunds. 

Supines. 

Nom.,  Eundum, 

First,       Itum. 

Gen.,   Eundi,  &c.  Second,    Itu. 

VI.  In  the  passive  voice,  eo  exists  onlyas  aii  impersonal, 
ttur,  ihatur,  itum  est,  &c. 

VII.  Some  of  its  compounds,  however,  acquire  a  transi- 
tive meaning,  and,  having  an  accusative  in  the  active,  may 
also  have  a  passive ;  as,  adeo,  *'  I  approach ;"  ineo,  "  I 
enter  ;"  prcBtereo,  "  I  pass  by." 

VIII.  The  compounds  of  eo  have  usually  only  ii  in  the 
aorist  and  perfect ;  as,  adii,  seldom  adivi, 

IX.  Veneo,  "  I  am  sold,"  a  neuter  passive,  has  no  supme, 
but  is  otherwise  conjugated  like  eo. 

X.  Queo,  "  I  can,"  and  Nequeo,  *'  I  cannot,"  are  both 
conjugated  like  eo  ;  thus, 

Pr.    Queo,  quis,  quit,  quimus,  <fec. 

Imp.  Quibam,  quibas,  quibat,  quibamus. 

A.  AND  Per.  Quivi,  quivisti,  quivit,  quivimus. 

Pr.     Nequeo,  nequis,  nequit,  &c 
Imp.    Nequibam,  &c. 

XI.  With  the  exception  of  the  present,  most  parts  of  the 
•wo  last-mentioned  verbs,  especially  of  queo,  are  not  very 
common  in  prose  writers.  They  have  no  imperative  or 
Fcrund,  and  only  in  early  or  unclassic  authors  participles. 

XIL  They  have  also  a  passive,  but  it  is  rare. 

VoLO,  velle,  volui,  To  he  willing. 
Indicative  Mood. 
Pr.    Volo,  vis,  vult ;  voliimus,  vultis,  volunt. 
Jmp.  Vol-ebam  -ebas  -ebat ;  -ebamus,  -ebatis,  -ebant. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS.  223 

A.  &  Per.  Vol-ui,  -uisti,  -uit ;    -uimus,  -iiistis,  -uenint  or 

-uere. 
Flu.     Vol-ueram,  -ueras,  -uerat ;  -ueramus,  -ueralis,  -uerani 
l.FuT.  Vol-am,  -es,  -et ;  -emus,  -etis,  -ent. 
2  FuT.  Vol-uero,  -ueris,  -uerit ;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerint 

Subjunctive  Mood, 
Pr.    Velim,  velis,  velit ;  vellmus,  velitis,  velint. 
Imp.  Vellem,  velles,  vellet;  vellemus,  velletis,  vellent. 
Per.  Vol-uerim,  -ueris,  -uerit;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerint. 
Plu.  Vol-uissem,  -uisses,  -uisset ;  -uissemus,  -uissetis,  -uis- 
seni. 

•V  *    '  .  :j    '"  Infinitive  Mood. 

Pr.  and  Imp.,  Velle.  Per.  and  Plup.,  Voluisse 

Participle, — Pr.,  Volens. 
The  rest  wanting. 

Nolo,*  nolle,  nolui.  To  be  unwilling. 
Indicative  Mood. 
Pr.  Nolo,  non-vis,  non-vult ;  nolumus,  non-vultis,  nolunt. 
Imp.  Nol-ebam,  -ebas,  -ebat ;  -ebamus,  -ebatis,  -ebant. 
A.  AND  Per.  Nol-ui,  -uisti,  -uit;  -uimus,  -uistis,  -uerunt  or 

-uere. 
Plu.  Nol-ueram,  -ueras,  -uerat ;  -ueramus,  -ueratis,  -uerant. 

1.  FuT.  Nol-am,  -es,  -et ;  -emus,  -etis,  -ent. 

2.  FuT.  Nol-uero,  -ueris,  -uerit ;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerint, 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.  Nol-im,  -is,  -it ;  imus,  -itis,  -int. 
Imp    Nol-lem,  -les,  -let ;  -lemus,  -letis,  -lent. 
Per.  Nol-uerim,  -ueris,  -uerit ;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerint 
Plup.    Nol-uissem,  -uisses,   -uisset;    -uissemus,  -uissetis 
-uissent. 

1.  Nolo  is  compounded  of  non  and  vol 


224  IRREGULAR    VERBS. 

Imperative  Mood. 
Pr  ,  Nol-i  or  ito  ;  -Ite  or  -itote. 

Participle, — Pr.,  Nolens. 

Infinitive  Mood. 

Vr.  and  Imp.,  Nolle.     Per.  and  Plu.,  Noluisse. 

The  rest  wanting. 


Malo,'  malle,  malui,  To  he  more  willing. 
Indicative  Mood. 
Pr.  Malo,  mavis,  mavult ;  malumus,  mavultis,  malum 
IMP.  Mal-ebam,  -ebas,  -ebat ;  -ebamus,  -ebatis,  -ebant. 
A.  AND  Per.  Mal-ui,  -uisti,  -uit ;  -uimus,  -uistis,  -tierunt  01 

-uere. 
Plu.  Mal-ueram,  -ueras,  -uerat ;  -ueramus,  -ueralis,  -ueraat. 

1.  FuT.  Mal-am,  -es,  -et;  -emus,  -etis,  -ent. 

2.  FuT.  Mal-uero,  -ueris,  -uerit ;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerim 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.  Mal-im,  -is,  -it ;  -Tmus,  -Ttis,  -int. 
Imp.  Mal-lem,  -les,  -let ;  -lemus,  -letis,  -lent. 
Per.  Mal-uerim,  -ueris,  -uerit ;  -uerimus,  -ueritis,  -uerint. 
Plu.  Mal-uissem,  -uisses,  -uisset ;  uissemus,  -uissetis,  -uis- 
sent. 

Infinitive  Mood.  >• 

Pr.,  Malle.  Per.,  Maluisse. 

The  rest  not  used. 

1.  Malo  is  compounded  of  wage  (old  forir»  ^>'  *,xagi'>^  and  volo 
Hence  we  have  mavoloy  contracted  wiflZo;  mav^luin,  coninctei?  mal 
km,  &c. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS.  225 

Fero,     ferre,  '  tuli,     latum,  To  bring  or  carry, ^ 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 

Indicative  Mood. 

Pr.  Fero,  fers,  fert ;  ferlmus,  fertis,  ferunt. 

Imp.  Fer-ebam,  -ebas,  -ebat ;  -ebamus,  -ebatis,  -ebanl. 

A.  AND  Pek.  Tuli,  tulisti,  tulit ;  tulimus,  tulistis,  tulerunt 

or  -ere. 
Plu.  Tulerani,  -eras,  -erat ;  -eramus,  -eratis,  -erant. 

1.  FuT.  Fer-am,  -es,  -et ;  -emus,  -etis,  -ent. 

2.  FuT.  Tul-ero,  -eris,  -erit ;  -erimus,  -eritis,  -erint. 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.  Fer-am,  -as,  -at ;  -amus,  -atis,  -ant. 
Imp.  Fer-rem,  -res,  -ret ;  -remus,  -retis,  -rent. 
Pkr.  Tul-erim,  -eris,  -erit  ;  -erimus,  -eritis,  -erint. 
Plu.  Tul-issem,  -isses,  -isset ;  -issemus,  -issetis,  -isseut 

Imperative  Mood,  ',    ' 

Pr.  2.  Fer  or  ferto,  2.  Ferte  or  fertote, 

3.  Ferto  ;  3.  Ferunto. 

Infinitive  Mood, 
Pr.  and  Imp.,  Ferre.  Per.  and  Plu.,  Tulisse. 

1.  Future,     Esse  laturus,  2.  Future,         Fuisse  laturus 

Participles,  Gerunds.  Supines. 

Pr.,     Ferens.  Nom.,  Ferendum.       First,      Latum 

FuT.,  Laturus,  a,  um.  Gen.,  Ferendi,  &:c.    Second,  Latu. 

PASSIVE  VOICE. 

Feror,     ferri,     latus.  To  be  brought. 

Indicative  Mood, 

Pr.  Feror,  ferris  or  ferre,  fertur  ;  ferimur,  ferimini,  feruntur 


I.  The  compounds  o^  fero  are  conjugated  in  the  same  way  :  confer* 
makes  confuli,  colldfum  ;  avfero,  ahstuli,  abldtum  ;  effero,  exluh,  elatum, 
&.C.  Sujfero  has  no  perfect  or  supine,  for  sustulij  iubUiumm.^lonf  tp 
tQllQ  .  '    „       -^'   ^    \^- 


V 


226  IRREGULAR    VERBS. 

Imp.  Fer-ebar,  -ebaris  or  -ebare,  -ebatur  ;  -ebamur,  -ebam 

ini,  -ebaiitur. 
A.  AND  Per.  Latus  sum  or  fui,  latus  es  or  fuisti,  <fec. 
Plu.  Latus  eram  or  fueram,  latus  eras  or  fueras,  <fec. 
1   FuT.  Ferar,  fereris  or  ferere,  feretur  ;  feremur,  feremini, 

ferentur. 
^.  FuT.  Latus  fuero,  latus  fueris,  &c. 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
Pr.  Ferar,   feraris   or  ferare,  feratur ;    feramur,  feramini, 

ferantur. 
Imp.  Ferrer,  ferreris  or  ferrere,  ferretur ;  ferremur,  feremmi, 

ferrentur. 
Per.  Latus  sim  or  fuerim,  latus  sis  or  fueris,  &;c. 
Plu.  Latus  essem  or  fuissem,  latus  esses  or  fuisses,  <fcc. 

Imperative  Mood. 
Pr.,  Ferre  or  fertor,  fertor ;  ferimini,  feruntor. 

Infinitive  Mood,  Participles. 

Pr.  &  Lmp.,     Ferri.  Per.,  Latus,  a,  um. 

Per.  &  Plu.,  Esse  or  fuisse  latus.  Gkr.,  Ferendus,  a,  um. 


Fio,     fieri,     factus.  To  he  made  or  done. 
Indicative  Mood. 
Pr.  Fio,  fis,  fit ;  fimus,  fitis,  fiunt.^ 
Imp.  Fiebam,  fiebas,  fiebat  ;  fiebamus,  fiebatis,  fiebant. 
k.  AND  Per.  Factus  sum  or  fui,  factus  es  or  fuisti,  <fcc 
Plu.  Factus  eram  or  fueram,  factus  eras  or  fueras,  &c. 

1.  FuT.  Fiam,  fies,  fiet ;  fiemus,  fietis,  fient. 

2.  FuT.  Factus  fuero,  factus  fueris,  &c. 

1.  Fio  has  the  •»  long  through  all  its  parts,  except  when  er  followd,  in 
ivhich  case  it  is  ibort.  The  compounds  of  facio^  which  retain  a,  have 
io  in  the  passive  ;  as,  calefacio,  passive  calefio  ;  patefacio,  passive  pafe- 
io.  But  those  Will  .h  change  a  into  i  fonn  the  passive  regularlv  ;  as 
'onficio,  passive  corxftcior  ;  perficio,  passive  perjicio'-. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS.  227 

Subjunctive  Mood. 
pR.     Fiarn,  lias,  fiat ;  fiamus,  fiatis,  fiant. 
Imp.    Fierem,  fieres,  fieret ;  fieremiis,  fieretis,  fierent. 
Per    Factus  sim  or  fuerim,  factus  sis  or  fueris,  &;c. 
Pir.  Factus  essem  or  fuissem,  factus  esses  or  fuisses,  &c 

Imperative  Mood. 
Pr.  2.  Fi'  or  fito,         2.  Fite  or  fitote, 
3.  Fito;  3.  Fiunto. 

Infinitive  Mood, 
Pr.,     Fieri.  Per.,  Esse  or  fuisse  factus. 

FuT.,  Factum  iri. 

Participles.  Supine. 

Per.,  Factus,  a,  um.     Ger.,  Faciendus,  a,  um.        Factu. 

LXXVII.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  IRREGULAR  VERBS 

1.  Prosum  and  Possum. 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  agreement  or 
government  in  each  clause,  &:c. 

Vir  bonus  prodest  civitati. — Nulla  res  magis  proderit, 
quam  cogitatio  mortalitatis. — Non  omnia,  quae  jucunda  sunt 
corpori,  prosunt  eidem. — Cicero  reipublicae  Romanae  multum 
profuit. — Satius  est  prodesse  etiam  malis  propter  bonos, 
quam  bonis  deesse  propter  malos. — Infelicibus  quam  pluri- 
mis  profuisse  magna  voluptas  est. — Inertia  semper  obfuit, 
industria  profuit. — Cognitio  juris  iis  multum  proderit,  qui 
reipublicae  proeerunt. — Usus  creber  fragorum  valetudini  mul- 
tum prodest. — Dixi  de  te  quae  potui. — Romani  primos  Ger- 
manorum  impetus  sustinere  non  potuerunt. — Athenienses 

post  exactos  triginta  tyrannos  pristinam  inter  Graecos  auc- 

■% — 

] .  The  imperative  ji  is  very  rare.  Among  the  compounds  of  this 
verb  must  be  noticed,  as  defective,  injif,  "  he  begins,"  used  only  in  the 
third  person  singular  ;  and  defU,  which  is  not  used  in  prose,  of  which 
iefiat,  defiunt,  and  dejieri  are  ako  found. 


228 


EXERCISES    OiN    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


toritatem  recipere  non  potuerunt. — Utinam  ut*  culpam  sic 
etiam  suspicionem,  vitare  potuissem  ! — Dicam  si  potero  La- 
tine.^ — Ccelum  intueri  posse  soli  homini  datum  est — Hrec 
vita  brevior  est,  quam  ut  omnis  vita^  hominum  esse  possit.— 
Triginta  tyranni  Socratis  animum'*  infringere  non  potuerunt 
— Summi  in  patriam  amoris  signum  est,  ut  abesse  ab  ea  nos 
possimus. — Fraus  est  accipere  quod  non  poteris  reddere.— - 
Boni  homines  sumus,  si  prosumus,  quibus  possumus,  noce 
mus^  nemini. — Dubitate  etiam  nunc,  judices,  si  potestis,  a 
quo  sit  Roscius  occisus. — Utinam  coUoqui  potuissemus  inter 
nos!— Utinam  tam  facile  vera  invenire  possem,  quam  falsa 
convincere  ! 

II. 
Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Tuo  much  sleep  is  good  neitlier 

for  the  mind  nor  the  body. 
All   good    citizens    ought   to 

prove    of  service    to    their 

country. 
I  wish  I  may  do  good  unto 

all! 
The      prudence     of     Cicero 

proved  of  service  to  the  Ro- 
man state. 
I  would  have  done  good  unto 

all   if  I   could  have    been 

able. 
There   is    no    rapidity  which 

may  vie  with   the  rapidity 

of  thought. 


Nimius  somnus  neque  ani- 
mus neque  corpus  prosum. 

Omnis  bonus  civis  patria 
suus  prosum  debeo. 

Utinam  omnis  prosum ! 

Cicero  prudentia  respublica 
Romanas  prosum. 

Omnis  prosum  si  possum. 


Nullus  sum  velocitari  qui  cum 
animus  velocitas  coutendo 
possum. 


1.  Ut,  "as.'' 

2.  Latiyie,  "  in  Latin,"  the  adverb. 

3.  Omnis  vita,  "the  whole  life,"  "all  the  life." 

4.  Animum,  "  the  spirit." 

.*>.  Supply  si  before  nocemus. 


fJXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


229 


Do  ye  good  to  all  men,  hurt 
no  one. 

If  I  shall  not  be  able  to  sub- 
due anguish,  I  will  hide  it. 

The  needy  man  is  he  who  has 
not  enough,  and  he  for  whom 
nothing  can  he  enough. 

Wf  can  perceive  by  the  mind 
the  past  and  the  future. 


Prosum  omnis  homo,  nocco 

nemo 
Dolor  si  non  frango  possum, 

occulto. 
Egens  sum  qui  satis  non  ha- 

beo,  et  is   qui   nihil  satis 

sum  possum. 
Animus  praeteritus  et  futurus 

sentio  possum. 


2-  Eg  and  its  compounds, 

I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  agreement  or 
government  in  each  clause,  &c. 

Non  solus  ibis,  tecum  erit  fidus  amicus. — Mercatores  ad 
mercatufti  etmt,  varias  merces  aut  emtum  aut  venditum. — 
Philippus,  rex  Macedonum,  a  Pausania,  quum  spectatum 
ludos  iret,'  juxta  theatrum  occisus  est, — Pueris  in  scholam 
euntibns  Romani  custodes  dare  solcbant. — Paterfamilias 
primus  cubitu  surgat,^  postremus  cubitum  eat. — I  quo  virtus 
te  vocat. — Eamus,  pueri,  ad  praeceptorem  nostrum ;  melius 
est  in  scholam  ire,  quam  tempus  matutinum  ludendo  per- 
dere. — Mori  non  est  interire. — Alexander  adire  Jovis  Am- 
monis  oraculum  statuit. — Mors  neminem  praeteribit. — Ario- 
vistus  Rhenum  transierat,  non  sua  sponte,  sed  rogatus  a 
Gallis. — E  ludo  Isocratis  multi  oratores  exierunt. — Alexan- 
•\ex  Magnus  tertio  et  tricesimo  aetatis  anno  obiit.^ — Inops, 
;)otcntem  dum  vult  imitari,  perit. — Hominum  animi  nunquam 
interibunt. — Eamus  nunc    intro  ;    praei ;    sequar. — Croesus, 

1.  Iret^  to  be  rendered  into  English  by  the  indicative. 

2.  Primus  cubitu  surgat,  *'be  the  first  to  arise  from  bed,"  literally 
"from  lying  down." — Cubitum,  "  to  lie  down,"  i.  e,,  *'  to  b^d,"  the  supine 

3.  Obire  literally  means  "  to  go  against,"  i.  e.,  "  to  come  in  contact 
Nvith,"  "  to  meet  with."  It  here  signifies  "  to  die,"  and  has  diem  svjyre- 
mum  or  mortem  understood  :  literally,  "  to  meet  with  one's  last  4ay," 

*  to  meet  with  death." 

20 


230  EXERCISES    ON    TIIR    iRREGULAR    VERBS. 

Lydorum  rex,  Halyn  fluvium  transiit,  ut  cum  Cyro  proelium 
iniret. — Utinam,  Cnei  Pompei,  cum  Casare  societatem  aut 
nunquam  coisses,  aut  nimquam  diremisses ! — Pro  patriae 
salute  omnia  pericula  subeunda  sunt. — Quae  turpia  dictu 
sunt,  silentio  praetereamus. — Auctumno  abeunt  lusciniae. 
\'^ere  semper  redeunt. — Alpes  nemo  cum  exercitu  ante  Han- 
nibalem  transierat. — Ariovisti  copiae  intra  annos  quatuorde- 
cim  tectum  non  subierant. — Orgetorix  persuasit  Helvetiis, 
ut  de  finibus  suis  cum  omnibus  copiis  exirent. — Post  Or- 
getorigis  mortem  Helvetii  id,  quod  constituerant  facere, 
conabantur,  et  e  finibus  suis  exibant. 

II. 
Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


The  hoys  were  going  through 
the  fields  when  their  pre- 
ceptor passed  by. 

T  will  go  to  the  altar,  and 
there  will  enter  into  a  cot)- 
cnant  with  God. 

Go  forth,  wretch ;  perish  all 


Puer  per   campus  eo   quum 
praeceptor  prae1;eret). 

Ad  ara  eo,  ibique  cum  Deus 
fcedus  ineo. 

Exeo,  scelestus ;  pereo  om 


ye  wicked !  i      nis  maius  ! 

Let  us  depart  from  the  bad ;  !  Abeo  a  malus,  adeo  ad  bonus. 

let  us  go  unto  the  good.        I 
Cicero  went  before,  the  sena-  \  Praseo  Cicero,  sequor  sena- 
tor;? followed ;    the  people  \      tor ;  omnis  praetereo  popu- 

saw  them  all  passing  by.  lus  aspicio. 

(71  that  battle  four  thousand  \  Intereo  in  ille  praelium  qua- 

perished.  tuor  mille. 

By  the    sagacity  and  valour  I  Scipio  solertia  et  virtus  Han 

of    Scipio    Hannibal    teas  \      nibal  redeo  cogo. 

compelled  to  return. 
The    storks,    returning,    an-  \  Ciconia,  redeo,  ver  annuutio 

nounce  the  spring.  ' 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS.  231 


The  Ctmes  of  Nero  and  Do- 
rm tian  will  never  return. 

[leaven  and  earth  shall  pass 
away^  hut  God's  icord  shall 
not  pass  oway. 

Cicero  went  away  into  exile 
of  his  own  accord. 


Nero  atque  Domitianus  tem- 
pus  nunquam  redeo. 

Ccelum  et  terra  pereo ;  ver- 
bum  Deiis  autem  non  pe- 
reo. 

Cicero  in  exilium  suus  sponte 
abeo. 


3.   Volo,  Nolo,  Malo. 
I. 

Translate  ilu-i  ibllowing,  and  explain  the  agreement  or 
_;overnment  in  o:»ch  clause,  &c. 

Non  solum  nab;?*'  divites  esse  volumus,  sed  etiam  liberis, 
propinquis,  amicis  iitque  patriae. — Visne  ut  te  iisdem  de  re- 
bus Latine  interrogem  ? — Valere  malo,  quam  dives  esse. — 
Idem  velle,  atque  idem  nolle,  ea  demum  firma  aiTiicitia  est. 
— Noli  me  tangere.^ — Nolite  oblivisci,^  quantum  parentibus 
et  praeceptoribus  debeatis. — Fabius  Cunctator  maluit,  ut  se 
sapiens"*  hostis  metueret,  quam  stulti  cives  laudarent. — Ma- 
lim  mori,  quam  vitiis  servire ! — Ea  quae  vis,  ut  potero,  ex- 
plicabo. — Non  potest  severus  esse  in  judicando,  qui  alios 
in  se  severos  esse  non  vult. — Ea  noluisse  facere,  quae  tur- 
pia  atque  scelesta  sunt,  honestissimum  est. — Timoleon  mal- 
uit se  diligi  quam  metui. — Legi  divinae  et  humanaj  omnes 
parebunt,  qui  secundum^  naturam  volent  vivere. — Deus  tam 
potens  est,  ut  omnia  quae  velit,  efficere  possit, — Beneiicium 
est  prodesse  quoque  nolentibus. — Libentissime  homines  au- 
diunt  ea,  quae  dicere  ipsi  maluissent. — Duo  peditum  millia 
alere  malim,  quam  equites  mille. — Vitia  nostra,  quae  ama- 
mus,  defendimus,  et  malumus  excusare  ilia,  quam  excuterc. 
— Si  vis  omnia  tibi  subjicere,  te  ipsum  subjice  rationi  — 


1.  Nobis,  "  for  ourselves." 

2.  Noli  me  tangere,  the  same  in  effect  as  ne  tange  me. 

3.  Nolite  ohlivisci,  the  same  in  effect  as  ne  obliviscimini. 

4.  Sapiens,  "  skilful." 

6.  Secundum,  "  accordino^  to,"  the  preposition. 


232 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


Nocere  posse  et  nolle  laus  amplissima  est. — Nunquam 
volui  placere  populo.  —  Themistocles  sciscitatus,  utrum 
Achilles  esse  mallet,  an  Homerus  ?  Die  ipse  prius,  inquit, 
utrum  malles  esse  victor  in  Olympiis/  an  prasco,  qui  vie 
tores  pronuntiat  1^ 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

Each  one  wishes  to  be  first  in    Unusquisque  in  ars  suus  pri- 
his  art.  |      mus  sum  volo. 

We  all  wish  the  faults  of  oth-  Alienus  vitium  omnis  repre 
ers  to  he  censured  rather  |  hendo  malo  quam  noster. 
than  our  own.  \ 

1  wish  you  to  pardon  me,  he-  I  Volo  ego  ignosco,  quod    ad 
cause   I  write    to   you   so '      tu  scribo  toties. 
often. 

Do  not  indulge  too  much  in 
sorrow. 

They  who  wish  to  execute  im- 

.  portant  enterprises  are  ac- 
customed to  reflect  long. 

Pythagoras  was  unwilling  to 
immolate  a  victim  to  Apol- 
lo, lest  he  might  sprinkle 
the  altar  with  blood. 

Cato  wished  rather  to  be,  than 
to  appear,  good. 

He  who  wishes  to  give  to  oth- 
ers ought  not  to  say,  "  do 
you  wish?^^ 

We  easily  believe  what  we 
wish. 


Nolo  nimis  dolor  indulgeo. 

Qui  magnus  negotium  ago 
volo,  diu  cogito  soleo. 

Pythagoras  Apollo  hostia  im- 
molo  nolo,  ne  ara  sanguis 
adspergo. 

Cato  sum,  quam  videor,  bonus 

malo. 
Qui  alius  volo  do,  non  dico 

debeo  volone  ? 

Qui  volo  facile  credo. 


1.  In  Ohjmpiis,  *'  at  the  Olympic  games."     Supply  ludis. 

2.  Pronuntiat,  "  announces."     The  herald,  at  the  games,  announced 
to  fh^  assemblec;!  throng  the  naipeg  of  the  victors. 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAil    VERBS. 


233 


Tims  wished  to  overcome  oth- 
ers by  kindnesses  rather 
than  to  be  overcome  by 
them. 

Socrates  might  easily  have  es- 
caped from  prison,  but  he 
was  unwilling. 

Cato  wished  rather  to  die  free 
than  deliver  himself  up  to 
C<Bsar. 


Titus  alius  beneficium  vinco 
malo  quam  ab  is  vinco. 


Facile  e  career  effugio  pos- 
sum Socrates,  sed  nolo. 

Cato  liber  morior  malo,  quam 
sui  Caesar  trado. 


4.  Fero  and  its  compounds. 
I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  agreement  oi 
government  in  each  clause,  &c. 

Melius  est  injurias  ferre  quam  inferre.' — Nonomnis  ager, 
qui  seritur,  fert  fruges. — Nulla  unquam  urbs  tot  poetas  tulit. 
tot  oratores,  tot  philosophos,  quam  Athene. — Virtus  et  doc- 
trina  sunt  divitise,  quas  mdlus  fur  auferre  potest. — Res 
graves^  ne  differ  in  tempus  futurum. — Pericula.  quae  mihi 
communia  sunt  cum  ceteris,  fortius'*  feram. — Cyrus  avo  suo 
regnum  abstulit,  eumque  maximae  genti  Hyrcanorum  prae- 
posuit.— Quam  ob  causam  Darius  Scythis*  bellum  intulerit, 
ipse  fortasse  nescivit. — Post  Sardanapali  mortem  imperium 
ab  Assyriis  ad  Medos  translatum  est. — Sapiens  obliviscitur 
injuriarum,  quae  ipsi  illatae  sunt.— Quid  quaeque  nox  aut  dies 
ferat,  incertum  est. — Ne  ofFeramus  nos  periculis  sine  causa. 
— Post  Hasdrubalis  mortem,  exercitus  summum  imperium 
ad  Hannibalem  detulit. — Pecuniam  praeferre  amicitiae  sor- 
didum  est. — Scipio  moriens  ab  uxore  petiit,  ne^  corpus  suum 
Romam  referretur. — Perfer  et  obdura,  labor  hie  tibi  proderil 

1    Inferre^  "  to  commit."     Literally,  "  to  bring  upon  others.'* 

2.  Graves^  "  important." 

3.  Fortius^  "  the  more  firmly,"  i.  e.,  on  that  very  account,  because 
they  are  common  to  all. 

4.  ScythiSy  "  on  the  Scythians." 

5.  iVc,  to  be  rendered  here  as  ut  non 

20* 


234 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


olim.' — Si  sapienti  et  probo  abstuleritis  divilias,  omnia  iUi 
sua  relinquetis. — Cimon  complures  pauperes  mortuos  sue 
3umtu  extulit.^ — Fortuna  ssepe  demersit,  quern  extuleral. — 
Ennius  ferebat  duo  onera,  quae  maxima  esse  putantur,  pau- 
pertatem  et  senectutem. — In  crastinum  diem  ne  differ  la 
borem  hodiemum.  —  Animalia  afferunt  variam  utilitateni 
liominibus :  prosunt  partim  viribus  corporis ;  partim  lacte 
el  came  ;  partim  crinibus  et  pellibus. — Antiquissimis  tem- 
poribus  defuncti  noctu  efferebantur. — Quod  munus  reipub- 
licae  afferre  majus  meliusve  possumus,  quam  si  docemus  et 
erudimus  juventutem? 

II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 
The  things  that  can  he  borne  I  Qui  fero  possum,  fero  sum 

ought  to  he  home.  I 

Let  us  put  off  nothing  impor-   Nihil  gravis  differo. 

tant. 


Codrus  offered  himself  to  cer- 
tain death  for  his  country. 

In  returning  a  kindness,  we 
ought  to  imitate  the  fertile 
fields,  which  yield  much 
more  than  they  have  re- 
ceived. 

A  few  only  can  endure  an- 
guish :  let  us  he  of  the  num- 
her  of  the  few. 

I  will  he  take  myself  to  sleep. 


Codrus  sui  certus  mors  pro 
patria  offero. 

In  refero  gratia,  debeo  imitor 
ager  fertilis,  qui  multo  plus 
affero  quam  accipio. 


Pauci  tantum  dolor  fero  po5 
sum  :  sum  e^  pauci. 


Ego  dormio"*  confero. 


1.  Olim,  "hereafter." 

2.  Extulil,  "  caused  to  be  buried."  Literally,  "  carried  forth,"  i.  e., 
to  be  burned,  and  the  ashes  to  be  then  interred.  The  bodies  of  the 
lead  were  burned  on  a  funeral  pile  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and 
heir  ashes  put  into  urns,  &c. 

3.  E^  i*  of  the  number  of,"  "  out  of,"  preposition  governing  tie  abla- 
we. 

4.  To  be  put  in  the  suoine. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


235 


Bri7ig  ye  aid  to  the  wretched, 
Atticus  was  carried  forth  for 

interment  on  a  little  couch. 
Ccesar  forgave   all  who   had 

borne  arms  against  him. 
Xerxes  made  war  on  Greece 

by  land  and  sea. 
After  Fortune  has  taken  all 

things  from  thee,  she  has 

nevertheless  left  thee  hope. 


Fero  opis  miser. 

Atticus  efFero  in  lecticula. 

Caesar  omnis/  qui  contra  is 

arma  fero,  ignosco. 
Xerxes  bellum  Graecia^  terra 

mareque^  infero. 
Quum  omnis  tu**  fortuna  aufe- 

ro,  spes  nihilo  minus  reiin 

quo. 


5.  Fio  and  its  compounds. 
I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  explain  the  agreement  or 
government  in  each  clause,  &lc. 

Quod  cito  lit,  cito  perit. — Nolite  id  velle,  quod  fieri  non 
potest. — A  Deo  omnia  facta  et  constituta  sunt. — Omnia, 
quae  fiunt,  causis^  fiunt  antegressis.-  I'rincipio  rerum  Deus 
dixit ;  fiat  lux  ;  et  facta  est  lux. — Midas  rex  a  Baccho  pe- 
tiit,  ut,  quidquid  tetigisset,  aurum  fieret. — Antiquissimis  tem- 
poribus  homines  interdum  ab  aratro  arcessebantur,  qui^  Gon- 
sules  fierent. — Factum*^  infectum  fieri  nequit. — Ne  fac  Sep- 
tembri,  quod  fieri  debet  Aprlli. — Parentibus  et  praeceptori- 
bus  in  diem^  cariores  fitote,  pueri. — Contra  vim  sine  vi  nihil 
fieri  potest. — Omnia  jam  fiunt,  fieri  quae  posse  videntur. — 
Ciceronis  industrial  Catilinae  conjuratio  patefacta  est. — Ga- 
lamistris  calefactis  in  cinere  capillus  ornatur. — Caligula 
pretiosissimas  margaritas  aceto  liquefactas  soibuit. — Ursi 

1.  The  dative,  governed  by  ignosco. 

2.  The  dative. 

3.  Put  terra  and  marc  in  the  ablative. 

4.  The-dative. 

5.  Causis,  "  through  causes."  ^ 

6.  Qui,  equivalent  here  to  ut  illi,  *'  in  order  that  they,"  and  hence 
followed  by  Jiercnt  in  the  potential, 

7.  Factum,  "  what  is  done,"  perfect  participle  of^o. 

8.  In  diem,  '*  daily." 

9.  Industria,   *  by  the  persevering  energy." 


236 


EXERCISES    ON    THE    IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


mansuefacti  saltare  discimt. — In  Capitolio  agra'  legura,  ful 
mine  tacta,~  liquefacta  sunt. — Leges  ad  mansuefaciendos 
homines  sunt  inventae. — Omnia  patefient  quae  nunc  celantur 

11. 
Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
malical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


//  can  happen,  and  often  does 
happen^  that  he  who  has 
lived  long  has  lived  little. 

Whatever  Midas  touched  be- 
came gold. 

On  the  highest  summits  of  the 
Alps  the  snow  is  never 
melted, 

India  was  laid  open  by  the 
arms  of  Alexander,  and 
the  kings  who  came  after. 

A  friend  can  be  made  out  of 
an  enemy. 

Wood  becomes  warm  when  it 
is  rubbed. 

We  will  all  become  the  food 
of  worms. 

I  would  become  virtuous,  if  I 
could. — Make  the  attempt, 
and  you  lotll. 

I  was  becoming  evil,  when  thy 
word,  oh  my  God,  brous^ht 
me  back  to  virtue. 


Possum  fio,^  et  saepe  fio,  ui 
qui  diu  vivo,  parum  vivo 

Quisquis  tango  Midas,  aururff 

fio. 
In  summus  Alpes  vertex  nb 

nunquam  liquefio. 

India  patefio  arma  Alexander 
rexque  qui  succedo 

Amicus  ex  inimicus  iio  posr 

sum. 
Lignum  calefio  quum  tero 

Ego  omnis  vermis  esca  fio 

Bonus  fio,  si  possum. — Pe- 
riculum  facio,  et  fio. 

Malus  fio,  quum  verbum  tuus, 
mens  Deus,  ego  ad  \drtus 
reduco. 


1.  Mra  lecrvm,  *' the  brazen  plates  of  the  laws."  Among  the  Ro- 
mans, laws  were  engraven  on  tablets  or  plates  of  brass,  and  deposited 
in  the  Capitol 

2.  Fulmine  tacfa,  "  having  been  struck  by  lightning  ;''  literally,  *'  hav- 
'ng  been  touched,"  &c. 

3.  Fio  often  has  the  meaning  "  to  happen"  or  "  b(v:ome."  Hence 
factum  est,  "  it  happened,"  is  of  common  occurrence. 


.  DEFECTIVE    VERBS.  237 

LXXVIII.  DEFECTIVE  VERBS. 
I    D(fectwe  Verbs  are  such  as  are  not  used  in  certain 
tenses,  numbers,  and  persons. 

II.  Three  verbs,  oJz,  coejn^  and  memini,  are  only  used  in 
the  preterit  tenses,  that  is,  in  the  perfect  and  the  tenses 
formed  therefrom  ;  and  hence  they  have  been  denominated 
by  grammarians  "  Preteritive  verbs." 

III.  The  verb  coepi  has  the  force  not  only  of  an  aoris\ 
and  a  perfect,  but  also  frequently  that  of  a  present.  Thus, 
it  signifies  not  only  '^  I  began"  and  "  I  have  begun,"  but 
also  "  I  begin." 

IV.  The  verbs  odi  and  memini^  on  the  other  hand,  have 
in  the  perfect  regularly  the  sense  of  the  present ;'  as,  odi, 
'*  I  hate  ;"  memini,  "  I  remember ;"  and  hence  their  pluper- 
fect has  the  force  of  an  imperfect,  and  their  second  future 
that  of  a  first  future. 

V.  The  parts  of  these  three  verbs  that  are  in  use  are  as 
follows : 

Odi,  ddera7n,  ddero,  oderim,  odissem,  odisse.     Participles, 

osus  and  osuriis. 
Coepi,    coeperam,    coepero,   coeperim,  coepissem,  coepisse. 

Participles,  coeplus,  coepturus. 
Memini,  memineram,  meminero,  meminerim,  meminissem, 

meminisse.     Imperative,  memento,  memcntote. 

Vr.  Another  verb,  7wvi,  is  in  like  manner  found  only  in 
the  perfect  and  the  tenses  formed  from  the  perfect,  but  it 
differs  from  the  three  verbs  just  mentioned  in  having  a  pres- 
ent, nosco,  also  in  use. 

VII.  The  present  tense,  nosco,  however,  signifies,  **  I 
begin  to  know,"  "  I  learn,"  &c.,  whereas  the  perfect  nam 
has,  like  odi  and  memini,  the  force  of  a  present,  aQd  signi- 

1 ,  This  present  meaning,  however,  is  deduced  from  that  of  the  per- 
fect. Thus,  odi,  "  I  have  hated,  and  still  continue  to  hate  ;"  i.  e.,  *•  I 
hate."  And  again,  memini,  "  I  have  remembered,  and  still  continue  to 
remember ;"  i.  e.,  **  I  remember." 


238  JJEFECTIVE    VERBS.  .    ; 

fies  "  I  know,"  thus  expressing  the  actual  knowledge  which 
is  the  result  of  past  learning.  Hence,  as  in  the  case  of  odt 
and  memtni,  its  pluperfect  has  the  force  of  an  imperfect, 
and  its  second  future  that  of  the  first  future. 

VIII.  The  parts  of  novi  that  are  in  use  are  as  follows  : 

Novi,  noviram,  novero^  7ioverim,  novissem,  fuvisse,  con- 
tracted into  noram,  norim,  nossem,  nosse.  Participle. 
notus, 

IX.  There  is  also  a  large  number  of  defectives,  which 
want  certain  tenses;  as,  for  example,  dare,  "to  give;" 
fdri,  "  to  speak,"  with  its  compounds,  adfdri,  effdri,profdru, 

Of  dare,  the  passive  forms  dor  and  der  are  not  found  in 
any  extant  classic  authors. 

The  vexh  fdri,  with  its  compounds,  is  in  use  only  among 
the  poets.  The  parts  of  it  that  occur  most  frequently 
are  the  third  person  of  the  present,  ycr^wr;  the  imper- 
ative fare ;  and  the  participle  fatus.  The  ablative  of 
the  gerund,  fando,  occurs  in  a  passive  sense  even  in 
prose,  in  the  expression  fando  audire,  "  to  know  by 
hearsay." 

X.  Of  verbs  which  want  many  of  theii  chief  parts,  the 
following  most  frequently  occur.  Aio,  "  I  say ;"  inquam, 
"  I  say  ;"  forem,  "  I  should  be  ;"  ave  and  salve,  "  hail ;" 
redo,  "  tell  thou"  or  "  give  me  ;"  qucBso,  '*  I  beseech." 

XL  Their  parts  remaining  in  use  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Aio,  *'/  sayr^ 

Tnd.    Present,      Aio»        ais,        ait;        ,     ,  aiunt. 

Imperfect,   Aiebam,  aiebas,  aiebat ;  aiebamus,  aiebatis,  aiebant 
A.  &  Perf., ,  aisti,     ait ;         ,     y . 

SuBj.  Present, ,  aias,      aiat ;      ,     ,  aiant. 

1.  Aio  is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  "  I  affirm ;"  and  in  this  sense  Cicero 
uses  aientia.  The  participle  otherwise  is  rare. — The  imperative  at  is 
foimd  in  Plautus.     In  the  comic  writers  the  impertert  aibam  is  found. 


DEFECTIVE    VERBS.  . 

[mpek.  PRESENt ,  ai, ; •-f     " , . 

Participle,  Present,  aiens. 

;■'-'■  ^'  2.   Inquam,  '' I  say.''^ 

hm   Present,  Inquam,  inquis,    inquit ;     inquimus,  inquitis,  inquium. 

Imperf.,    , ,      inquiebat ;  ,  ,     inquiebant 

A.  &  Perf., ,  inquisti,  inquit ;         ,  ,      

1    Future, ,  inqnies,  inquiet ;       , ,      . 

Imper.  Pres., ,  inque,     inquito  ;       ,  inquite,  . 

Participle,  Present,  Inquiens. 

3.  FoREM,  "  /  should  hey"- 

SuBj.  Imperfect,       Forcm,     fores,     foret ;    , ,     forent. 

Infix.  Future,  Fore,  "  to  he  about  to  hey 

4.   Ave,  "^ml"' 

Lmper.  Present,  Ave  or  aveto,  avete  or  avetote 

Infin.   Present,  Avere. 

5.  Salve,  ''-  haiV* 
Indic.  1.  Future,     Salvebis. 

Imper.  Present,       Salve  or  salveto,  salvete  or  salvetote. 

Infin.    Present,       Salvere. 

6.  Cedo,  ''tell,''  ''give,'' 

Imper.  Present,     Cedo,  cedo  or  cedite,  contracted  cette  ^ 

7.  QUiESO,  "  /  beseech." 

Indic.  Present,  Quaeso,    ,   ;    qutesiimus,  , . 

XII.  Qu(Bso  is  originally  the  same  as  qu<sro.  By  far  the 
most  common  use  of  it  is  interjectional,  without  governing 

1.  This  verb  is  only  used  hetween  the  words  which  are  quoted,  and 
never  stands  at  the  beginning. 

2.  This  verb,  probably  originating  from  fuerem^  belongs  to  esse^  and 
is  exactly  similar  in  meaning  to  essem.  The  infinitive  fore  has  the  same 
meaning  z.s  futurum  {-am^  -um,  -os,  -as,  -a)  esse. 

3.  Ave  is  in  reality  an  imperative  of  aveo,  **  to  be  well,"  and  is  only 
rnentioned  as  defective  because  it  has  a  different  meaning,  in  some  re- 
spect, from  the  verb  of  which  it  forms  a  part. 

4.  Salve  is  the  imperative  of  the  obsolete  verb  salveo,  "  to^be  in  soun 
nealth  "  The  infinitive  is  used  vfith  jubeo ;  as,  jubeo  te  salvere,  "I  bid 
thee  hail."  Cicero  uses  the  future  for  the  imperative,  salvebis  a  Cice- 
rone meo,  "  accept  the  salutation  of  my  Cicero." 

r.    This  contraction  is  used  bv  the  comic  writ^Ts.  .    _ 


440  EXEPXISES    ON    DEFECTIVE    VERBS. 

any  case  or  having  any  proposaion  dependant  upon  it :  a«, 
Tu^  qu(Bso,  crebro  ad  me  scribe^  '*  Do  thou,  1  beseech,  write 
often  unto  me."  The  first  person  plural;  qu<Bsumii6\  is  used 
In  the  same  way. 

Xni.  Among  defective  verbs  may  also  be  mentioned  age 
ind  iigtte,  "  come,"  the  former  being  singular  and  the  latter 
of  the  plural  number.  They  are  in  strictness,  however, 
merely  imperative  forms  of  ago^  and  resemble  in  usage  the 
Greek  aye. 

XIV.  'J'he  following  are  also  given  by  some  as  defective 
i^^erbs,  namely,  ausim,faxim,  Bxidfaxo.  They  are  in  fact, 
however,  merely  old  forms  of  tenses.  Ausim  belongs  to 
judeo,  *'  to  dare,"  and  appears  to  be  contracted  from  ause- 
rim  ;  while  faxim  and  faxo  are  old  forms  fox  fecerim  and 
fecero,  from  the  verb  facio. 

LXXX.  EXERCISES  ON  DEFECTIVE  VERBS. 
I. 
Translate  the  following,  and  indicate  the  defective  verbs. 

Post  victoriam  apud  Mycalen,  maritimae  res  Atheniensi- 
um  in  dies  magis  fiorere  coeperunt. — Diutius  quum  Romano- 
rum  impetus  sustinere  non  possent  Helvetii,  multi,  ut  coe- 
perant,  in  montem  se  receperunt. — Demonax  interrogatus, 
quando  co^pisset  philosophari  ?  '  tum,"  dixit,  "  quum  me 
ipsum  cognoscere  ccepi." — Memini  etiam,  quae  nolo,  obli- 
visci  non  possum  quae  volo. — Peto  a  te  ut  memineris  mei. 
— Boni  sunt  cives  qui  patriae  proditores  oderunt. — Ingrati 
illi  sunt  qui  nunquam  beneficia  meminerunt. — Nunquam 
dati'  memineris  ;  accepti  esto  memor. — Rebus  in  adversis 
melius^  sperare  memento. — Si  potestis,  ignotis  etiam  prod- 
esse  memeniote. — Quum  judici^  diceuda  sententia  est,  me- 
minerit,  se    Deum   habere    testem. — Odi,  quern  metuo. — 

1.  Dati^  "a  favour  conferred  by  yon."  Literally,  "  a  thing  given." 
Memineris  is  to  be  rendered  as  an  ixnpor.hve. 

2.  Melius,  "  for  better  things." 

3    Judiciy  "by  a  judge."     The  dative  'or  the  ablative  by  a  (Jraeciano. 


EXERCISES  ON  DEFECTIVE  VERBS.       241 

Miser  est  quem  omnes  boni  oderunt. — Nemo  est  qui  se  ip- 
sum  oderit. — Is  pater  est  amens,  qui  odit  eum  sine  causa, 
quem  procreavit. — Nostine,  celsissimam  arborem  esse  ced- 
rum  ? — Hectora  qtiis  nosset,  felix  si  Troja  fuisset  ? — Sapiens 
\rires  suas  novit. — Aio  te,  iEacida,  Romanes  vincere  posse. 
-  I'hales,  rogatus,  quid  esset  facile  1  "  alterum,"  ait,  "  ad- 
monere.  Omnes  enim,  quum  valemus,  recta  consilia  aegro- 
tis  damus. — Epicurei  aiebant,  nihil  esse  prsestabilius  otiosa 
vita. — Trajanus  aiebat :  "  non  est  princeps  supra  leges,  sed 
leges  sunt  supra  principem." — Nihil  mihi,  inquis,  proderit 
diligenlia.  Erras,  inquam. — ^sopus,  ob  deformitatem  ab 
aliquo  culpatus,'  ''Non  forma,"  inquit,  "  sed  mens  adspici- 
enda^  est." — Aristoteles  interrogatus,  quid  esset  amicus? 
"  Unus,"  inquit,  *'  animus  in  duobus  corporibus." — Virtus, 
virtus,  inquam,  Cai  Fanni,  et  conciliat  amicitias  et  conser- 
vat. — Cedo,  quaeso,  quid  faciam  ? — Cedo,  ut  bibam. — Cette 
manus  vestras,  measque  accipite. — Quis  foret  egenus,  si 
quisque  beneficus  esset  ? — Non  speraverat  Hannibal  fore,^ 
ut  tot  in  Italia  populi  ad  se  deficerent. — Accede  ad  formi- 
cam,  ignave,  et  vide  quam  sedula  et  operosa  sit !  Age,  sa- 
pere  disce  ab  ea  ! — Age^  age,  nunc  experiamur  ! — Agite, 
discipuli,  imitemini  apes  ! 

.  _  II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


Diogenes  affirms,  Antipdter 
denies. 

Among  all  animals,  elephants 
most  hate  mice. 

Go  on  as  thou  hast  begun ; 
learn  to  hate  vice ;  hid  vir- 
tue hail. 


Diogenes  aio,  Antipater  ne- 

go- 
Inter  omnis  animal,  elephan- 

tus  maxime  odi  mus. 
Pergo  ut  ccepi ;  disco  vitium 

odi ;  jubeo  virtus  salveo. 


1.   Culpatua,  "  having  been  found  fault  with.' 
i.  Adspicioida,  ''  to  be  regarded." 
3,   F(he,  "  thai  it  would  come  to  pass." 
21 


242 


IMPERSONAL    VERBS. 


Come,  my  friends,  give  me 
your  thanks. 

I  beseech  of  you  that  you 
grant  this  indulgence  unto 
me, 

1  'i  know  07ie'S  self  is  most 
difficult. 

Lucilius  affirms  that  Crassus 
laughed  once  during  his 
lifetime. 

We  cannot,  say  the  Spartans, 
flee  from  a  foe. 

It  would  he  cowardly,  said  I 
to  myself,  to  begin  to  yield 
when  my  soldiers  know  not 
fear,  hut  only  remember  the 
dangers  of  their  country. 

Fools  hate  wisdom  ;  and  ids- 
dom,  on  the  other  hand,  like 
the  magnet,  hates  and 
loves.  She  hates  and  re- 
pels the  foolish ;  she  loves 
and  attracts  the  wise. 


Age,  amicus,  cedo  gratiae. 

Quaeso  a  tu,  ut  ego  do  hie 
venia.       * 

Sui  ipse  novi  sum  difficilis. 

Crassus'  semel  aio  in  vita  ri- 
deo  Lucilius. 

Non  possum,  inquam  Sparta- 
nus,  ab  hostis  fugio. 

Ignavus  forem,  aio  tacitus, 
cedo  coepi,  quum  miles 
meus  limor  non  novi,  sed 
patria  periculum  tantum 
memini. 

Stultus  odi  sapientia:    sapi 
entia  autem,  veluti   mag 
nes,  odi  et  amo.     Stultus 
odi  et  repello,  sapiens  amo 
et  attraho. 


LXXXI.  IMPERSONAL  VERBS. 

I.  Impersonal  Verbs  are  tho&e  which  are  used  only  m 
the  third  person  singular,  and  do  not  admit  of  a  personal 
subject  or  nominative. 

II.  Impersonal  verbs,  when  translated  into  English,  have 
before  them  the  neuter  pronoun  it,  especially  in  the  active 
voice ;  as,  delectat,  "  it  delights  ;"  decet,  "  it  becomes  ;" 
eontingit,  "  it  happens ;"  evenit^  "  it  comes  to  pass  ;"  scri' 
htiur,  "  it  is  written,"  &:c. 

TIT.  They  are  conjugated  as  follows  : 

1.  Accusative  before  the  infinitive. 


IMPERSONAL    VERBS. 


2U 


15/  Conj. 

2d  Conj. 

3d  Conj. 

Ath  Conj. 

Indic 

.  Present, 

Delectat. 

Decet. 

Contingit. 

Evenit. 

Imperfect, 

Delectabat. 

Decebat. 

Contingebat, 

Eveniebat 

A.  &  Perf. 

,  Delectavit. 

Decuit. 

Contigit. 

Evenit. 

Pluperp. 

'  Delectaverat. 

Decuerat. 

Contigerat. 

Evenerat. 

1.  Future, 

Delectabit. 

Decebit. 

Continget. 

Eveniet. 

2  Future, 

Delectaverit. 

Decuerit. 

Contigerit. 

Evenerit. 

>"OBJ. 

Present, 

Delectet. 

Deceat. 

Contingat. 

Eveniat 

Imperfect, 

Delectaret. 

Deceret. 

Contingeret. 

Evenlret. 

Perfect, 

Delectaverit. 

Decuerit. 

Contigerit. 

Evenerit. 

Pluperf. 

Delectavisset. 

Decuisset. 

Contigisset. 

Evenisset. 

fNFIN, 

.  Pr.  &  Imp. 

Delectare. 

Decere. 

Contingere. 

E  venire. 

Per.  &  Plu.  Delectavisse.    Decuisse.    Contigisse.      Evenisse. 

IV,  Most  Latin  verbs  may  be  used  impersonally  in  the 
passive  voice,  especially  neuter  and  intransitive  verbs, 
which  otherwise  have  no  passive. 

V.  As  the  passive  voice  of  ar  active  transitive  verb  may 
bo  substituted  for  the  active  so  that  of  a  neuter  verb  may 
be  used  in  the  third  person  singular  instead  of  the  active^ 
form,  the  personal  subject  of  the  latter,  or  nominative,  be- 
ing put  in  the  ablative  with  the  preposition  a  or  ab ;  as, 
faveo  tibi,  *'  I  favour  thee,"  or  favetur  tibi  a  me,  "  thou  art 
favoured  by  me." 

Indicative  Mood. 

2d  Conj.  3d  Conj.  4th  Conj. 

Favetur.  Currttur.  Venitur. 

Favebatur.       Currebatur.       Veniebatur. 
A.  &.Per.  Pugnatum  est.*   Fautum  est.'    Cursum  est.*    Ventum  est.* 
Pluper.      Pugnatum  erat.^  Fautum  erat.^  Cursum  erat.^  Ventum  erat.^ 

1.  FuT.        Pngnabltur.         Favebitur.        Curreiur.  Venietur. 

2.  Fut.        Pugnatum  erit.^  Fautum  erit.^  Cursum  erit.^  Ventum  erit.' 

Subjunctive  Mood, 
Pres.    Pugnetur.  Faveatur.  Curratur.  Veniatur. 

Imper.  Pugnaretur.  Faveretur.         Curreretur.        Veniretur. 

Perf.    Pugnatum  sit.**     Fautum  sit.*      Cursum  sit.'*      Ventum  sit.* 
Plup.    Pugnatum  esset.^  Fautum  esset  ^  Cursum  esset.^  Ventum  esset.' 


1st  Conj. 
Present,   Pugnatur. 
Imperf.       Pugnabatur. 


1.  Oxfuit. 
4.  Or  fntril. 


2.  Or  fuera'. 

5    Or'f'^i^.a. 


3.  Qi  fuerit. 


Pi  get,  piguit,  or  pigit-nm  est,  *'  it 

grieves." 
Posnitcty  pcsniluit,  "  it  repents." 
Pudet,  pt/duii,  or  pudilum  est,  "  it 

shames." 
Tcedet,  tceduit,  or  tcpsum  est,  *'  it 

wearies." 


844  ADVERBS. 

Infinitive  Mood. 

pREs.    Pugnar4  Faveri.  Curri.  Veniri. 

Perf     Pugnatum  esse.'  Fautum  esse.'  Cursum  esse.'  Ventum  esse. 
FuT.      Pugnatum  iri.        Fautum  iri.        Cursum  iri.        Ventum  iri. 

VI.  Grammarians  usually  reckon  only  ten  real  impersonal 
rerbs  all  of  which  are  of  the  second  conjugation ;  namely, 

Decet,  decuit,  "  it  becomes." 
L^bet,    lihuit,    or   libitum  est    "it 

pleases." 
Licet,  licuit,  or  licitum  est,  "it  is 

lawful." 
Miseret,  miseruit,  or  miseritum  est, 

"  it  pities." 
Oportet,  oportuit,  "  it  behooves." 

VIT.  No  good  reason,  however,  exists  for  distinguishing 
those  ten  from  other  impersonal  verbs. 

VIII.  Impersonal  verbs,  not  being  used  in  the  imperative, 
take  the  subjunctive  in  its  stead  ;  as,  delecU-.t,  "  let  it  de- 
light." In  the  passive  voice  their  perfect  participles  are 
used  only  in  the  neuter. 

LXXXII.  ADVERBS. 

I.  The  adverb  qualifies  the  signification  of  a  verb,  an 
adjective,  a  participle,  or  even  another  adverb  ;  as,  honeste 
vixit,  "  he  lived  in  a  becoming  manner ;"  eximie  pulchcr, 
"  remarkably  fair ;"  domus  celeriter  extructa,  "  a  house 
quickly  built ;"   satis  diu,  "  sufficiently  long." 

II.  Adverbs  are  divided  into  simple  and  derivative, 

III.  Simple  adverbs  are  those  not  derived  from  any  known 
rt)Ot  in  the  language.  Derivative  adverbs,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  those  which  are  so  derived ;  and  to  this  head  be- 
long all  adverbs  formed  by  composition. 

IV.  The  number  of  primitive  adverbs  is  small  in  propor- 
tion to  that  of  the  derivative.  The  derivative  adverbs  may 
be  reduced  to  different  classes.^^  But  both  primitive   and 

1.  Oi fuisse.  ^ 


EXERCISES  ON  ADVERBS.  245 

derivative  are  best  learned  by  actual  practice  in  transit 
lion. 

LXXXIlI.  EXERCISES  ON  ADVERBS. 
I. 

Translate  the  following,  and  indicate  the  adverb  in  eacfc 
clause,  Sic. 

Hannibal  apud  Zamam  conflixit  cum  Public  Scipione,  filio 
ejus  quern  ipse  primum  apud  Rhodanum,  iterum  apud  Pa- 
dum,  tertio  apud  Trebiam  fugaverat. — Lacrima  nihil  citius 
arescit. — Nolite  dolori  nimium  indulgere. — Elephanti  gre- 
gatim  semper  ingrediuntur. — F'uit  quoddam  tempus,  quun) 
in  agris  homines  passim,  bestiarum  modo,  vagabantur. — 
Sallustius  statuit  res  gestas  Romanorum  carptim  describere 
- — Me  penitus  nosse  debes. — Quae  domus  tam  stabilis  est^ 
quae  non  odiis  atque  dissidiis  fundltus  possit  everti  ? — Mar- 
donius,  Xerxis  gener,  in  prcelio  apud  Plataeas,  cum  ducen- 
tis  millibus  peditum,  quos  viritim  legerat,  et  viginti  millibus 
equitum  cecidit. — Carthaginienses  frustra  a  Romanis  pacem 
petiverunt. — Aliquamdiu  imperator  Tiberius  summam  rei- 
publicae  curam  Sejano  commiserat. — Pariter  cum  vita  sen- 
sus  amittuntur. — Vita,  mors,  divitiae,  paupertas  omnes  hom- 
ines vehementissime  permovent. — Meridie  sol  magis  ardet 
quam  mane  et  vesperi. — Postquam  Solon  leges  civitati  Athe- 
niensium  scripserat,  peregre  profectus  est. — Nunquam  effi- 
cies,  ut  recta  procedant  cancri. 

Percussores  Alcibiadis  tela  procul  in  eum  immiserunt. — 
Luxuries  jam  totas  urbes  evertit. — Natura  expellas  furca, 
tamen  usque  recurret. — A  Graecis  pariter  ac  Romanis  mor- 
tuorum  oculi  comprimebantur. — Tunc  imprimis  apparebit 
vera  virtus,  quum  4)ericulum  appropir  ^uat. — Romani  Veios 
ita  prorsus  deleverant,  ut  postea  ne  vestigia  quidem  hujus 
urbis  restarent. — Sub  Tito  imperatore  accidit  conflagratio 
Vesuvii  mentis,  et  incendium  Romae  per  triduum  totidemque 
aoctes  — Commodum  dijscesseras  heri,  quum  amicus  tuus  ad 

81* 


246  EXERCISES  ON  ADVERBS. 

me  venit. — In  pugna  apud  Mantineam,  Epaminondas  emi- 
nus  sparo  percussus  est. — Qiiocuiique  nos  feret  fortuna  ibi- 
miis.— 3-Homo  toties  moritur,  quoties  amittit  suos. — Deus  non 
babet  corpus,  ideoque,  etsi  ubique  est,  nusquam  cerni  pot- 
est.— Quid  istic  facitis  ?- — Proverbium  est :  procul  a  Jove, 
procul  a  fulmine. — Hispania,  nisi  qua  Galliam  tangit,  pelago 
andique  cincta  est. — Cervi  cornua  quotannis  amittunt. 

Vituperatores  providentiae  Dei  stulte  et  impie  agunt. —  . 
Male  vivit,  qui  nescit  bene  mori. — Nemo  unquam  benig- 
nius/  nemo  attentius^  auditus  est  quam  Cicero. — Socrates 
Banctissime'*  vixit. — Consules  Romani  non  longius  imperi- 
um  quam  annum"*  unum  habebant. — Corpora  coelestia  lon- 
gissime  a  nobis  distant. — Bene  sentire,  recteque  facere,  sa- 
tis est  ad  bene  beateque  vivendum. — Vetejrum  aedificia  pub- 
lica  opulentius^  ornata  erant  quam  privata. — Optime^  pec- 
catum  evitat,  qui  occasiones  fugit  peccandi. — Quod  non 
recte  fecisti,  id  aliter  facere  debes. — Alexandri  Magni  mili- 
tes  impigre  toleraverunt  munia  militiae. — Homines  divites 
saepe  miserius'  vivunt  quam  pauper es. — Suorum  quisque 
vitiorum  facillime^  obliviscitur.  aliorum  recordatur. — Qui 
nimium  concupiscit  honores,  raro  eos  adipiscitur. — Oratoi 
alias  res  breviter  dicat,  alias  copiose  enarret. — Qui  in  vitae 
periculo  sunt,  iis  cito  succurrere  debemus. — Os  et  manus 
crebro  laventur. — Amittit  merito  proprium,^  qui  alienum  ap- 
petit. — Inter  oratores  Graecos  praecipue  eminet  Demosthe- 
nes.— Diutius  in  itinere  fui,  quam  exspectaveram. — Ver 
magis  delectat  quam  auctumnus. — Saxones  a  Carolo  Magno 
sexies  victi  septimum  rebellaverunt. — Primo  decipi  incom 
modum  est ;  iterum,  stultum  ;  tertio,  turpe. 

1.  From  benigne. 

2.  From  attente. 

3.  From  sancte. 

4.  Time  "  how  long"  is  put  in  the  accusative. 

5.  From  opuleiUer. 

6.  From  bene. 

7.  From  misere. 

8.  From  facile. 

9.  Proprium.  "his  own." — Alienum,  "that  of  another." 


PREPOSITIONS. 


247 


II. 

Convert  the  following   mgrammatical  Latin  into  gram^ 

matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 

The  temple  of  the  Ephesian 
Diana  v:as  most  beautifully 
built. 

No  one  despised  death  more 
courageously  than  Cato  of 
TJtica, 

What  is  more  elegantly  writ- 
ten than,  the  philosophical 
hooks  of  Plato  ? 

Let  young  men  diligently  ob- 
serve the  precepts  of  the  old. 

Timorous  dogs  bark  more  ve- 
hemently than  they  bite. 

Passionate  men  are  very  easi- 
ly irritated. 

Whales  are  killed  with  diffi- 
culty. 

Men  are  first  infants,  then 
boys,  then  youths,  after- 
ward grown  men,  finally 
old  persons. 

Hunters  often  remain  during 
the  whole  night  beneath  the 
open  air. 

Palcepolis  was  not  far  from 
the  place  where  Neapdlis  is 
now  situated. 


Templum  Diana  Ephesius 
pulchre  condo. 

Nemo  fortiter  mors  contem- 
no,  quam  Cato  Uticensis. 

Quis  eleganter  scribo,  quam 
Plato  liber  philosophicus  ? 

Juvenis     senex     praeceptum 

diligenter  servo. 
Timidus    canis    vehementer 

latro  quam  mordeo. 
fracundus  homo  facile  irrito 

Balaena  difficulter  interficio. 

Homo  sum  primum  infans, 
deinde  puer,  turn  juvenis, 
postea  vir,  denique  senex. 

Venator  saepe  per  totus  nox 
sub  dium  maneo. 

Palaepolis  sum  haud  procul 
inde,  ubi  nunc  Neapolis 
sino. 


LXXXIV.   PREPOSITIONS. 

I.  Prepositions  are  indeclinable  words,  which  express 
the  relations  that  nouns  have  to  each  other  and  to  verbs. 

II.  They  govern  an  accusative  or  ablative,  sometimes 
both,  but  usually  with  some  difference  of  meaning. 


248  PREPOSITIQNS. 

III.  With  few  exceptions,  they  precede  the  word  which 
they  govern,  and  hence  are  called  prepositions. 

IV.  The    prepositions    that   govern  the  accusative   are 
twenty-eight  in  number,  and  are  as  follows  :* 

I.  Ad. 

Signifies, 

1.  To;  as,  Via  Appia  ad  Capuam  ducehat. — Eo  ad patrem. 

2.  At,  Near  ;  as,  Ccesar  erat  adportas. — Laodicea,  in  Syriuj  est  ad 
mare. — Juvenes  slant  ad  januam. 

3.  At  (on  occasion  of) ;  as,  Ad  nomen  Vespasiani  Vitellius  excitaba- 
tur. — Ad  conspectum  filii  mei  lacrymo. 

4.  Towards  ;  as,  Pars  GallicB  vergit  ad  Septcmtriones. 

5.  Until  ;  as,  Sophocles  ad  summam  scnectutem  tragadias  fecit. — 
Ad  centesimum  annum  vixisti. 

6.  According  to  ;  as,  Cyrus  a  Xefiophontc,  non  ad  historic  fidcm 
scriptus  est,  sed  ad  efigiem  justi  imperii. 

7.  In  comparison  with  ;  as,  Decimum  cognovimus  honum  esse  vi- 
rum,  sed  nihil  ad  Persium. 

8.  Against,  Towards,  At  (of  time)  ;  as,  Ad  diem  statutum  venire. — 
Ad  tempus  respondere. 

9.  For,  In  respect  to  ;  as,  Mundi  partes  negue  ad  usum  melimcM 
esse  possunt,  negue  ad  speciem  pulchriores. 

10.  To  the  amount  of  ;  as,  Fuimus  ad  ducentos, 

II.  Apud. 

1.  With  (in  the  house  of)  ;  as,  Hodie  apud  te  esse  veto. 

2.  Before  (in  the  presence  of ) ;  as,  Logui  apud  populum. 

3.  With  (among) ;  as,  Apud  judices  misericordiam  excitare. 

4.  With  (in  the  writings  of) ;  as,  Cyrus  apud  Xenophontem  dicit 

5.  At  (of  place) ;  as,  Apud  Regillum. — Apud  Thermopylas. 

III.  Ante. 

1.  Before  (in  place);  as,  Ante  pratorium  stetit. 

2.  Before  (in  time) ;  as,  Ante  Trojce  excidium. 

3.  Before  (m  rank  or  degree) ;  as,  Virgo  ante  alias  pulchra. 

IV.  Adversus  and  Adversum. 
1.  Against  (with  motion  towards)  ;  as,  Impefum  adversus  colics  in 
cohort  es  faciunt. 

1.  The  examples  given  after  each  meaning  are  to  be  translated  by  the 
student 


PREPOSITIONS.  249 

2.  Against  (of  unfavourable  dispositions) ;  as,  Si  duiiorem  it  prahes, 
ego  non  contendam  adversus  te. 

3.  Towards   (of  favourable   dispositions) ;   as,   Est  pielas  justitia 
advr.rsuin  deos.     But  the  preposition  erga  is  more  common  in  this  sense. 

V.    GiS,    ClTRA.  «      V 

1.  On  this  side;  as,  Cis  Taurum  montem. — Citra  Jluvium  Rubi- 
conem. 

2.  Before  (i,  e.,  on  this  side  of) ;  as,  citra^  juventutem.     Used  in 
this  sense  by  the  poets. 

3.  Without  ;  as,  Phidias  longe  citra  cRmulum  erat.     Used  in  this 
sense  by  the  later  prose  writers. 

VI.  Circa,  Circum 
1.  Around,  About  (of  time) ;  as.  Circa  lucem. 
"2.  Around,  About  (of  place) ;  as,  circa  domos. 

Circa  is  used  both  of  time  and  place  ;   Circum  only  of  place. 
3.  About  (of  number)  ;  as,  Circa  quingentos  homines, 
i   About  (in  respect  to) ;  as.  Circa  tuam  valetudinem. 

VII.  CiRCITER. 

About  (of  indefinite  time) ;  as,  Circiter  meridiem. 

VIII.  Contra. 

1.  Against,  Over  against  (of  place);  as.  Contra  Gallice  oramBnt 
annia  est. 

2.  Against  (of  hostility  or  opposition) ;  as,  Contra  aliquem  venire  -  - 
Contra  leges  facere.       ^  ^  ^ 

IX.  Erga. 

Towards  (of  the  aflfections) ;  as.  Amor  mens  erga  te. 

X.  Extra. 

Beyond,  Out  of  ;  as,  Extra  urbem. — Extra  culpam. 

XI.  Infra. 

1.  Beneath  (of  place) ;  as,  Infra  oppidum. 

2.  Beneath,  Below  (of  magnitude) ;  as,  Uri  sunt  magnitudme  paute 
infra  elephantos. 

3.  Beneath  (of  rank)  ;  as,  Res  humanas  infra  se  positas  esse  urbi* 
trintur. 


1.   Citra,  "before  the  arrival  of." 


250  PREPOSITIONS 

XII.  Intee. 

1.  Between  :  as,  Inier  Sequanos  et  Helvetios  mans  est. 

2.  Among  ;  as,  Unus  inter  omnes  excellit. 

3.  Amid  ;  as,  Inter  tumuUum. 

4.  During  ;  as,  Inter  ccenam. 

6.  Mutually  (with  se) ;  as,  Inter  se  diligunt. — Trahes  inter  se  cot 
Ungunt. 

XIII.  Intra. 

1.  Within  (of  place) ;  as,  Comyulsus  intra  m(£.ma. 

2.  Within  (of  time) ;  as.  Intra  viginii  dies. 

3.  Within  (of  a  limit) ;  as.  Intra  legem  epulari. 

XIV.  JUXTA. 

Near,  Beside  ;  as,  Juxta  aliquem  sedere. 
XV.  Ob. 

1.  On  ACCOUNT  OF  ;  as,  Ob  earn  rem. — Quam  ob  rem. 

2.  Before  (with  oculi) ;  as,  Ob  oculos  meos. 

XVI.  Penes. 

1.  In  the  power  of  ;  as.  Penes  regem  captivi  sunt. 

2.  In  the  possession  of  ;  as.  Penes  nos  liber  est. 

XVII.  Per. 

1.  Through  (of  place) ;  as,  Pei'  totam  Italiam. 

2.  During  (of  time) ;  as,  Per  hbs  dies. 

3.  Through  (denoting  the  instrument  on  means) ;  as,  Statuerunt  m 
jurias  per  vos  ulcisci. — Per  literas  certior  /actus  sum. 

4.  By  (in  adjurations)  ;  as,  Juro  per  Jovem. 

h.  By  (in  supplications) ;  as,  Pr opera  per  deos. 

XVIII.  Pone. 
Behind  (of  place) ;    as.  Pone  cedem  Castoris.     For  this,  howevei» 
post  is  more  common. 

XIX.  Post. 

1.  Behind  ;  as,  Flumen  post  nostra  castra  erat. 

2.  After  ;  as.  Post  excidium  Trojce. 

3.  Since;   as,  Apud  Salaminaj  maxima  post  hominum  memanatn 
classis  est  devicfa. 

XX.  Prater. 
1.  Bv,  Beside  (passing  by);  as,  Prater  castra  Casaris  copius  sua^t 
4.ri!fvistus  transdujit. 


PREPOSITIOI^S.  251 

2.  Beyond  (o'  degree  or  a  limit);  as,  Aristides  patria  expulsus  est^ 
fuod  prceter  modum  Justus  esset. 

3.  Contrary  to  ;  as,  Premier  nahiram. — Prater  consuetudinem. 

4.  Besides;  as^  Prater  hcBc.-r-PrcBter  ea.  ' 
6.  Except;  asj  Non  vestitus  prceter  pelles  habebant. 

XXI.   PROPE. 

Near  ;  as,  Prope  urbem. 

This  preposition  is  often  used  with  a  or  ab,  in  the  sense  of  *'  not 
far  from,"  "  at  a  short  distance  from ;"  as,  Prope  a  mea  dorno 
Tarn  prope  a  Sicilia  bellum  gestum  est. 

XXII.  Propter. 

1 .  Near  ;  as,  Propter  Platoms  statuam  consedimus. 

2.  On  account  of  ;  as,  Amicitia  propter  se  expetenda. 

3.  By  means  of  ;  as.  Quod  pramium  satis  magnum  est  servis,  prop- 
ter quos  dominus  vivit  1     This  meaning,  however,  is  rare. 

XXIII.  Secundum. 

1.  Along  (following  the  course  of);  as,  Secundum  jlumen  pauca 
tationes  videbantur. 

2.  After  (of  time)  ;  as,  Tua  ratio  esty  ut  secundum  binos  ludos  res 
oondere  incipias. 

3.  After  (in  rank  or  degree) ;  as.  Secundum  deos,  homines  homini- 
bus  maxime  utiles  esse  possunt. 

4.  In  favour  of  (with  verbs  of  judging  or  deciding)  ;  as,  Senten- 
tiam  secundum  Plotium  se  dicturum  esse  ostendit. 

5.  According  to;  as,  Omnia,  quce  secundum natur am fiunt  habenda 
sunt  in  bonis.  . 

XXIV.  Supka. 

1.  Above  (of  place) ;  as,  Supra  caput. 

2.  Above  or  Beyond  (of  degree) ;  as.  Supra  modum. — Supra  vires 
humanas. — Supra  fidem. 

3.  Above  or  Beyond  (marking  the  excess  of  number  or  time) ;  as. 
Supra  novem  milUa  hominum. — Supra  centesimum  annum. 

XXV.  Trans. 

Across  (on  or  to  the  other  side) ;  as,  Trans  mare  currere. — Trans 
Rhenum  incolere 

XXVI.  Versus. 
Towards  (placed  after  the  noun  which  it  governs) ,  as,  .Mgyptum 
venus.     It  is  sometimes  joined  with  ad  and  iii ;  as,  Ad  meridiem  ver 
5«s  — In  Italiam  versus  tiavigare. 


252  PREPOSITIONS.  _^ 

f 

XXVII.  Ultra. 

1.  Beyond  (of  place) ;  as,  Ultra  monies  consedere. 

2.  Beyond  (of  degree)  ;  as,  Ultra  modum. — Ultra  vires. 

XXVIII.  Usque 
(A*  FAR  AS,  properly  an  adverb,  and  used  generally  in  connexion  wjtfi 
fli,  in,  sub,  ah  ;  as,  Usque  ad  mare. —  Usque  a  Syria  et  Mgypto,  &c. 
With  names  of  towns  it  may  be  used  without  a  preposition ;  but  only 
the  poets  and  later  prose  writers  omit  the  preposition  with  other  nouns. 
The  poets  also  say  adusque,  ahusque.) 

V.  The  prepositions  that  govern  the  ablative  are  fifteen 
in  number,  and  are  as  follows  : 

1.  A,  Ab,  Abs.^ 

1.  From  (of  persons,  places,  and  things);  as,  Nullam  abs  te  literam 
accepi. —  Consul  ab  urbe  profectus  est. —  UndcB  veniunt  afontibus. 

2.  From  (as  the  commencement  of  a  period) ;  as,  A  principio. — Ab 
adolescentia. — Ab  initio.^ 

3.  By  (with  passive  and  neuter  passive  verbs,  and  names  of  living  be- 
ings) ;  as,  Amatur  ab  omnibus. — Testis  rogatus  est  an  ab  reo  vapulasset 

4.  After  ;  as,  Scipio  confcstim.  a  prwlio  ad  mare  ac  naves  rediit. 

5.  On  (in  the  sense  of  relative  position)  ;  as,  Alexander  a  fronte  et  a 
tergo  hastes  habebat. 

6.  On  the  side  or  part  o?  ;  as,  Principes  utrinque  pugTiahaPt,  ab 
Sabinus  Curtius,  ab  Romanis  Hoslilius. 

7.  In  point  op  ;  as,  Antonius  ab  equitatu  firmus  esse  dicebatur.^ 
Imparati  sumus  cum  a  militibus,  turn  a  pecujiia.^ 

II.  Absque. 

Without  ;  as,  Absque  me  factum  esset.  It  occurs  once  or  twice 
m  Cicero,  but  is  chiefly  found  in  the  comic  writers. 

III.  Clam. 
Without  the  knowledge  of  ;  as,  Clam  patre. 

The  preposition  a  is  used  before  consonants  ;  ab  before  vowels, 
and  h,  j  (I  not  uniformly),  r,  s  ;  and  abs  only  before  t  and  qu. 

2.  Ab  initio  signifies  not  only  from  the  beginning,  but  als »  at  the  be- 
ginning. 

3.  In  later  prose  writers  it  denotes  office ;  as,  qui  est  pnnctpis  a 
manu,  "  an  amanuensis ;"  a  sccretis,  "  a  secretary ;"  a  bibliofheca,  "  e 
librarian,"  <Vc. 


PREPOSITIONS.  253 

■".  IV.  Coram. 

I.M  THE  PRESENCE  OP ;  as,  Coraiu  populo. 

V.  Cum. 

With  (denoting  the  coexistence  or  connexion  of  objects) ;  as,  PioJ/' 
iisci  cum  palre. — Pugnare  cum  hostihus. 

VI.  De. 

1.  Concerning;  as,  Ciceronis  liber  de  republica.  / 

2.  From  (with  verbs  of  hearing  and  asking) ;  as,  Audivi  hoc  de  pa- 
rente  meo. — (^uid  de  hoc  censes  1 

3.  Of  (one  of) ;  as,  Nemo  de  Us  qui  periti  sunt. 

4.  According  to  (of  opinions,  customs,  &c.) ;  as,  Minos  de  Jovis 
sententia  leges  sanxit. 

5.  (Of  time,  denoting  the  commencement) ;  as,  De  media  node,  "  at 
midnight."— De  tertia  vigilia,  "  at  the  beginning  of  the  third  watch  " 

6.  Over  ;  as,  Triumphare  de  Gallis. 

VII.  E,  Ex.1 

1.  Out  of;  as,  E  manibus  dimittere.  *^  '*  > 

2.  From  ;  as,  Dicam  ex  animo  quod  sentio. 

3.  After  ;  as,  Cotta  ex  consulatu  in  Galliam  profcctus  est. 

4.  According  to;  as,  Rempublicam  ex  legihus  administrare. —  Vul 
gus  ex  veritate  pauca,  ex  opinione  multa  cestimant. 

5.  For  the  advantage  of  ;  as,  Statues  ut  ex  re  mea  videbitur. 

6.  Joined  with  laborare,  it  denotes  the  part  affected,  and  from  which 
the  pain  proceeds  ;  as,  Expedibus,  ex  renibus,  ex  intestinis  laboravi. 

7.  Used  partitively  ;  as,  Alter  e  consulibus. 

8.  When  joined  with  some  nouns,  it  has  an  adverbial  force ;  as,  E 
regione,  "opposite." — Ex  adverso,  "opposite." — Ex  improviso,  "sud- 
denly."— Ex  tempore,  "  off-hand."  ,'•;    :-• 

VIII.  Pr^. 

1.  Before  (of  place,  with  verbs  denoting  motion  and  action) ;  as,  / 
'/I  ce,  sequar. — Free  se  mittere. 

2.  Before  (of  priority  in  rank  or  degree)  ;  as,  Pra  ceteris  floruisse 

3.  In  comparison  with  ;  as,  Omnes  prce  illo  parvi  sunt. 

4.  Owing  to  (especially  of  obstacles) ;  as,  Solem  prce  jaculnrum 
multitudine  non  videbitis. 

1.  The  preposition  e  is  used  before  consonants  ;  ex  belore  vowels  and 
consonants. 

9\> 


254  PREPOSITIONS. 

IX.  Pro. 

1.  Before  (of  place);  as,  Fro  macnibus. — Pre  rostris.' 

2.  For  (instead  of) ;  as,  Cer-erem  pro  frugibus,  Liherum  pro  mnu, 
Neptu7ium  pro  mari  appellare  solent. 

3.  In  accordance  with  ;  as,  Bellum  gerere  pro  digmtale  popuu 
Romani. — Pro  prudentia  tua. 

4.  Proportionally  to  ;  as,  Pro  cujusquc  facultatibus. — Pro  nu 
mero  tiililum.^ 

X.  Sine. 

•  Without  ;  as.  Sine  cura. — Sine  ulla  dubitatione. 

XI.  Tenus. 
As  FAR  AS  (and  following  its  case);   as,  Alexander  omnia  UceanA 
tenus  vicit.^ 

XII.  Palam. 

The  adverb  palam  is  used  by  the  poets  and  later  prose  writers  with 
an  ablative,  and  thus  becomes  a  preposition  ;  as,  Palam  populo,  *'  in  the 
Diesence  of  the  people."* 

VI.  The  following  govern  the  accusative  and  ablative. 

I.  Is 

With  the  Accusative. 

1.  Into  (denoting  motion  towards)  ;  as,  Eo  in  urbem. 

2.  Towards  (denoting  tendency)  ;  as,  Natitra  ingenerat  amorcm  in 
tos  qui  procreati  sunt. 

3.  (Drift  or  purport)  ;  as,  Fizdus  scripsit  in  hcec  verba.^ 

4.  Against  ;  as,  Antonius  maximo  odio  ferebatur  in  Ciceronem. 

5.  To  or  Till  (of  future  time) ;  as.  In  alium  diem  differre.^ 

6.  Upon  (of  proportion)  ;  as,  Ven-cs  ab  aratoribus  in  modios  singutos 
iuodenos  sestertios  exegit. 

1.  Pro  tribunalif  "  from  the  tribunal,"  the  speaker  being  in  front. 

2.  So  also  pro  virili  parte,  according  to  one's  duty  or  power  as  an  in- 
dividual, *'  to  the  best  of  one's  ability."    Pro  viribus,  the  same  in  import. 

3.  Tenus  is  also  used  with  the  genitive,  but  chiefly  in  lie  poets,  and 
with  plurals  ;  as,  crurum  tenus. 

4.  Simul  and  procul  are  similarly  used  ;  as,  Simul  his. — Procul  urbc. 

5.  So  in  majus  celebrare,  "  to  exaggerate." — Dicere  in  hanc  senien- 
tiam^  *'  to  speak  to  this  purport." 

6.  In  diem  vivere,  **  to  live  for  the  day,"  i.  e.,  with  no  thought  of  the 
morrow. 


PREPOSITIONS.  255 

II.  In 

Wilk  the  Ablative. 
1    Upon  (of  rest) ;  as,  Jacet  in  terra. 

2.  Upon  (with  veibs  of  placing,  though  implying  a  motion) ;  as,  Po- 
nere  in  mensa. — Collocare  in  basi. 

3.  In  (of  place,  and  also  of  time  when  an  extensive  term  is  spcker; 
)f ) ;  as,  Bis  in  anyio. —  Qualer  ^n  vita. 

4.  Among  ;  as,  In  poetis  ntmo  Homcrum  (Equate  • 

III.  Sub 
With  the  Accusative. 

1.  Under  (denoting  motion  to  some  lower  place)  ;  ps,  Scamnum  sub 
*cdem  dare, — Missi  sunt  sub  muros  ad  colloquium. 

2.  Under  (of  subjection,  with  verbs  of  action  and  motion)  ;  as,  Ca- 
Jere  sub  imperium  populi  Romani. — Redigerc  insula-^  sub  potesiatem 
Atheniensium.^ 

3.  Just  after,  About  ;  as.  Sub  vesperum. — Sub  noctem. — Sub  or 
turn  salts. — Sub  idem  tempus. 

IV.  Sub 
With  the  Ablative. 

i,  Under  (denoting  motion  or  rest  in  some  lower  place) ;  as,  Sub 
te    a  habitare. — Sub  umbra  spatiari. 

Z.  Under  (of  subjection,  where  a  state  is  denoted) ;  as,  Sub  rege. —  • 
Sub  magistro. — Sub  lege. 

3.  At  the  very  time  of  ;  as,  Sub  ipsa  prof ectione. — Sub  Ccesari* 
discessu. 

4.  Near,  Close  under  ;  as.  Sub  castris. — Sub  muro. 

V.  Super 
With  the  Accusative.  ^' 

1.  Above  ;  as.  Super  cethera  notus. 

2.  Over  ;  as.  Alii  super  aliorum  capita  ruebant. 

3.  Beyond  ;  as.  Super  flumen  instruere  aciem. — Super  Indos  prof  err  t 
imperium. 

4.  Over  and  above,  In  addition  to;  as.  Super solitos  honor es. 

\.  It  is  used  also  of  coexisting  circumstances  and  attributes  ;  as.  In 
summa  copia  oratorum  nemo  laudem  Ciceronis  cequavity  "  though  there 
has  been  a  very  great  abundance  of  orators." — In  summis  tuia  occupa 
tionibiis,  "  busy  as  you  are,"  &:c. 

2.   Cadere  tub  oculos,  "  to  fall  under  one's  observation.'' 


256  EXERCISES    ON    THE    PREPOSlTIONSf 

VI.  Super 
With  the  Ablative. 
\.  Upon  ;  as,  Super  arbore  sidunt. — Fronde  super  vtruJ 
2.  Concerning  ;  as,  Hoc  super  re  scribam. 

VII.    SUBTER. 

Under  (commonly  used  with  the  accusative  both  of  rest  and  mol'ftfi) 
as,  Subtei  prcecordia  locare. — Subter  ilia  vulnus  habes.  It  rarely  occui 
with  the  ablative  ;  as,  Subter  densa  testudine. — Subter  litore. 

LXXXV.  EXERCISES  ON  THE  PREPOSITIONS. 
I. 
Translate  the  following,  and  designate  the  different  prep- 
ositions, with  their  respective  cases. 

Terra  fruges  ad  usum  hominum  procreat. — Basilea,  url 
Helvetiae,  sita  est  ad  Rhenum. — Apud  Xenophontem  mult, 
egregia  Socratis  praecepta  leguntur. — Semper  ante  oculo 
habeat  homo  mortalitatem  atque  immortalitatem. — Perdic 
cas  adversus  Ptolemaeum  profectus  est. — Franco-Galli* 
citra  montes  Pyrenaeos  sita  est. — Ibis*  circa  Pelusium  nigr? 
est ;  in  aliis  regionibus  Candida. — Humiis  circum  Beroliniin? 
arenosa  et  infecnnda  est. — Octavam  circiter  horam  ad  scho- 
lam  profectus  sum. — Praeparetur  animus  contra  omnia. — 
Sicilia  contra  Italiam  sita  est. — Amor  erga  praeceptores  est 
summum  decus  discipuli. — Apud  veteres  ^Egyptios  feminar 
negotia  extra  domos  ;  viri  domos  et  res  domesticas  curarunt. 
— Infra  frontem  sunt  oculi ;  infra  oculos  genae. — Nulla  c^* 
amicitia  inter  malos  et  ingratos. — Themistocles  intra  annum 
linguam  Persicam  didicit. — Amphibia  nunc  intra  nunc  extra 
aquam  sunt. — Ventriculus  cancrorum  jacet  in  capite  juxta 
oculos. — Cometae  ob  raritatem  mirabiles  sunt. — Penes  eos- 
dem  pericula  belli  sint,  penes  quos  praemia  sunt. — Hannibal 
exorcitum  per  invios  montes  et  per  densissimas  silvas  ad- 
versus Romanes  duxit. — Crux  pone  nomen  viri  clari  si^i- 

\ .  The  bird  called  Ibig. 


EXERCISES    ON   PREPOSITIONS.  257 

ficat  mortem. — Post  mille  annos  homines  fortasse  mcliores 
erunt. — Omnia  mortalia  sunt  praeter  animos  hominum. — 
Mosella  praeter  Augustam  Trevirorum'  fluit. — Prope  ostium 
Rhodani  Massilia  urbs  condita  est. — Athenienses  propter 
Pisistrati  tyrannidem  civium  suorum  potentiam  timebant. — 
Persici  equi  sunt  secmidum  Arabicos  pulcherrimi. — Omne 
animal  secundum  naturam  se  ipsum  diligit. — Supra  Mace- 
donian! sita  est  Thracia  ;  infra  Macedoniam  Thessalia. — 
Xerxes  innumeram  multitudinem  militum  trans  Hellespon- 
tum  duxit. — Rhodanus  primo  occidentem,  deinde  meridiem 
versus  fluit. — Tusci  prius  cis  Apenninum  tid  mare  inferum, 
postea  trans  Apenninum  colonias  miserunt. 

Homines  ab  injuria  natura,  non  poena  arcere  debet. — 
Filii  Bruti,  primi  consulis  Romani,  ante  oculos  patris  a  lie- 
tore  necati  sunt. — Abs  te,  homo,  nihil  efficitur,  quod  non 
antea  fuit. — Volatus  strigium  est  absque  strepitu. — Ne  quid 
facite,  pueri,  quod  coram  parentibus  et  praeceptoribus  facere 
non  liceat. — Nemo  cum  hoste  extra  ordinem  pugnato. — 
Homines,  quibus  cum  vivimus,  saepe  sunt  mali. — ^Egyptii 
et  Phoenices  inter  se  dimicabant  de  honore  literarum  inven- 
tarum.^ — Socrates  philosophiam  e  coelo  in  terram  devocavit. 
— Prae  gaudio,  ubi  sim  nescio. — Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro 
patria  mori. — Sine  virtute  nihil  est  laudabile. — Triton,  deus 
marinus,  alvo  tenus  piscis  erat. — Ursus  vivit  in  silvis  regi- 
onum  frigidarum. — Plurimae  aves  ante  hiemem  in  calidiores 
regiones  migrant. — Non  mode-  supra  terram,  sed  etiam  in 
imis  ejus  tenebris  plurimae  res  perutiles  inveniuntur. — Quae- 
dam  hirundines  sub  hiemem  avolant  in  peregrinas  regiones 
— Talpa  degit  sub  terra. — Socrates  super  ccenam  de  maxi 
mis  rebus  disputabat.— Super  educatione  multa  scripta  sunt 
— Nasus  subter  oculos  locatus  est. 

1.  Augusta  Trevirorum  corresponds  to  the  modern  city^f  "  Treves/ 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Treviri. 

2.  Literarum  inventamm,  "  of  the  invention  of  letters."     LiteraJb-, 
•*  of  invented  letters." 

22* 


258 


EXERCISES    ON    PREPOSITIONS. 


II. 

Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram- 
matical, so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite. 


The    Romans    created    their 

consuls  annually. 
Apis  was  a  black  ox,  with  a 
v)hite  spot  on  the  right  side, 
and   a    knot    beneath    the 
tongue, 
Even  timid  men  out  of  dan 

ger  are  bold. 
Among     many     nations     of 
Thrace,  the  GetcB  were  the 
fiercest,  and    the    readiest 
for  encountering  death. 
The  Salluvii  dwelt  around  the 
river  Ticuius,  the  Rutiili 
below  the  Tiber  and  Anio. 
Pomponius  Atticus  was   bu- 
ried near  the  Appian  way, 
at  the  fifth  milestone. 
Geese  and  cranes,  when  they 
sleep,  hide  their  heads  be- 
neath their  wings. 
Manlius,  contrary  to  the  or- 
der of  his  father,  fought 
against  the  enemy  out   of 
his  rank. 
Wisdom  often  dwells  even  be- 
neath a  sordid,  and  tattered 
cloak. 
Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  af- 
ter the  battle  at  Magnesia, 
reigned  over  Asia  as  far  as 
Taurus. 


Romanus  consul  suus  creo 
in  annus. 

Apis  bos  niger  sum  cum  can- 
didus  in  dexter  latus  mac- 
ula, et  nodus  sub  lingua. 

Extra  pericnlum  etiam  timid- 
us  homo  sum  audax. 

Inter  multus  Thracia  gens 
Geta  ferox  sum,  et  ad  mors 
paratus. 

Salluvius  circa  Ticinus  am- 

nis   habito,  Rutulus   infra 

Tiberis  et  Anio. 
Pomponius  Atticus  juxta  via 

Appia  sepelio,  ad  quintus 

lapis. 
Anser  et  grus,  quum  dormio, 

caput  subter  ala  condo. 

Manlius,  contra  pater  edic- 
tum,  extra  ordo  in  hostis 
pugno. 

Saepe  etiam  sub  sordidus  ec 
lacer  palliolum  sapienlia 
habito. 

Antiochus,  rex  Syria,  post 
prcelium  apud  Magnesia, 
regno  in  Asia  Taurus  te- 
nus. 


CONJUNCTIONS. 


259 


Good  boys  do  nothing  without 
the  hwwledge  of  their  pa- 
rents. 

Birds  have  horny  and  sharp 
beaks  in  place  of  lips. 


Bonus  piier  clam  parens  suus 
nihil  facio. 

Avis  corneus  et  acutus  ros 
trum  pro  labrum  habeo. 


LXXXVI.  CONJUNCTIONIS. 

I.  A  conjunction  is  an  indeclinable  part  of  speech,  which 
expresses  the  relation  in  which  words  or  propositions  stand 
to  each  other. 

II.  Conjunctions  have  been  divided  into  the  following 
classes,  according  to  their  different  significations. 

I    Copulative,  or  such  as  connect  things  that  are  to  be  considered 

jointly ;  as,  - 

Acy  *'  and,  as,  than." 

Atque,  "  and,  as,  than." 

El,  "  and,  even,  also."*       „     ,^ 

Etiam,  "also,  even."                 "    >„> 

Que,  "  and,  both.»'2 

Quoquc,  "  also." 

Nee,  *'  neither,  nor."^ 

Neque,  "  neither,  nor." 
ll.  Disjunctive,  or  such  as  connect  things  that  are  to  be  consid- 
ered separately  ;  as, 

Aut,  "  either,  or.""*                      ■       • 

Seu,  "  either,  or." 

Sive,  *'  whether,  or.'' 

1.  When  et  is  followed  by  et,  the  first  is  to  be  rendered  "  hoth,''^  the 
second  "  aw*  ,  as,  Adsuesce  te  dicere  verum  et  audire,  "  Be  accustomed 
both  to  speak  and  to  hear  truth." 

2.  Que  IS  an  enclitic,  and  is  joined  to  the  end  of  words  ;  as,  homuies 
que,  amatque,  &c.  When  que  is  followed  by  que,  the  first  signifies 
'*  Ao/A,"  the  second  "  and.''^ 

3  Negative  propositions  are  connected  by  nee — 7iec  or  neque — neque  , 
as,  Contemnuntur  ii  qui  nee  sihi  nee  alteri  prosunt,  "  They  are  contemn- 
ed who  benefit  neither  themselves  nor  another."  Virtus  neque  naufra- 
gio  neque  ineendio  arniltitur,  *'  Virtue  is  lost  neither  by  shipwreck  nor 
by  conflagration  " 

4.  When  aut  is  followed  by  another  aut,  the  first  is  to  be  translated 
"  either,''''  the  second  '*  or."  The  double  meanings  appended  to  the 
other  conjunctions  are  to  be  explained  ir  a  similar  manner. 


260 


CONJUNCTIONS. 


Ve, 

"  either,  or." 

Vcl, 

"  either,  or." 

Neve^ 

"  neither,  nor,  and  not.*' 

Neu, 

"  neither,  nor,  and  not." 

fll 

Conditional,  or  such  as  express  a  condition  ;  m, 

Si, 

"  if." 

Sin, 

"  but  if.*' 

Nisi  or  wi, 

"  unless." 

Dummodo, 

"  provided  only." 

IV 

Adversative,  or  such  as  express  opposition  ;  8? 

At, 

"but." 

Atqui, 

"but." 

Auiem, 

"but,  however,"  &c. 

Ceterum, 

"but,  moreover,"  &c. 

Sed, 

«  but." 

^amen. 

"however." 

Altamen, 

"  yet." 

VeruiLtdmen, 

"  notwithstanding.'* 

Vero, 

"truly." 

Verum, 

"but." 

v. 

Concessive,  or  such 

as  express  a  concession  5  a» 

Etsi, 

"  though." 

Etiamsif 

"  even  though." 

Tametsi, 

"  although." 

Licet, 

"although." 

Quanquam, 

•'  although." 

Quamvis, 

"  although." 

n 

Causal,  or  such  as  ( 

express  a  cause  or  reason  ;  a» 

Enim, 

"  for." 

Etenim, 

"  for." 

Nam, 

"  for." 

Namque, 

*'for." 

QuandOj 

"  whereas,  since,"  &c. 

Quandoquidem, 

"  since." 

Quia, 

"  because." 

Quippe, 

"because,  since.*' 

Quod, 

"  because." 

QtLoniam, 

"  since." 

EXERCISES    ON    CONJUNCTIONS 


26J 


Quum  or  cum, 

'« since."» 

Siquidem, 

"  since,  if  indeed." 

Vll   Illative  s,  or  such  i 

as  express  an  inference  ;  as, 

Ergo, 

"  therefore." 

IdcircOf 

"  therefore." 

Ideo, 

**  therefore." 

Igilur, 

*♦  therefore." 

Itdque, 

"  therefore." 

Proinde, 

"therefore." 

.    '            Quapropter, 

"  wherefore." 

Quare, 

"  wherefore." 

Quamobrem, 

"  wherefore." 

Quocirca, 

"  wherefore." 

VIII.  Finals,  or  such  as 

denote  a  purpose,  object,  or  result ;  as, 

Ne, 

"lest^  that — not." 

Quin, 

*'  but  that." 

\      Quo, 

"  in  order  that." 

Quommns, 

"  that — not." 

Ut, 

*'  that,  in  order  that." 

Uti, 

"  that,  in  order  that." 

FX.  SusPENsivES,  or  such 

I  as  express  doubt ;  as, 

An, 

*'  whether." 

Anne, 

"whether." 

Annan, 

"  whether  or  not." 

— ne, 

"whether." 

Necne, 

"or  not." 

Num, 

"  whether." 

Vtrum, 

"  whether." 

LXXXVII.  EXERCISES  ON  CONJUNCTIONS.* 
1. 
Translate  the  following,  designate  the  conjunction,  and 
assign  it  to  its  proper  class. 

Quadrupediim  celeritas  atque  vis  nobis  ipsis  ^ffert  vim 

1 .  When  quum.  precedes  and  turn  follows,  the  first  is  to  be  rendered 
"fto/A,"  and  the  second  "awd." 

2.  These  exercises  contain  some  conjunctions  not  enumerated  in  the 
preceding  classification,  but  easy  to  be  ranked  along  with  the  rest 


> 


262         EXERCISES  ON  CONJUNCTIONS. 

atque  coleritatem. — Tyrannis  amici  quoque  suspecti  sunt. 
— Stulti  sunt,  qui  forma  opibusve  superbiunt. — In  superiors 
corporis  parte,  seu  pectore,  sunt  cor  et  pulmo  ;  in  inferiore, 
seu  abdomme,  est  stomachus  cum  intestinis. — Soils  radiis 
et  illustrantur  et  calefiunt  planetae. — Virtus  opibus  parari 
non  potest,  ut  opes  virtute. — Mors  tarn  juveni  ante  oculos 
debet  esse,  quam  seni. — Luna  modo  rubet,  modo  pallet.- 
Aut  impeiii  aut  divitiarum  caus^  bella  fere  omnia  inter  mor- 
tales  orta  sunt. —  Fortes  non  modo  Fortuna  adjuvat,  ut  est 
in  vetere  proverbio,  sed  multo  magis  ratio. — Alcibiades  ma- 
jora  bona  non  poterat  consequi,  quam  vel  fortuna  vel  natura 
tribuerat. — Virtus  nee  eripi  nee  surripi  potest  unquam. — 
Agesilaus  Lacedaemonius  quum  a  ceteris  scriptoribus,  turn 
a  Xenophonte  collaudatus  est. — Nihil  mihi  neque  a  te  ipso, 
neque  ab  ullo  alio  de  republica  scriptum  est. — Non  aetate 
verum  ingenio  acquiritur  sapientia. — Omne  animal  sensus 
habet ;  sentit  igitur  et  calida  et  frigida  et  ^mara. — Gyges 
a  nullo  videbatur-,  ipse  autem  omnia  videbat. — Amicus  in 
convivio  non  cognoscitur ;  errat  igitur,  qui  amicum  in  con- 
vivio  probat. — Maxima  in  sensibus  varietas  est,  si  omnia 
removeantur,  quae  obstant  et  impediunt. — Leonidas,  Lace- 
daemoniorum  rex,  quum  Xerxes  scripsisset,  "  Mitte  arma  ;' 
respondit,  "  Veni  et  cape." 

11. 
Convert  the  following  ungrammatical  Latin  into  gram 
matical,  so  as  to  suit  the  English  words  opposite 


He  who  abandons  you  never 
was  a  friend,  for  true 
friendship  never  ceases. 

Because  nature  cannot  he 
changed,  therefore  true 
friendships  are  eternal. 

Sea-water  is  salt,  in  order  that 
it  ma  if  not  putrefy. 


Qui  desero  te  nunquam  ami- 
cus sum ;  namque  verus 
amicitia  nunquam  desino. 

Quia  natura  non  possum  mu 
to,  idcirco  verus  amicitia 
sum  sempiternus. 

Aqua  marinus  salsus  sum,  ne 
putrescG. 


INTERJECTIONS.  263 

We  ought  to  undertake  great   Magnus  suscipio  debe  d,  dinn 

things  while  we  have  bodily  \      vis  habeo. 

powers, 
Hamilcar,  after  he  had  cross-  \  Hamilcar,  posteaquam  mare 

ed  the  sea,  and  come  into       transeo,    in    Hispaniaqiie 

Spain,  carried  on  great  op- :      venio,  magniis  res  secim- 

erations    with    favourable  '.      dus  gero  fortuna. 

fortune. 
If  you   do   well,  you  please  \  Si  bene  ago,  placeo  Deus,  sm 

God ;  but  if  you  d<?  ill,  you  \      male  ago,  displiceo. 

displease  him. 
^Horses  are  roused  by  spurs,  j  Equus  calcar  excito,  quo  ce- 

in  order  that  they  may  run  I      leriter  curro. 

more  swiftly. 
It  is  a  great  kindness  of  na- 
ture, that  it  is  necessary  to 

die. 
This  fable  warns  us  not   to 

contemn  others  unto  whom 

nature  has  given  other,  and 

perhaps  greater,  things  than 

unto  us. 


i 


Magnus  natura  beneficiuin 
sum  quod  necesse  sum 
morior. 

Hie  fabula  moneo,  ne  con- 
temno  alius,  qui  natura 
alius  et  fortasse  magnus 
do  quam  ego. 


LXXXVIII.  INTERJECTIONS. 

I.  Interjections  are  sounds  uttered  under  the  influence  ol 
strong  emotion. 

II.  They  are  indeclinable,  and  stand  in  no  close  con- 
nexion with  the  rest  of  the  sentence,  for  the  dative  and  ac- 
cusative which  are  joined  with  some  of  them^  may  be  easily 
explained  by  an  ellipsis. 

III.  The  number  of  interjections  in  any  language  is  nol 
to  be  fixed  ;  those  which  occur  most  frequently  in  Latin  are 
the  following: 

1.  Of  Joy;  as,  lo;  iu]  ha,  he;  hahahe ;  evoe ;  evax. 

2.  Op  Grief  ;  as,  V<b  ;  heu;  eheu;  ohe ;  au  ;  hei ;  pro. 

'     (A»ri8iiU  Svntax 


264  SYNTAX. 

3.  Of  Astonishment;  as,  0;  eu;  ecce ;  kui ;  hem;  ehem;  ak^ 
ahah  ;  papa  ;  vah. 

4.  Op:  Dislike  ;  as,  Phui ;  apdge. 

5.  Of  Calling  ;  as,  Hcus ;  ohe ;  ehodum. 

6.  Of  Attestation  ;  as,  Pro,  written  also  proh. 

7.  Of  Praise  ;  as,  Eia  ;  eu  ;  euge. 

W.  Other  parts  of  speech,  as  substantives,  adjectives, 
aJ verbs,  verbs,  and  even  complex  pljrases,  such  as  oaths, 
exclamations,  invocations,  &.C.,  are,  in  particular  connex- 
ions, to  be  regarded  as  interjections.  Such  nouns  and  ad- 
jectives are  pax  (be  still !),  malum,  indignum,  nefas,  infan- 
dum,  miserum,  miserabile,  with  an  expression  of  astonish- 
ment, grief,  or  horror.  Among  adverbs  may  be  mentioned 
n(B  and  profecto.  Verbs  used  as  interjections  are  qucsso., 
precor,  oro,  ohsecro,  amabo  (all  which  may  have  te  or  ve^), 
used  in  imploring  or  requesting.  So  also  age ;  agite ;  cedo ; 
sodes  (for  si  audes)  ;  sis  (for  si  vis)  ;  sultis  (for  si  vultis)  ; 
agesis  ;  agedum ;  agitedum. 

V.  Among  the  invocations  of  the  gods,  the  following  are 
of  most  frequent  occurrence  :  Mehercule ;  Mehercle ;  Her- 
cle  ;  Medius  Jidius  ;  Mecastor ;  j^depol ;  Pol ;  Per  deum 
immortalem ;  Per  deos ;  Per  Jovem  ;  Proh  Jupiter ;  Pro 
deum  Jidem,  &c. 

LXXXIX.   BRIEF  SKETCH  OF  THE   LATIN  SYNTAX.* 

I.   Concord, 
i.  A  verb  agrees  with  its  nominative  in  number  and  person  ;  as, 
Ego  lego,         "  I  read."  Nos  docemus^     '*  we  teach." 

Tm  scribis,      *' thou  writest."         Vos  dicitis,         ''yesay." 
'^uer  curritj     "  the  boy  runs."       Ilosles  fugiunt^  "  the  enemy  flee." 

II.  A  collective  noun,  that  is,  a  noun  in  the  singular  denoting  nun\- 
uer  or  multitude,  sometimes  has  a  plural  verb  ;  as, 

Pars  pugnant,  pars  fugiunt,         "part  fight,  part  flee." 

Leve  vulgus  veniunt  euntque,       "  the  fickle  crowd  ctrme  and  go." 

1.  Many  of  iheae  rules  have  already  been  given  in  the  course  of  the  present  work, 
»nd  others  the  student  has  already  discovered  for  himself  m  the  process  of  transit 
tion,  which  latter  is  the  only  true  mode  of  acquiring  them. 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  26i> 

III.  Two  or  more  singular  nominatives  united  by  a  connective  con 
function,  and  sometimes  even  without  such  union,  have  the  verb  in  the 
plural,  if  the)'  denote  living  beings,  and  especially  persons;  as, 
Antonius  et  Octavianus  vicerunt  Bruium  et  Cassium. 
IV  But  if  the  nominatives  denote  things  without  life,  and  especially 
abstract  ideas,  the  singular  or  plural  may  be  used  ;  unless  one  of  the 
nominatives  should  be  in  the  plural,  or  what  is  asserted  should  only  be 
true  of  them  jointly  ;  as,* 

Cum  lempus  necessifasque  postulate  decerfandum  manu  est,  "  When 
the  occasion  and  necessity  demand,  we  must  contend  with  the 
hand." 
Beneficium  et  gratia  homines  inter  se  conjungunt^  "  Kindness  and 

favour  unite  men  among  themselves." 
Vita,  mors,  divitics,  pauper tas,  omnes  homines  commovcnt,  "  liife, 
death,  riches,  poverty,  exercise  an  influence  over  all  men." 
V.  Verbs  of  the  first,  and  second  persons  must  have  for  their  nomina- 
tives the  pronouns  of  those  persons ;  all  other  nouns  take  verbs  of  the 
third  person.     And  if  a  noun  of  the  third  person  stands  before  a  verb  ol 
the  first  or  second  per^^on,  it  is  because  a  pronoun  of  those  persons  is 
understood ;  as, 

Consul  dixi,  "  I  the  consul  have  said  it."     Supply  ego. 
Miles  Romanus  fugisti,  "  Thou,  a  Roman  soldier,  hast  fled."    Sup 
ply  tu. 

VI.  When  pronouns  of  diflferent  persons  come  together,  the  verb  agrees 
with  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person,  in  preference  to  that  of  the  second, 
and  with  the  pronoun  of  the  second  person  in  preference  to  that  of  the 
third  ;  as, 

Si  tu  et  Tullia  valetis,  ego  et  Cicero  valemus,  "  If  thou  and  Tullia 
are  well,  I  and  Cicero  are  well." 

VII.  The  infinitive  mood,  or  part  of  a  sentence,  often  supplies  thfl 
place  of  a  nominative  ;  as, 

Mcntiri  est  turpe,  "  to  lie  is  disgraceful." 

JEquum  est  ut  hoc  facias,  "  it  is  right  that  you  do  this." 

VIII.  One  substantive  agrees  with  ano'her  in  case,  when  both  refea 
to  the  same  person  or  thing  ;  as, 

JJrbs  Roma,  "  the  city  Rome.'*         Nos  consules,  "  w^  consuls." 

1.  Instances,  thoujih  rare,  occur  of  a  singular  verb  following  several  nominatives, 
of  which  one  is  phiral,  provided  it  be  not  fhe  last.  When  several  names  of  j)erson« 
are  {)reeeded  or  followed  by  a  singular  verb,  the  verb  agreeinj^  with  the  nearest  must 
be  understood  with  the  others  ;  as,  Gorgias,  Thrasymackus,  Protagoras,  ?rodiciid^ 
Uippias  in  magno  honor e  /uit." — Cic. 

2n 


266  RULES    OF    SYNTAX. 

IX.  Adjectives,  adjective  pronouns,  and  partici^  les  agree  with  then 
substantives  in  gender,  number,  and  case  ;  as, 

Bonus  puery  "  a  good  boy."  Bonos  viros,  "  good  men." 

Bona  puella,  "  a  good  girl."  BoncB  leges,  *'  good  laws." 

Triste  hellumy  "  a  sad  war."  Cadentia  asira,  "  setting  stars. '' 

Mea  sororj  "my  sister."  Fugienles  hostes,  "  fleeing  foes  " 

Hoc  negotium,  *'  this  aflair."  Tua  dona,  "  thy  gifts." 

X.  An  adjective,  adjective  pronoun,  or  participle  belonging  to  two  oi 
more  substantives  is  put  in  the  plural ;  as, 

Vir  et  puer  territi  lupo,  "  A  man  and  boy  terrified  by  a  wolf." 

XI.  When  the  substantives  to  which  the  adjective,  pronoun,  or  parti- 
ciple thus  refers,  are  of  different  genders,  but  indicate  persons,  the  ad- 
jective, &c.,  on  being  put  in  the  plural,  will  be  of  the  masculine  rather 
than  the  feminine  gender ;  as, 

Pater  et  mater  ejus  mortui  sunt,  "  His  father  and  mother  are  dead." 

XII.  But  if  the  substantives  indicate  things  without  life,  and  are  at 
the  same  time  of  different  genders,  the  adjective  becomes  neuter.  And 
if  some  of  the  substantives  refer  to  things  with  life,  and  others  to  inani- 
mate objects,  the  adjective  is  either  neuter,  or  takes  the  gender  of  the 
thing  or  things  with  life  ;  as, 

Labor  voluptasque  sunt  dissimUia  naturd,  *'  Toil  and  pleasure  are 

unlike  in  nature." 
Naves  et  capttvi,  quce  ad   Chium  capta  sunt,  *'The  vessels   and 

captives  that  were  taken  at  Chios." 
Numid(B  atque  signa  militaria  ohscurati  sunt,  "  The  Numidians 

and  their  military  standards  were  partially  concealed." 

XIII.  An  adjective,  adjective  pronoun,  or  participle  often  stands 
alone,  having  a  substantive  understood,  with  which  it  agrees  in  gender  ; 
ay. 

Mortalis,  "  a  mortal,"  homo  understood. 
Superi,     "the  gods  above,"  dit  understood. 
Dextra,     "  the  right  hand,"  manus  understood. 
Sinistra,  "  the  left  hand,"  manus  understood. 

Relative  and  Antecedent. 

XIV.  The  relative  Qui,  qucB,  quod,  agrees  with  its  antecedent  ik 
gender,  numl^er,  and  person  ;  as,^ 

1.  l  he  relative  is  to  be  regarded  as  placed  between  two  ca-ses  of  the  same  noun, 
either  cxpressscd  or  understood,  with  the  former  of  ^«^■l^:<•h  ie  •\iue<  'm  >!^-uU^,  mm.- 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  267 

Vir  qui,  "the  man  who."        Viri  qui,  "the  men  who." 

Femina  qucB,      "  the  woman  who."  FemincB  quce,  "  the  women  whc 
Negotium  quod,  "  the  thing  which."  Negotia  qucs,  "  the  things  which." 

XV.  If  no  nominative  come  between  the  relative  and  the  verb,  the 
relative  is  the  nominative  to  the  verb  ;  but  when  a  nominative  inter- 
/enes,  the  relative  is  governed  by  the  verb,  or  by  some  other  word  in 
the  sentence  ;  as, 

Ego  qui  scribo,  "I  who  write." 

Ego  quern  tu  vocas,  "  I  whom  thou  callest." 

Ego  de  quo  tu  dicis,        "  I  of  whom  thou  speakest." 

XVI.  If  the  relative  has  more  than  one  antecedent,  of  different  gen 
ders,  the  same  rule  applies  as  in  the  case  of  adjectives,  &c.  ;  as, 

"     Ninus  et  Semiramis,  qui  condiderunt  Babylona,  "  Ninus  and  Sem- 
iramis  who  founded  Babylon." 

XVII.  The  relative  often  stands  alone,  a  noun  or  pronoun  being  un- 
derstood, from  which  it  takes  its  gender  and  number ;  as. 

Qui  bene  laluit,  bene  vixit,  "  He  who  has  well  escaped  notice,  has 
lived  well"  {ille  being  understood). 

XVIII.  The  antecedent  is  sometimes  elegantly  understood,  and  the 
loun  with  which  the  relative  agrees  in  case  is  expressed  ;  as, 

Quas  misisti  literas  accepi,  "  I   have  received  the  letters  which 
you  sent,"  for  accepi  literas  quas  misisti. 

The  same  case  after  a  verb  as  before  it. 

XIX.  Any  verb  may  have  the  same  case  after  it  as  before  it,  viheo 
t>oth  words  refer  to  the  same  person  or  thing  ;  as, 

Ego  sum  Romanus,         "  I  am  a  Roman." 

Tu  vocaris  prodttor,         "  thou  art  called  a  traitor." 

Ilia  incedit  regina,  "  she  walks  as  a  queen." 

II.   Government, 
I.  A  noun  which  limits  the  meaning  of  another  noun,  denoting  a  dil- 
ferent  person  or  thing,  is  put  in  the  genitive  ;  as, 

Amor  Dei,  "  the  love  of  God."         ^ 

Lexnaturaf  "  the  law  of  nature." 

Arma  Achillis,  "  the  arms  of  Achilles." 

number,  and  with  the  latter  in  gender,  number,  and  case.  Sometimes  both  nouua 
are  expressed  ,  as,  Erant  omnino  duo  itinera,  quibus  itineribus  dmno  exire  pnsscrtt 
*  There  were  only  two  routes,  by  which  routes  they  could  no  forth  from  their  h'.iin» ' 


268  RULES    OP   SYNTAX 

II.  A  substantive  pronoun,  which  liipits  the  meaning  of  a  ncun,  w  tti 
like  manner  put  in  the  genitive  ;  as, 

Cura  meif     "  care  for  me."  Pars  tui^     "  part  of  thee." 

III.  When  the  limiting  noun  expresses  some  quahty  or  circumstance 
respecting  the  former,  it  has  an  adjective  agreeing  with  it,  and  is  put 
either  in  the  genitive  or  ablative  ;  as, 

Vir  summcR  prudenticR,  "  a  man  of  the  greatest  wisdom.** 

or  summa  prudential 
Puer  probcB  indolis,  or  "  a  boy  of  a  good  disposition." 

proba  indole^ 

Adjectives  taken  as  Nouns. 

IV.  An  adjective  in  the  neuter  gender,  without  a  substantive,  govern* 
<he  genitive ;  as, 

Multwm  pecunicBf  **  much  money." 

Minimum  injurice^  "very  little  injury." 

Opus  and  Usus. 

V.  Opus  and  ususj  signifying  need,  take  after  them  the  ablative,  and 
sometimes,  though  rarely,  the  genitive  ;  as, 

Opus  est  pecuniae  "  there  is  need  of  money  " 

Usus  est  viribuSf  "  there  is  need  of  strength." 

Argenti  opus  fait,  "  there  was  need  of  silver." 

Adjectives  governing  the  Genitive. 

VI.  A  noun  limiting  the  meaning  of  an  adjective  is  put  in  the  gem 
tive,  to  denote  the  relation  expressed  in  English  by  o/,  or  in  respect  of^ 
&,c. ;  as, 

Avidus  gloria,  "  desirous  of  glory." 

Memor  virtiitis,  "  mindful  of  virtue." 

Ignarus  fraudis,  "  unacquainted  with  fraud." 

VII.  Partitives  and  words  placed  partitively,  comparatives,  supeila- 
tives,  interrogatives,  and  some  numerals,  gov-ern  the  genitive  plural ;  a», 

Aliquis  philosopliorum,  '•  some  one  of  the  philosophers." 

Senior  fratrum,  *  the  elder  of  the  brothers." 

Doctissimus  Romanorum,  "  the  most  learned  of  the  Romans." 

Quis  nostrum  7  *'  who  of  us  1" 

Una  Musarum,  "  one  of  the  Muses." 

OcfavHS  sapientum,  "  the  eighth  of  the  wise  men." 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  269 

Adjectives  governing  the  Dative. 

VIII.  Adjectives  signifying  advantage  or  disadvantage,  likeness  oi 
anlikeness,  &c.,  &c.,  together  with  verbals  in  bilis  and  dusj  govern  thp 
'lative  ;  as,^ 

Utilis  hellOf  "  useful  for  war." 

Perniciosus  civitali,  "  ruinous  to  the  state." 

Similis  patri,  "  like  to  his  father." 

Inhabilis  laboriy  "  unsuited  for  labour." 

Amandus  omnibus,  "  to  be  loved  by  all." 

Adjectives  governing  the  Ablative. 

IX.  These  adjectives,  dignus,  indignus,  contentus,  prceditus  ;  as  ai«o 
natusj  satus,  ortus,  editus,  and  the  like,  require  the  ablative ;  as, 

Dignus  honore,  "  worthy  of  honour." 

Contentus  parvOj  "  content  with  Httlc." 

Praditus  viriute,  "  endued  with  virtue." 

Satus  Jove,  "  sprung  from  Jove." 

'      Ortus  regibus,  "  descended  from  kings." 

Captus  oculis,  "  deprived  of  sight." 

Fretus  viribus,  "  relying  on  his  strength," 

Adjectives  governing  the  Genitive  or  Ablative. 

X.  Adjectives  signifying  plenty  or  want  govern  the  genitive  oi  abla- 
tive ;^  as, 

Plenus  irce  or  ira,  *'  full  of  anger." 

Inops  raiionis  or  ratione,  "  devoid  of  reason." 

Government  of  the  verb  Sum. 

XI.  Sum,  when  it  signifies  possession,  property,  part,  or  duty,  requires 
the  genitive  ;^  as, 

Est  boni  regis,      "it  is  the  part  of  a  good  king. 

XII.  But  meum,  tuum,  suum,  nostrum,  vestrum,  are  excepted  ;*  as, 
Tuum  est  hoc  facere,  "  it  is  your  duty  to  do  this." 
Nostrum  est  fortiter  pugnare,  "  it  is  our  duty  to  fight  bravely.'* 

1.  The  rule  maybe  given  more  generally  as  follows  :  *•  A  noun  limiting  the  mean- 
ing of  an  adjective  is  put  in  the  dative,  to  denote  the  object  or  end  to  which  the  qual- 
ity is  directed," 

2.  This  is,  in  strictness,  a  branch  of  rule  VI.  immediately  preceding. 

3.  A  noun  is  generally,  though  not  very  correctly,  supposed  to  be^understood,  and 
hence  the  limiting  noun  is  put  in  the  genitive. 

4.  Here  again  a  noun  is  supposed  to  he  understood,  with  which  mew/n,  &c.,  agree 
This  may  be  a  convenient  ellipsis,  but  is  by  no  means  an  accurate  view  of  the  sub 
ject.  The  adjective  pronouns  meum,  &c.,  agree,  in  fact,  with  the  laiter  part  of  ihe 
clause  as  a  species  of  nominative.  Thus,  in  the  examples  above  given,  meum  agrees 
with  hoc/acere,  and  nostrum  with  fortiter  pugnare. 

23* 


270  RULES    OF    SYNTAX. 

XIII.  Sum  taken  for  habeo  ("  to  have")  governs  the  dative  ;  a». 

Est  mihi  liher^  "  I  have  a  book." 

Sunt  mihi  libriy  "  I  have  books." 

XIV.  Sum  taken  for  affero  ("  to  bring")  governs  two  datives,  tbr 
one  of  the  person,  the  other  of  the  thing  ;  as. 

Est  mihi  voluptatiy       "  it  brings  pleasure  unto  me." 

Construction  of  Comparatives. 

XV.  The  comparative  degree  requires  the  ablative  ;  as, 

Dulcior  melle,  '*  sweeter  than  honey." 

Prastantior  auroy  "  more  valuable  than  gold  ' 

XVI.  But  when  the  conjunction  quam  is  expressed,  the  nominativti 
and  not  the  ablative,  is  employed  ;  as, 

Ccdri  sunt  celsiores  quam  abietes,     "  cedars  are  taller  than  firs." 

Construction  of  Adverbs. 

XVII.  .Adverbs  qualify  verbs,  participles,  adjectives,  and  other  ad- 
verbs ;  as. 

Bene  scribit,  **  he  writes  well." 

Fortiter  pugnansy  "  fighting  bravely." 

Egregie  fdelisy  "  remarkably  faithful." 

Satis  bene,  "  well  enough. " 

XVIII.  Some  adverbs  of  time,  place,  and  quantity,  govern  the  geiu 
tive  ;  as,  ,  ^ 

Pridie  ejus  diet,  *♦  the  day  before  that  day." 

Ubique  gentium,  "  everywhere." 

Satis  verborum,  "  enough  of  words." 

Construction  of  Prepositions. 

XIX.  The  prepositions  ad,  aptid,  ante.  &c.,  govern  the  accusative  i 

^  Ad  astray  **  to  the  stars." 

I  me.  "  with  me." 


Ante  portamy  "  before  the  gate." 

Per  agrosy  *'  through  the  fields." 

Trans  mare,  "  across  the  sea." 

Ultra  oceanumy  *'  beyond  the  ocean." 


RULES    OP    SYNTAX.  271 

XX.  The  prepositions  i,  abj  ahs,  &c.,  govern  the  ablative  ;  as, 

A  pueriiia^  "  from  boyhood." 

Coram  rege,  *' before  the  king." 

Cum  exercitu,  "  with  an  army." 

Palam  populo,  "  in  the  presence  of  the  people." 

Sine  labore,  "  without  labour." 

Capulo  tenus^  **  up  to  the  hilt." 

XXI.  The  prepositions  m,  suh,  super,  and  suhter  govern  the  accusa 
tive  when  motion  to  or  into  a  place  is  signilied ;  but  when  motion  oi 
rest  in  a  place  is  indicated,  they  then  are  joined  with  the  ablative  ;^  as, 
Eg  in  urbem,  "  I  go  into  the  city." 

Jacet  in  terra,  "  he  lies  on  the  ground." 

Mitlcre  sub  jugum,  "  to  send  under  the  yoke." 

Habitare  sub  terra,  "  to  dwell  under  ground." 

Super  Indos  proferre  imperium,  "  to  extend  one's  sway  beyond  the  Indi." 

Super  arbor e  sedent,  "  they  sit  on  a  tree." 

Subler  montem  locare,  "  to  place  beneath  the  mountain." 

Construction  of  Interjections. 

XXII.  The  interjections  0,  heu,  proh,  en,  ecce,  and  some  others,  arc 
followed  by  a  nominative,  accusative,  or  vocative  ;  as, 

0  vir amicus  !  "oh  friendly  man !" 

Heu  me  infelicem  !  "ah  unhappy  me  !" 

Proh  sancte  Jupiter  !  "oh  holy  Jove  !" 

En  quatuor  aras  !  "  behold  four  altars  !" 

Ecce  homo  Catienus  !  "  lo  !  the  man  Catienus  !" 
\XIII.  The  interjections  hei  and  v(B  are  followed  by  the  dative  ;  as, 
Hei  mihi !  "ah  me  !" 

V(B  vobis  !  "  wo  to  you  !" 

Construction  of  Conjunctions. 

XXIV.  The  conjunctions  et,  ac,  atque,  nee,  aut,  neque,  and  some 
ttiiers,  connect  words  which  are  in  the  same  construction  ;  as, 

Pulvis  et  umbra  sumus,  "  we  are  dust  and  a  shade." 

Vir  clarus  atque  honoratus,    "  an  illustrious  and  honourable  man  ' 

Nee  legit  nee  scribit,  "  he  neither  reads  nor  writes." 

XXV.  The  conjunctions  ut,  quo,  licet,  ne,  utinam,  dummodo,  &c  . 
require  the  subjunctive  mood  ;  as,  ^ 

Lego  ut  discam,  "  I  read  that  I  may  learn." 

Utinam  saperes,  "  I  wish  you  were  wise." 

1.  Sul'ter.  however,  is  comparatively  rare  with  the  ablative,  and  hence,  in  stricr- 
ness,  is  vspd  ^'^!th  the  accusative  of  both  naotion  and  rest. 


272  RULES    OF    SYNTAX. 

Government  of  Verbs. 

XXVI.  Verbs  of  a  transitive  signification  govern  the  accusative ;  a«, 

Ama  Deum,  *'  love  God." 

Reverere  parentes,  "  reverence  your  parents." 

XXVII.  MisereoTy  miserescOy  and  satdgo  govern  the  genitive  ;  as, 
Miserere  civium  tuorum,  *'  pity  your  fellow-citizens." 

Sat  a  git  rerum  suarum,    "  he  has  enough  to  do  with  his  own  affaVs." 

XXVIII.  Any  verb  may  govern  the  dative  which  has  to  or  for  aftei 
It  in  English ;  as, 

Meadomus  iibi patet,      "ray  house  is  open  to  you." 

Pars  optant  locum  tecto,  "  some  choose  a  site  for  a  building." 

Tihi  seris,  tibi  metis,       "  you  sow  for  yourself,  you  reap  for  yoursell.' 

XXIX.  Verbs  compounded  with  satis,  bene,  and  male,  govern  the 
dative ;  as, 

Satisfeci  legibus,         "  I  have  satisfied  the  laws." 
Benefacit  patrice,         "  he  benefits  his  country." 
Maledlcit  nobis,  "  he  reviles  us." 

XXX.  Many  verbs  compounded  with  these  eleven  prepositions,  aa, 
ante,  con,  in,  inter,  ob,  post,  prce,  pro,  sub,  and  super,  are  followed  by 
the  dative ;  as, 

Adnue  coeptis,  "  favour  our  undertakings." 

Anlecellere  omnibus,  "  to  surpass  all." 

Concurrere  viris,  **  to  engage  with  men." 

Nox  prcelio  intervenit,  "  night  interrupted  the  battle." 

Succurrere  miseris,  "  to  succour  the  wretched." 

XXXI.  Verbs  signifying  to  profit,  hurt,  favour,  assist,  commaim 
obey,  serve,  resist,  trust,  threaten,  be  angry  with,  and  the  like,  govern 
Ihe  dative ;  as, 

Prodesse  reipublicce,  "  to  benefit  the  republic." 

Ilia  tibi  favct,  "  she  favours  you." 

Imperat  Pomponio,  "  he  commands  Pomponius." 

Irasci  inimicis,  *•  to  be  angry  at  enemies." 

XXXII.  Recorder,  memini,  reminiscor,  and  oblioiscoy  govern  (he 
tling  of  which  any  one  reminds  himself  or  another,  or  which  he  forgets, 
in  the  genitive,  sometimes  also  m  the  accusative  ;  as, 

Recordor  lectionis,  "  I  remember  the  lesson." 

Memini  vivorum,  "  I  remember  the  living  "' 

Ohlivisci  ivjuriarum,         *'  to  forget  injuries.' 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.  27^« 

Numeros  memini,  "  I  remember  the  numbers." 

Ohlivisci  heneficium^  "  to  forget  a  kindness." 

XXXIII.  Verbs  of  abounding  and  wanting  govern  the  ablative,  and 
•ometimes  the  genitive  ;  as, 

Abundat  divitiiSf  "  he  abounds  in  riches." 

Caret  omni  culpa,  *'  he  is  free  from  every  fault." 

XXXI\^  Utor,  abutor,  fruor,  fungor,  potior^  and  vcscor,  with  Bom- 
othcrs,  govern  the  ablative  ;  as, 

Utitur  fraude,  *'  he  makes  use  of  fraud." 

Abutitur  libris,  "  he  abuses  his  books." 

Potltur  imperio,  "  he  is  possessed  of  empire." 

Vescitur  came,  "  he  feeds  on  flesh." 

XXXV.  A  verb  compounded  with  a  preposition  often  governs  the 
case  of  that  preposition  ;  as, 

Adeamus  scholam,  *'  let  us  go  to  school." 

Exeamus  schola,  "  let  us  go  out  of  school." 

The  Construction  of  the  Infinitive. 

XXXVI.  The  infinitive  mood  may  be  governed  by  a  verb,  participle, 
adjective,  or  noun  ;  as, 

Cupio  discere,  **  I  desire  to  learn." 

Agros  colere  coeperunt,       "  they  began  to  cultivate  the  fields." 

Tempus  abire  tibi,  "  it  is  time  for  you  to  depart." 

XXXVII.  When  quod,  quin,  ut,  or  ne,  is  omitted  in  Latin,  the  word 
which  would  otherwise  be  in  the  nominative  is  put  in  the  accusative,  and 
tlie  verb  in  the  infinitive  mood  ;  as, 

Gaudeo  te  valere,  "  I  am  glad  that  you  are  well." 

Aiunt  regent  adventare,       "  they  say  the  king  is  coming." 

The  Construction  of  Participles,  Gerunds,  and  Supines, 

XXXVIII.  Participles,  gerunds,  supines,  and  adverbs,  govern  the 
iame  cases  as  the  words  from  which  they  are  derived ;  as, 

Amans  virtutem,  '*  loving  virtue." 

Carens  fraude,  "  wanting  guile." 

XXXIX.  Gerunds  are  construed  like  nouns  ;  as, 
Studendum  est  mihi,  "  I  must  study." 
Tempus  studendi,                     "  time  of  studying." 

;       Aptus  stvdendo,  "  fit  for  studying." 

Scio  studendum  esse  mihi,       "  I, know  that  I  must  study/* 


274  RULES    OF    SYNTAX. 

XL.  kierunda  governing  the  accusative  are  often  turned  into  parti- 
ciples in  duSj  which,  like  adjectives,  agree  with  their  nouns  in  gender, 
number,  and  case  ;  as, 

Petendum  est  mihi  pacem, 

"  I  must  seek  peace." 
Tempus  petendi  pacem, 
•'  time  of  seeking  peace." 


f  Paz  est  petenda  mihi. 
Tempus  petenda  pads. 
Ad  pelendam  pdtbem. 
A  petenda  pace. 


Ad  petendum  pacem^ 

"  for  seeking  peace." 
A  petendo  pacem^ 

*'  by  seeking  peace."         ^ 

XLI.  The  supine  in  um  is  put  after  a  verb  of  motion  ;  as, 
Ahiit  deambulatum,  "  he  hath  gone  to  vralk." 

Spectatum  veniunt,  "  they  come  to  see." 

XLII.  The  supine  in  u  is  put  after  an  adjective  ;  as, 
Facile  dictu^  "  easy  to  be  told." 

Miserdbile  visu,  "  piteous  to  be  seen." 

Optimum  factu  esse  duxcrunt^    "  they  held  it  best  to  be  done." 

The  Construction  of  Circumstances. 

Price. 
XLIII.  Nouns  signifying  the  price  of  a  thing  are  put  in  the  ablative 

IS, 

Emi  lihrum  duobus  assibusy     **  I  bought  a  book  for  six  farthings  ' 
Constitit  talento,  "it  cost  a  talent." 

XLIV.  These  genitives,  ianli,  quanti,  pluris,  minoris,  are  excepted , 
as, 

Quanti  constitit  1  **  how  much  cost  it  V 

Asse  et  plurisy  "  three  farthings  and  more." 

Manner  and  Cause. 
XLV.  Nouns  signifying   the  instrumentj  cause,  means,  or  manna, 
ire  put  in  the  ablative  ;  as, 

Palleo  metu,         "  I  am  pale  for  fear." 

Fecit  suo  more,    "  he  did  it  after  his  own  way." 

Scribo  ealamo,      "  I  write  with  a  pen." 

Measure  and  Distance. 
XLVI.  Nouns  signifying  measure  or  distance  are  put  in  the  accusa- 
tive, sometimes  in  the  ablative  ;  as. 


RULES    OP    SYNTAX.  21t 

Murus  est  decern  pedes  altus,        "  the  wall  is  ten  feet  high." 

Urbs  distal  triginta  millia,  or  }      ^^  .       v    •    .1  •  .       -i      j-  . 
I  .   .  .°^  >      "  the  city  IS  thirty  miles  distant 

trigtnta  millious  passuum,   > 

Jlery  or  ilinere  unius  dici^  "  one  day's  journey." 

Time. 
XLVII.  Nouns  signifying  the  time  when  are  put  in  the  ablative  ;  thoi 
%ovo  long  in  the  accusative,  sometimes  in  the  ablative ;  as, 

Venit  hora  tertia,  "  he  came  at  the  third  hour." 

Mansit  paucos  diesy      *'  he  stayed  a  few  days." 
Sex  mensibus  abfuit^    "  he  was  away  six  months." 

Verbs  governing  the  Accusative  and  the  Genitive. 
XLVIII.  Verbs  of  accusing^  condemning^  admonishing^  and  acquit 
ting,  govern  the  accusative  and  genitive  ;  as, 

Arguit  mefurtiy  "  he  accuses  me  of  theft." 

Me  ipsum  inertice  condemno,  "  I  condemn  myself  of  laziness." 
'    Ilium  homicidii  absolvunt,     "  they  acquit  him  of  manslaughter." 

Monet  me  officii,  "  he  admonishes  me  of  my  duty." 

XLIX,  Verbs  of  esteeming  govern  the 'accusative  of  the  person  01 
thing  esteemed,  and  the  genitive  of  the  value  ;  as, 

Aestimo  te  magni,  *'  I  value  you  much." 

Ego  ilium  flocci  pendo,         "I  value  him  at  a  rush." 

Verbs  governing  the  Accusative  and  the  Dative. 
L.  Verbs  of  comparing,  giving,  declaring,  and  taking  away,  govern 
fhe  accusative  and  dative  ;  as, 

Comparo  Virgilium  Homer 0,        "  I  compare  Virgil  to  Horner.^' 
Suum  cuique  tribuito,  "  give  every  one  his  own." 

Narras  fabulam  surdo,  "  you  tell  a  story  to  a  deaf  man  " 

Eripuit  me  morti,  **  he  rescued  me  from  death."*' 

Or  thus  :  Any  active  verb  may  govern  the  accusative  and  the  dative, 
when,  together  with  the  object  of  the  action,  we  express  the  person  of 
thing  in  relation  to  which  it  is  exerted ;  as, 

Legatii  Icciianem  tibi,         "  I  will  read  the  lesson  to  you." 
Emit  librum  mihi,  *'  he  bought  a  book  for  me." 

Verbs  governing  two  Accusatives. 
LI.  Verbs  of  asking  and  teaching  govern  two  accusatives  ,  as, 
Poscimus  te  pacem,  "  we  beg  peace  of  thee. ' 

Docuit  me  grammaticam,         "  he  taught  me  grammar." 


276  ^  RULES    OF    SYNTAX. 

Verbs  governing  the  Accusative  and  the  Ablative. 
LII.  Verbs  of  loadings  binding,  clothing,  depriving,  and  some  otheis 
govern  the  accusative  and  the  ablative  ;  as, 

Onerat  naves  auro,  "  he  loads  the  ships  with  gold." 

Te  hoc  crimine  ezpedi,  "  clear  yourself  of  this  charge  " 

The  Construction  of  Passive  Verbs. 
LIII.  When  a  verb  in  the  active  voice  governs  two  cases,  in  the  pas 
«  ve  it  retains  the  latter  case  ;  as, 

Accusor  furti,  "  I  am  accused  of  theft." 

Virgilius  comparatur  Homero,  "Virgil  is  compared  to  Homer." 
Doceor  grammaticam,  "  I  am  taught  grammar." 

Navis  oneratur  auro^  "  the  sliip  is  loaded  with  gold." 

The  Construction  of  Impersonal  Verbs. 
LIV.  Impersonal  verbs  govern  the  dative  ;  as, 

Expedit  reipubliccB,  "  it  is  profitable  for  the  stat**." 

Favetur  mihi,  "  I  am  favoured." 

LV.  Interest  and  referl  require  the  genitive ;  as. 

Interest  omnium,  "  it  is  the  interest  of  all.' 

Refert  patris,  "  it  concerns  my  father." 

LVI.  But  mea,  tua,  sua,  nostra,  vestra,  are  put  in  the  ac<^usativ€ 
plural  neuter ;  as, 

Non  mea  refert,  "  it  does  not  concern  me." 

LVII.  Miseret,  poemtet,  pudet,  tadet,  and  piget,  govern  the  accupa* 
tive  and  genitive  ;  as, 

Miseret  me  tui,  "  I  pity  you." 

Poenitet  me  peccati,         *'  I  repent  of  my  sin." 
Tcedet  me  vita,  "  I  am  weary  of  life." 

Pudet  me  culpce,  "  I  am  ashamed  of  my  fault.'* 

LVIII.  Decet,  delectat,  juvat,  and  oportet,  govern  the  accusative  cas# 
with  the  infinitive  mood  ;  as, 

Delectat  me  studere,  "  it  delights  me  to  study." 

Non  iecet  te  rixari,  "  it  does  not  become  you  to  scold." 

Construction  of  the  Names  of  Places. 
LIX.  The  name  of  a  town,  signifying  the  place  where  or  in  which,  i 
it  be  of  the  first  or  second  declension  and  singular  number,  is  put  in  tlu 
genitive  ;  but  if  it  be  of  the  third  declension  or  plural  number,  ii  is  pu/ 
in  the  ablative;  as,^ 

1    This  rule  is  here  given  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  all  erammars.    Tl  i« 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX.       ,  277 

Vixtt  RomcBf  "  he  lived  at  Rome.'* 

Mortuus  est  Londini,     *'  he  died  at  London." 
Habitat  Carthagine,       "he  dwells  at  Carthage." 
Siuduit  Farisiis,  "  he  studied  at  Paris." 

EX.  The  name  of  a  town,  signifying  the  place  whither ,  :'s  put  in  the 
accusative  ;  as, 

Vejiit  Romam,  *  "he  came  to  Rome." 

Profectus  est  Athenas,  "  he  went  to  Athens." 

LXI.  The  name  of  a  town,  signifying  the  place  whence^  or  through 
what  place^  is  put  in  the  ablative  ;  as, 

Discessit  Corintko,  "  he  departed  from  Corinth." 

Laodicea  iterfaciebat,  "  he  went  through  Laodicea." 

LXII.  Domus  and  rus,  signifying  the  place  where,  are  construed  like 
the  names  of  towns  ;  as, 

Manet  domij  "  he  stays  at  home." 

Domum  revertitur^       "  he  returns  home." 
Vivil  ruri,  "  he  lives  in  the  countr}'." 

Ahiit  rus,  "  he  has  gone  to  the  country." 

The  Ablative  Absolute. 
LXIII.  A  noun  or  pronoun,  joined  with  a  participle,  expressed  or  un- 
derstood, when  its  case  depends  on  no  other  word,  is  put  in  the  ablative 
absolute ;  as, 

Sole  oriente,  fugiunt  tenebrce,     "the  sun  rising,  darkness  flies  away," 
Ojpere  peracto,  ludemus,  "  our  work  being  finished,  we  will  play." 

quite  erroneous,  however,  since  the  true  case  is  the  locative,  or  that  which  denotes 
place.  The  rule,  therefore,  if  properly  enunciated,  would  be  simply  this  ;  "  Tt< 
name  of  a  place  is  put  in  the  locative  when  the  question  is  made  by  ubi, '  where.  " 

24 


DICTIONARY. 


Explanation 

of  Abbreviations. ' 

M. 

Active. 

int. 

Interjection 

adj. 

Adjective. 

irreg. 

Irregular. 

adv. 

Adverb. 

masc. 

Masculine. 

c.  g. 

Common  gender. 

neut. 

Neuter. 

comp 

Comparative. 

num. 

Number. 

conj. 

Conjugation. 

part. 

Participle. 

conjc 

Conjunction, 

pass. 

Passive. 

decl. 

Deo.ension. 

plur. 

Plural. 

def. 

Defective. 

prep. 

Preposition. 

dep. 

Deponent. 

prop.  n. 

Prober  name 

fern. 

Feminine. 

pret. 

Preteritivc. 

freq. 

Frequentative. 

pron. 

Proi-.oun. 

impers. 

Impersonal. 

superl. 

Su]M-rlative. 

indecl. 

Indeclinable. 

V. 

Verb. 

ABS 

A. 

A.,  AB,  ABS  (prep,  with  the  ablative). 

Frorrij  by,  &c.     Consult  note  1, 

page  252. 
Abd5men,  Inis  (neut.  3  decl.).     1. 

The  abdomen,  the  lower  stomach. 

2.   Gluttony. 
Abduco,  ucere,  uxi,  uctum  (a.  v. 

3  conj.  from  ab  and  duco).     To 

lead  away,  to  draw  away,  to  lead 

or  draw  off. 
'Abeo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum  (irreg. 

neut.  V.  from  ab  and  eo).     To 

go  away,  to  depart. 
'Abies,  etis  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  fir- 
tree. 
"Abrahamus,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 

decl.).     Abraham,  the   name  of 

the  Jewish  patriarch. 
Absolvo,  vere,  VI,  UTUM  (a.  V.  3 

conj.  from  ab  and   solvo).     1. 

To  loosen,  to  disengage.     2.  To 

acquit,  to  absolve. 
Absque     (prep,     with     ablative). 

Without. 


ACE 

Absum,  abesse,  abfui  (irreg.  neut, 
V.  from  AB  and  sum).  To  be  ab- 
sentf  to  be  away  from. 

Ac  (conjc).  And,  as,  and,  after 
nouns  or  adverbs  of  contrariety 
or  comparison,  than. 

Accedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum 
(neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and 
CEDo).  1 .  To  draw  near,  to  ap- 
proach, to  come  up  to.  2.  To  be 
added. 

AccEPTUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from  ac- 
ciPio).     Received,  taken. 

AccEPTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Accepta- 
ble, pleasing,  grateful. 

AcciDO,  ciDERE,  ciDi  (ncut.  V.  3 
conj.  from  ad  and  cado).  Tg 
fait  out,  to  happen. 

AcCIDO,  CIDERE,  CIDI,   CISUM  (a.   V 

3  conj.  from  ad  and  c^edo).  1. 
To  cut  against,  to  cut,  to  lop.  2 
To  weaken,  to  ruin,  to  destroy. 
'Acer,  acris,  acre  (adj  ;.  1. 
Sharp,  sour,  tart,  pungent.  2. 
Brisk,  spirited,  keen,  active,  ve 
hement,  fierce. 


1.  When  numbers  are  prefixed  to  the  meanings,  I  indicates  the  literal  meaninfr, 
^nd  2  the  figurative  or  deduced  one. 


ADH 

AcERBUs,  A,  UM  (adj.)-  !•  ^nnpcy 
sour  J  Jiarsh,  bitter.  2.  Cruel^ 
severe,  austere,  morose. 

AcERvus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.)-  A 
heap,  a  pile. 

AcBTUM,  ^neut.  2  decl.).  Vine- 
gar. 

'Achilles,  is  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 
decl.).  AckiUes,  the  name  of  a 
celebrated  Grecian  warrior  at  the 
siege  of  Troy. 

AciEs,  EI  (fem.  5  decl.).  1.  The 
sharp  edge  or  point  of  anything. 

2.  The  vision,  the  organ  of  sight. 

3.  A  line  of  soldiers,  an  army  in 
battle  array,  a  line  of  battle. 

'AciNACEs  and  Acinacis,  is  (masc. 

3  decl.).    A  short  Persian  sword, 
a  dagger. 

AcQuiRo  and  Adquiro,  quirere, 
Quisivi,  QuisiTUM  (a.  v.  3  conj. 
from  AD  and  qu^ro).  To  ac- 
quire, to  get,  to  procure,  to  obtain. 

ACRITER,  ACRIUS,  ACERRIME  (adv.). 

Vehemently,  keenly,  sharply. 
AcuLEus,  I    (masc.  2   decl.).     A 

sting. 
Acus,  US  (fem.  4  decl.).   A  needle. 
AcuTus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  acuo,  to 

sharpen,  and  that  from  acu  s).    1 . 

Sharp-edged,  pointed.    2.  Acute, 

keen. 
Ad  (prep,  with  the  accusative).   To, 

at,  for,  until,  &c. 
'AdaxMas,  antis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 

diamond. 
'AuAMUs,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 

Adam,  the  name  of  our  first  pa- 
rent. 
Addo,  ere,  iDi,  iTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj. 

from  AD  and  do).     To  add. 
'Adeo,  ire,  ivi  or  li,  itum  (neut.  v. 

4  conj.  from  ad  and  eo).     To  go 
to,  to  come  to,  to  approach. 

'Adeo  (adv.).  So,  to  such  a  de- 
gree, so  far,  insomuch. 

Adhibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum  (a.  v.  2 
conj.  from  ad  and  habeo).  To 
adopt,  to  employ,  to  use. 

Adhortor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v. 
1  conj.  from  ad  and  hortor).  To 
exhort,  to  encourage,  to  animate. 

Adhuc    (adv.   from-  ad   and    hoc). 
Hif/ififf'.  l/iu.sfir.  //>  yt;/. 
2^H» 


ADO 

"Adipiscor,  adipisci,  adeptus  sum 
(dep.  V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and 
apiscor).  To  acquire,  to  get,  to 
procure,  to  obtain,  to  arrive  at. 

Aditus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
adeo).  a  going  to,  an  approach, 
access. 

Adjiceo,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and  jacio). 
1.  To  apply  to,  to  bring  in  ccn- 
tact  with.     2.   To  add. 

Adjungo,  ere,  junxi,  junctum  (a 
V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and  jungo) 
To  join  to,  to  annex,  to  add,  U 
unite. 

Adjuvo,  are,  juvi,  jutum  (a.  irreg 
V.  1  conj.  from  ad  and  juvo).  Tt 
aid.,  to  assist. 

Administro,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v 
1  conj.  from  ad  and  ministro) 
1 .  To  act,  to  do  one's  part,  to  ai 
tend,  to  minister.  2.  To  pcr^ 
form,  to  conduct,  to  administer, 

Admiror,  ari,  atus  sum  (d.  v.  1 
conj.  from  ad  and  miror).  To 
iDonder  at,  to  wonder  greatly,  to 
admire. 

Admodum  (adv.  from  ad  and  mo 
Dus).  1.  Up  to  the  measure,  ful 
ly.  2.  Very,  much,  exceedingly 
3.  Of  a  truth,  in  good  truth,  just, 
exactly. 

Admoneo,  ere,  ui,  itum  (v.  a.  2 
conj.  from  ad  and  moneo).  To 
admonish,  to  advise,  to  remind. 

Adnuntio,  also  written  annuntio, 
are,  avi,  atum  (v.  a.  1  conj. 
from  AD  and  nuntio).  To  an- 
nounce, to  proclaim,  to  publish. 

Adolescens,  entis  (masc.  and 
fem.  3  decl.  from  adolesco).  1. 
A  young  man,  one  past  the  .state 
of  boyhood.    2.  A  young  woman. 

"Adolescentia,  je  (fem.  1  decl 
from  adolescens).  Youth,  ad- 
olescence, the  age  succeeding  boy- 
hood. 

"Adolesco,  escere,  evi,  very  rarely 
ui,  adultum  (n.  v.  3  conj.  from 
AD  and  0LE8C0).  To  grow  vp, 
to  grow  to  maturity,  to  increase. 

"Ador,  oris,  and  sometimes  oris 
(n.  3  decl.).  A  kind  of  wheal 
wheat,  grain 


ADS 

A.DORO,    ARE,    AVI,    AIUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.    from   ad   and    oro).      To 
adore,  to  worsniy. 

.\dpareo  or  Appareo,  ere,  ui  (n. 
V.  2  conj.).  To  appear,  to  he 
visible,  to  come  in  sight. 

\i)PELLo  or  Appello,  ere,  puli, 
PULSUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ad 
and  PELLo).  1.  To  drive  to  or 
towards,  to  cause  to  go.  2.  To 
land  (the  word  navem,  classem, 
or  something  similar,  being  un- 
derstood). 

f\DPELLO  or  Appello,  are,  avi, 
atu.m  (v.  a.  1  conj.).  To  call, 
to  name,  to  term,  to  entitle, 

Adpeto  or  Appeto,  ere,  ivi  or  ii, 
iTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and 
PETO).  To  seek,  to  try  to  get, 
lo  assault,  to  attack. 

Adpropinquo  or  Appropinquo, 
are,  avi,  atum  (n.  v.  1  conj. 
from  ad  and  propinquo).  To 
approach,  to  draw  near. 

Adrideo  or  Arrideo,  ridere,  ri- 
si,  BisuM  (n.  V.  2  conj.  from  ad 
and  rideo).  1.  To  smile  upon, 
to  look  pleasantly  upon,  to  smile 
upon  with  approbation,  to  ap- 
prove. 2.  To  please,  to  prove 
satisfactory. 

Adripio  or  Arripio,  ripere,  rip- 
ui,  REPTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from 
ad  and  rapid).  To  take  by  force, 
to  seize  upon,  to  catch  or  snatch 
at. 

Adscendo  or  Ascendo,  scendere, 
scENDi,  scENsuM  (a.  V.  3  conj. 
from  AD  and  scan  do).  To  climb 
up,  to  ascend,  to  mount. 

Adscisco  or  Ascisco,  sciscere, 
scivi,  sciTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from 
AD  and  scisco).  To  take,  to  ad- 
mit, to  receive,  to  approve,  to  ac- 
knowledge 

Adsentator  or  Assentator,  oris 
(masc.  3  decl.  from  adsentior). 
A  flatterer. 

Adsentio  or  Assentio  (n.  v.  4 
conj.  from  ad  and  sentio).  To 
assent,  to  agree  to. 

Adsentior    or   Assentior,  senti- 
Ri,  SENSU8  sum  (dsp.  V.  4  conj.). 
To  assent,  to  a^ree  to. 
24* 


ADV 
Adsequor    or   Assequor,    sequi» 

SEQUUTUS  or  SECUTUS    SUM  (dcp. 

V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and  sequor). 
To  come  up  with,  to  attain  to,  to 
overtake,  to  reach. 

Adspergo  or  Aspergo,  spergere, 
spERsi,  SPERSUM  (a.  V.  3  conj. 
from  AD  and  spargo).  To  sprin- 
kle, to  besprinkle,  to  bedew. 

Adspernor   or  Aspernor,  sper 

NARl,    SPERNATUS  SUM  (dcp.  V.   1 

conj.  from  ad  and  sperno).  To 
turn  away  from  with  contempt, 
to  spurn,  to  reject,  to  shun. 

Adspicio  or  Aspicio,  spickre 
spexi,  spectum  (a.  v.  3  conj 
from  ad  and  specio).  To  look 
at,  to  behold,  to  see. 

Adsuesco  or  Assuesco,  suescere, 
suevi,  suetum  (n.  v.  3  conj.  from 
AD  and  suEsco).  To  accustom 
one's  self,  to  be  accustomed,  to 
be  in  the  habit  of. 

Adsum,  esse,  fui  (irreg.  n.  v.). 
To  be  present. 

Adtente  or  Attente  (adv.  from 
adtentus).  Attentively,  care- 
fully. 

Adtento  or  Attento,  are,  avi, 
atum  (a.  V.  1  conj.  from  ad  and 
TENTo).  To  attempt,  to  try,  to 
endeavour. 

Adtentus  or  Attentus,  a,  um 
(adj.).     Attentive. 

Adtenuo  or  attenuo,  are,  avi, 
atum  (a.  V.  1  conj.  from  ad  and 
tenuis).  To  lessen,  to  diminish, 
to  make  thin,  to  attenuate. 

Adtraho  or  Attraho,  trahere, 

TRAXI,    TRACTUM    (a.    V.     3     COnj. 

from  AD  and  traho).  To  draw 
towards,  to  attract. 

"Adultus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  adoles- 
co).      One  grown  up,  an  adult. 

"Aduncus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ad  and 
uncus).      Crooked,  curved. 

Adustus,  a,  um  (part,  from  aduro) 
Burned.  Vinum  adastum,  bran- 
dy. '^ 

Advena,  je,  (masc.  or  fem.  1  decl. 
from  AD  and  venio).  A  stran- 
ger, a  foreigner,  a  new  comer. 

Advento,  are,  avi,  atum  (n.  v.  1 
conj.  from  ad  and  venio).  Te 
2.S1 


come  frequently  J  to  arrive,  tovome 
(0,  to  approach,  to  draw  near. 

Vdversus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  j.d 
and  VERTo).  1.  Opposite,  over 
against,  fronting.  2.  Adverse, 
contrary,  opposing,  hostile. 

Adversus  or  Adversum  (prep.). 
Against,  over  against,  opposite, 
facing,  towards. 

/Edepol  (int.).  Equivalent  liter- 
ally to  per  cedem  Pollucis,  "  by 
the  temple  of  Pollux."  By  my 
faith,  on  my  honour. 

.Edes  or  -^Dis,  IS  (fem.  3  decl.). 
L  An  apartment.  2.  A  temple. 
3,  In  the  plural,  a  house  (i.  e., 
consisting  of  many  apartments). 

^DiFiciuM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
^DiFico).  A  building,  a  dwell- 
ing, an  edifice. 

iEDIFICO,    ARE,   AVI,   ATUM    (a.  V.   1 

conj.  from  ^des  and  facio).  To 
build,  to  erect. 

.^DiLis,  IS  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
-.edes).  An  cedile,  a  Roman 
magistrate,  whose  business  it 
was  to  superintend  the  repairs 
of  the  temples  and  other  build- 
ings ;  to  regulate  the  markets, 
weights,  public  games,  &c. 

.'Edui,  5rum  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  The 
JEdui,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

.Egjeus,  a,  um  (adj.).  JEgean. 
^gaeum  mare,  the  JEgean  Sea, 
the  modern  Archipelago. 

^Eger,  ^gra,  ^grum  (adj  ).   Sick. 

.Egis,  iDis  or  iDos  (fem.  3  decl.). 
I.  A  goatskin.  2.  The  JEgis, 
the  fabled  shield  of  Jove  and  Mi- 
nerva, covered  with  the  skin  of 
the  goat  that  had  suckled  Jupiter. 
3.  A  storm.,  a  tempest,  lightning, 
a  thunderbolt.    . 

^5']gyptus,  1  (fem.  2  decl.).   Egypt. 

.^MULUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  rival. 

JEvLVLUs,  a,  um  (adj.).  Emulous, 
rival,  rivalling,  striving  to  sur- 
pass. 

./Eneas,  m  (prop.  n.  masc.  1  decl.). 
Mneas,  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
Trojan  warrior. 

.Equitas,  ATis  (fem.  3  d»cl.  from 
.^Quus).     Equality,  equity,  jus- 
tire. 
282 


AFF 

!  JEqUO,     are,     AVI,     ATUM     (a.     'J.    1 

j  conj.).  To  equal,  to  level,  to 
make  smooth. 

JKquus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Equal, 
level,  smooth.  2.  Just,  fair, 
equitable,  right.  ^Equo  animo, 
icillingly,  patienuy,  contentedly. 

"Aer,  aeris  (masc.  3  decl).  The 
air,  the  atmosphere. 

JErarium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
JES).  A  treasury,  the  place 
where  the  public  money  is  kept. 

^s,  ^Ris  (neut.  3  decl.).  1,  Cop- 
per, brass,  bronze.  2.  Money, 
the  first  money  coined  ?it  Rome 
having  been  of  copper,  or  rather 
bronze. 

^schines,  is  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 
decl.).  JEschijies,  the  name  of 
an  eminent  orator  at  Athens,  the 
rival  and  opponent  of  Demosthe- 
nes. 

^'EscHYLUs,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 
decl.).  JEschylus,  the  name  of  a 
celebrated  tragic  poet  of  Athens. 

JEsTAS,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl.).  Sum- 
mer. 

^ESTIMO,    ARE,    AVI,  ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.).  To  estimate,  to  value,  to 
appreciate. 

^TAS,  ATIS  (fern.  3  decl).  Age, 
time  of  life. 

^ternitas,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl 
from  ^TERNUs).     Eternity. 

-^TERNus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Eter- 
nal. 

-.Ether,  eris  (masc.  3  decl).  The 
ether,  the  sky,  the  upper  air,  as 
opposed  to  aer,  which  denotes 
the  lower  or  atmospheric  air. 

^TNA,  ^  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl). 
Mtna,  a  well-known  mountain  ol 
Sicily. 

Affero,  afferre,  attuli,  alla- 
TUM,  or  adfero,  adferre,  ad- 
tuli,  adlatum  (irreg.  a.  v.  from 
AD  and  fero).  To  bring  to,  to 
carry,  to  bear  unto  one. 

Affinis  or  Adfinis,  is,  e  (adj.). 
1.  Contiguous,  adjoining.  2. 
A  relation  (generally  by  mar- 
riage, and  used  in  this  sense  as 
a  noun  of  the  third  declension, 
common  gender). 


ALA 

Africa,  m  (prop.  n.  fern   1  decl.). 

Africa. 
Age  (int.).     Come,  come  on.     (It 
is  often  passed  over  without  be- 
ing translated,  and  is  expressed 
merely  by  the  tone  of  the  voice.) 

"Ager,  agri  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
field,  ground,  a  piece  of  land. 

Agesilaus,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 
decl).  Agesilaus  J  the  name  of 
a  celebrated  king  of  Sparta. 

Aggredior  or  Adgredior,  aggre- 
Di,  aggressus  sum  (dep.  v.  3 
conj.  from  ad  and  gradior).  1. 
To  advance  up  to,  to  accost.  2. 
To  undertake,  to  take  in  hand, 
to  enter  upon.  3.  To  attack,  to 
assail. 

"AgITO,    are,    AVr,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.).     To  drive,  to  drive  to  and 

fro,  to  agitate. 
Agmen,  inis  (neut.  3  decl.).     An 

army  on  its  march. 
Agnosco,  noscere,  novi,    nitum 

(a.  v.  3  conj.  from  ad  and  nos- 

co).     1.   To  recognise.     2.   To 
'     acknowledge. 

"Ago,    AGERE,    EGI,   ACTUM   (a.  V.  3 

conj.).  1.  To  conduct,  to  drive, 
to  lead.  2.  To  do,  to  perform, 
to  act. 

Agresti&s  is,  e  (adj.  from  ager). 
Rustic,  boorish,  wild,  belonging 
to  the  country. 

Agricola,  as,  (masc.  1  decl.  from 
AGER  and  coLo).  A  husband- 
man, a  farmer. 

Agricultura,  m  (fem.  1  decl. 
from  AGER  and  cultura).  Agri- 
culture, husbandry,  farming. 

Ah  (int.).     Ah  !  ah  me  !  alas  ! 

Aha  (int.).     Same  meaning  as  ah. 

Ahenum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  A  bra- 
zen vessel,  a  caldron.  (Prop- 
erly an  adjective,  "  brazen,"  vas, 
or  dolium,  or  some  equivalent 
term  being  understood.) 

Aio  (def.  verb).     /  say,  I  affirm. 

"Ajax,  acis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.). 
Ajax,  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
Grecian  warrior. 

"Ala,  je  (fem    1  decl.).     A  wing. 
Alacer  or  Alacris,  is,  e  (adj.). 
Brisk,  sprightly,  active,  ready. 


^  ALP 

"Alauda,  jE  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
lark. 

Alba,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 
Alba,  the  name  of  an  ancient  and 
famous  city  in  Latium. 

Albis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).  The 
Elbe,  a  river  of  Germany. 

Albus,  a,  um  (adj.).      White. 

Alcibiades,  is  (prop.  n.  masc.  S 
decl.).  Alcibiades,  a  celebrated 
Athenian. 

Alcides,  je  (prop.  n.  masc.  I 
decl.).  Alcides,  a  name  given 
to  Hercules. 

"Alecto  and  Allecto,  us  (prop.  n. 
fem,  3  decl.  Greek  n.).  Alecto, 
the  name  of  one  of  the  furies. 

"Alexander,  ri  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 
decl.).  Alexander,  the  name  of 
a  well-knowm  monarch  of  Maco- 
donia. 

"Alibi  (adv.).     Elsewhere. 

"Alien us,  a,  um  (adj.  from  alius; 
Belonging  to  another,  another'' s, 
foreign. 

"Aliquaxdiu  (adv.  from  aliquan 
do).      For  some  time. 

"Aliquanuo  (adv.).  At  some  time, 
sometimes,  occasionally. 

"Aliquantulus,  a,  um  (adj.  from 
aliquantum).  a  little,  a  very 
little. 

"Aliquis  or  Aliqui,  aliqua,  a  li- 
quid or  ALiQuoD  (pron.  from 
ALIUS  and  quis  or  qui).  Some 
one,  somebody,  some. 

"Aliter,  (adv.).  Otherwise,  in  a 
different  way  or  manner. 

"Alius,  a,  ud  (pron.).  Oifyfi$f, an- 
other. It  differs  frora^djl^,^  in 
that  alius  means  one  (^ijaany, 
but  alter  one  of  two.  ''W|^ 

"Alo,  ere,  ui,  alitum  and  altum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.).  To  nourish,  to 
increase,  to  support  by  feeding, 
to  cherish. 

"Aloe,  es  (fem.  1  decl.  Greek  n.) 
The  aloe  or  aloe-tree. 

Allobroges  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 
decl.  nom.  plural  from  a  singular 
Allobrox,  genitive  Allobro- 
Gis).  The  Allobroges,  a  Gallic 
tribe. 

Alpes  (prop.  n.  fem.  3  decl.  nom 
283 


AMP 

plural  from  a  singular  Alpis,  is). 

The  Alps. 
Altare,  is  (neut.  3  decl.  from  al- 

Tus).     An  altar. 
Alter,  era,  erum  (pron.)-     The 

other,  another,  the  second.    Com- 
pare the  remark  under  alius. 
Altus,  a^  um  (adj.  from  alo).     1. 

High,  lofty,  tall.     2.  Deep. 
Alveare,  is  (neut.  3   decl.).     A 

beehive. 
A2,vus  (fern.  2  decl.)-     The  stom- 
ach, abdomen,  belly,  paunch. 
"Amabilis,  is,  e  (verbal  adj.  from 

AiMo).      Worthy  of  being   loved, 

lovely,  desirable. 
"Amarus,  a,  um  (adj.).      1.   Bitter, 

biting,  pungent.      2.   Acrimoni' 

ous,  sharp,  sarcastical. 
'Amazon,  onis  (fern.  3  decl.).    An 

Amazon,  a  female  warrior. 
Ambo,  ^,  o  (pron.).     Both. 
"Amens,  tis  (adj.  from  a  and  mens). 

Mad,  insane,  distracted. 
'America,  m   (prop.  n.    1    decl.). 

Afkerica: 
'AMicyfTiA,  X   (fem.   1   decl.  from 

amicus).     Friendship. 
'Amicus,  a,  um   (adj.  from   amo). 

Friertdty. 
'Amicjws^  ,1    (masc.    2    decl.).     A 

friend,  a  lover,.of.    ^ ^ 

"AmiTTO,  MITTERE,  MlSf,  M.ISSUM  (a, 

V.  3  conj .  from  a  and  >H|H^y  ^  • 
To  send  away.  2.  jIk^^  to 
part  loith,  to  throw  away.  *'t  y> 
Ammon,  onis  (prop.  n.  mastfeifS 
Amnion,  a  surname  of 
kas  having  a  temple  and 
*rshipped  in  the  deserts 


^^^  A 

D^B^R>r: 

Q^Hrica. 

.m^,  IS  (m 


AMIP,  is  (masc.  3  decl.)-    ^  river. 
"Amo,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj.). 

To  love. 
'Amoenus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Pleasant, 

agreeablCj    beautiful,   charming. 

(It  is  applied  generally  to   the 

sSght.) 
Amor,  oris   (masc.  3  decl.  from 

amo).      Love,  affection. 
Amplius  (adv.  of  the  comp.  degree, 

from  ample).      More,  farther. 
Amplus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Large,  spa- 
cious, great,  ampky  *-oumy. 
284 


AiNT 

'Amulius,   I    (prop.   n.   2   decl.) 

Amulius,  the  brother  of  Numitor 
An  (adv.).  1.  Whether.  %.  Or. 
Anacharsis,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl.) 

Anacharsis,  a  famous   Scythian 

philosopher. 
'.\nas,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  duck 

or  drake. 
Anceps,    cipitis    (adj.    from    am, 

"  around,"  and  capio).   1.  DotUd- 

ful.     2.    Dangerous.     3.    Two- 
edged.     4.  Double. 
Ancile,  is  (neut.  3  decl.).     A  sa- 
cred shield,  an  ancile. 
Anglia,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl). 

England. 
Anguilla,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).     An 

eel. 
Angulus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     An 

angle. 
Angustia,  je  (fem.   1    decl.  from 

ANGusTUs),     A    narrow    place^ 

narrowness. 
'Anima,    js.    (fem.    1    decl.).      1. 

Breath,  air,  a  breeze  of  wind.    2, 

The  living  principle,  vital  spirit, 

life.     3.   The  soul. 
"Animal,  alis  (neut.  3  decl.).    An 

animal,  a  living  creature. 
"Animus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     1.  The 

mind,  the  soul.     2.  The  feelings, 

the  heart,  the  bosom. 
"Anio,    lENis    (prop     n.    masc.    3 

decl.).      The   Anio,    a   river   of 

Italy,    near    Rome.     Now    the 

Teverone. 
Anne  (adv.).      Whether. 
Annon  (adv.).    Not?    Annonestl 

is  it  not  J     Annon  hoc  tibi  dixi  1 

did  I  not  tell  you  this  ? 
Annosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  annus). 

Aged,  advanced  in  years. 
Annus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  year 
Anser,  ERis  (masc.  3  decl).     A 

goose,  a  gander. 
Anserinus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  an 

ser).     Of  a  goose,  belonging  to 

a  goose.     Pedibus  anserinis,  or 

pedes    anserinos    habens,    web- 
footed. 
Ante  (prep,  with  accusative^.    Be 

fore,  &c. 
Antegredior,     edi,     essus     sum 

(dep.  V.  3  conj.  fiom  ante  and 


AQU 

gradior).      To  go  before,  to  pre 

cede. 
Antegressus,  a,  um    (part,    from 

antegredior)      That  has  gone 

on  before,  that  has  passed. 
Antepono,    poneke,  posui,   posi- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  con.j.  from  ante  and 

PONo).      To  place  before,  to  pre- 
fer. 
Antei^uam  (adv.  from    ante    and 

quam).     Before  that,  before. 
Interior,  oris  (adj.  from  ante). 

Anterior,  before,  foremost. 
\ntipater,  Ris  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 

decl  ).     Antipater. 
AntIquus,  a,  UiM  (adj.).     Ancierd. 
Antistes,  isTiTis  (masc.  and  fern. 

3  decl.).     1.  A  leader,  one  v^ho 

presides  over.    2.  A  chief  priest, 

a  high  priest. 
Antoninus,  i    (prop.   n.    masc.    2 

decl.).     Antoninus,  the  name  of 

a  Roman  emperor. 
Antonius,    I    (prop.    n.    masc.    2 

decl.).     Antony. 
Antrum,  I  (neut,  2  decl.).     Acave. 
Apage  (int.).     Begone!  away! 
Aperio,  erire,  erui,  ertum  (v. 

a.  4conj.).      To  open. 
"Apertus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 

APERio).      Open,  standing  open, 

lying  open. 
"Apis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  bee. 
"Apis,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl.).     Apis, 

the  sacred  ox  of  Egypt. 
'Apollo,  inis   (prop.  n.    masc.    3 

decl.).    Apollo,  the  god  of  music, 

poetry,  and  divination. 
Appakeo,  vid.  Adpakeo. 
Appello,  vid.  Adpello. 
Appeto,  vid.  Adpeto. 
Appia  Via  (Appius  and  via).    The 

Appian  Way,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man road,  leading   from    Rome 

through  Southern  Italy. 
Appropinquo,  vid.  Adpropinquo. 
Aprilis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).     The 

month  of  April. 
'Apdd  (prep,  with  accijllative).    At, 

with,  Szc. 
'Aqua    jb  (fem  1  decl.).     Water. 
Aquila,  m   (ft^.m.   1    ded.).     An 

eagle. 
'AqdItani,  okum  (prop.  n.  Jiiasc.  2 


ARE 

decl.).     The  Aquitani,  a  people 

of  Gaul. 
"Ara,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).    An  altar 
"Arabs,  abis  (masc.  3  decl).     An 

Arab. 
"Arabia,  ^  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.) 

Arabia. 
"Arabicus,  a,  um  (adj.).    Arabian. 
"Aranea,   je   (fem.    1    decl.).     A 

spider. 
"Araneus,  I   (masc.  2  decl.).     A 


"Arar,  arts,  or  "Araris,  is  (prop 
n.  3 -decl.).  The  Arar,  now  the 
Saone,  a  river  of  Gaul. 

"Arator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
ARo).  A  ploughman,  a  farmer, 
a  husbandman. 

"Aratrum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
plough. 

"Aratus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
Aratus. 

Arbiter,  tri  (masc.  3  decl.).  An 
arbiter,  umpire,  mediator,  mana- 
ger between  two  parlies. 

Arbor,  ORIS  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  tree 

Arbos,  oris,  same  as  Arbor. 

Arcanus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Secret 
Arcanum,  a  secret.  Arcana,  se 
crets. 

Ar3eo,  cere,  GUI,  ctum  (a.  V.  2 
conj).  To  restrain,  to  keep  or 
ward  off,  to  remove  or  drive  away. 

Archon,  ontis  (masc.  3  decl. 
Greek  n.).  A7i  Archon,  the 
name  of  the  highest  Athenian 
magistracy.  The  archons  were 
nine  in  number. 

Arcus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.).  1.  A 
bow.  2.  An  arch  of  a  bridge. 
3.  A  triumphal  arch.  4.  Any- 
thing arched  or  curved. 

Ardeo,  ardere,  arsi,  arsum  (n. 
V.  2  conj.).  To  burn,  to  be  on 
fire,  to  blaze. 

Arduus,  a,  um  (adj.).  High^ 
lofty. 

"Arena,  je.  (fem.  1  decl.).     Sand 

"Arenosus,  a,  um  (a9j.  from  are 
na).      Sandy. 

"Areopagus,  i  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 
decl.).  The  Areopagus,  a  coun- 
cil of  judges,  or  high  court,  at 
Athens,  held  on  the  Hill  of  Mars 


AS 
and  remarkable  for  the  impartial- 
ity of  their  decisions. 

*Aresco,  arescere  (incept,  v.  from 
AREo).  To  begin  to  dry  up,  to 
grow  dry,  to  become  dry. 

Argentum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  Sil- 
ver. 

ABGUMENTUAf,    I    (ncut.    2   decL). 

An  argument. 
^RiES,  ETis  (masc.  3  decl.)-      1. 
A  ram.     2.  A  battering-ram,  a 
military  engine  of  the  ancients. 

AEidvisTUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
Ariovistus,  the  name  of  a  king  of 
the  ancient  Germans,  in  the  time 
of  Caesar. 

'Aristides,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl.). 
Arrstidcs,  the  name  of  a  celebra- 
ted Athenian. 

Aristoteles,  is  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 
decl.).  Aristotle,  a  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher. 

Arma,  orum  (neut.  plur.  2  decl. 
singular  wanting).  Arms,  all 
kinds  of  warlike  arms,  but  more 
especially  those  of  a  defensive 
nature.  Tela,  on  the  contrary, 
denotes  weapons,  or  arms  of  an 
offensive  nature. 

'Aro,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj.). 
To  plough,  to  till,  to  cultivate. 

'Ar5ma,  atis  (neut.  3  decl.).  Sea- 
soning, spices,  herbs,  cScc. 

ArrIdeo,  vid.  Adrideo. 

Arripio,  vid.  Adripio. 

Ars,  tis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Art,  skill, 
faculty,  method,  way  or  means. 

Articulus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.)-  A 
joint. 

ARTIFIC^5sus,  a,  um  (adi.  from  ar- 
tifex).  Workmanli^,  artificial, 
made  by  art. 

Artificium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
ARTiFEx).  A  piece  of  workman- 
ship, workmanship,  artifice. 

A  rtus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.).    A  joint. 

Arx,  arcis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1.  A 
lofty  place,  height,  top  of  a  hill. 
2.  A  citadel,  cattle,  fortress. 

As,  Assis  (masc.  3  decl.).  1.  An 
as,  a  pound  weight,  or  anything 
that  mfy  be  divided  into  twelve 
parts.  2.  A  Roman  com,  icorth 
a  Hi  lie  nvcr  a  cent  in  O'  r  cut  rmry. 


ATR 

AscENDO,  vid.  Adscendo. 

Ascisco,  vid.  Adscisco. 

"AsIa,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.}. 
Asia. 

"Asinus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).    An  ass. 

Asparagus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  As^ 
paragus. 

AspER,  ERA,  BRUM  (adj.).  Rough 
rugged,  harsh. 

AsPERGO,  vid.  Adspergo. 

AsPERNOR,  vid.  Adspernor. 

Aspicio,  vid.  Adspicio. 

Aspis,  idis  (fem.  3  decl.).  An  asp, 
a  small  venomous  serpent. 

Assentator,  vid.  Adsentator. 

AssENTio,  vid.  Adsentio. 

AssENTioR,  vid.  Adsentior. 

Assequor,  vid.  Adsequor 

AssuEsco,  vid.  Adsuesco. 

Assyria,  ^  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.) 
Assyria. 

AsTR^A,  M  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 
Astrea,  the  goddess  of  justice. 

AsTRUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).    A  star. 

AsTUTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).  Craft, 
cunning,  astuteness. 

At  (conjc).     But,  yet,  &c. 

"Ater,  atra,  atrum  (adj.).  1. 
Coal  black,  black.  2.  Gloomy ^ 
dark.     3.  Unlucky.     4.  Deadly. 

"Athen-^e,  arum  (prop,  n.  fem."  1 
decl.).     Athens. 

Atheniensis,  is,  e  (adj.).  Athe- 
nian, of  or  belonging  to  Athens, 

Athleta,  ^  (masc.  1  decl.).  An 
athlete,  a  champion  at  the  ancient 
games.  The  primitive  meaning 
is  a  wrestler. 

"Athos,  genitive,  dative,  and  abla- 
tive Atho,  accusative  Athon 
and  Atho  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl. 
Greek  n.).  Athos,  the  name 
of  a  well-known  mountain  ia 
Greece.     Now  Monte  Santo. 

ATMOSPH.a:RA,  JE,  (fem.  1  decl,). 
The  atmosphere. 

Atque  (connect,  conjc.  from  at 
and  que).     I .  And.    2.  As,  than. 

Atqui  (adv.).  But,  but  yet,  and 
yet,  however, 

Atramentum,   I   (neut    2   decl.). 

Ink. 
Atrium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     1.  A 
h'l'l  "f  '  hovFc.    2.  Acmirtyard 


AUG 

'Atropos,  I  (fern.  2  decl.).  Atro- 
pos,  one  of  the  fates. 

Atrox,  ocis  (adj.).  1.  Raw,  crude. 
2.  Cruel,  fierce,  atrocious,  sav- 
age. 

Attagen,  enis  (masc.  3  decl.). 
-471  attagen,  a  heathcock  or  wood- 
cock. 

Ai'TAMEN  (conjc.  from  at  and  ta- 
men).  But,  but  yet,  for  all  that, 
however. 

.^TTENTE,  Vid.    AdTENTK. 

A.TTENTO,  vid.  Adtento. 
Attentus,  vid.  Adtentus. 
Attenuo,  vid.  Adtenuo. 
Attraho,  vid.  Adtraho. 
Atticus,  a,  um  (adj.).    Aflic,  of  or 

belonging  to  Attica,  Athenian. 
Au  (int.).     Oh  my  !  dear  me  !  hold  ! 

I  pray  you  !  &c. 
A.UCEPS,  cupis  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

AVIS  and  capio).     A  fowler. 
AucTOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

AUGEo).      An    author,    creator, 

makar,  former. 
AucTORiTAS,  ATis  (from  auctor). 

Authority,  dominion,  power,  ju- 
risdiction. 

AUCTUMNUS,     I,     or     AUTUMNUS,     I 

(masc.  2  decl.  from  augeo). 
Autumn. 

AuDAX,  ACis  (adj.  from  audeo). 
Bold,  daring. 

Audeo,  ere,  ausus  sum  (neut.  pass. 
V.  2  conj.).  To  dare,  to  adven- 
ture, to  attempt. 

Audio,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (a.  v.  4  conj.). 
To  hear,  to  listen,  to  attend. 

AuDiTUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from  audio). 
Heard. 

AuDiTUs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
audio).  The  faculty  of  hearing, 
hearing. 

\ufeko,  auferre,  abstuli,  abla- 
TUM  (irreg.  a.  v.  from  ab  and 
fero).  To  take  away,  to  bear 
away,  to  carry  off,  to  remove. 

\VOEO,  augere,  auxi,  auctum  (a. 
V.  2  conj.).  To  increase,  to  en- 
large. 

Augur,  uris  (masc.  3  decl.).  An 
augur,  soothsayer,  diviner,  one 
who  professes  to  foretel  events 
from  the  flying)  siuging,  &c.,  of 


BAG 

birds.  The  primitive  moaning 
has  reference  to  foretelling  from 
the  singing  of  birds  merely,  the 
derivation  being  avis  and  gar- 

RIO. 

Augusta  Trevirorum  (prop,  n  1 
and  2  decl.).  Treves,  a  ciry  oi 
Europe.  Its  ancient  refers  to 
its  having  been  the  capital  of  the 
Treviri,  a  Gallic  tribe. 

Aula,  je  (fern.  1  decl.).  1.  A  hall. 
2.  A  fold.  3.  An  open  space 
around  a  house,  a  court  or  court- 
yard. 

Aureus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  aurum). 
Of  gold,  golden. 

AuRis,  IS  (fem.  3  decl.).     The  ear 

Aurum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).      Gold. 

AusTER,  STRi  (masc.  2  decl.).  The 
south  wind. 

AuT  (disjunct,  conjc).     Or,  either. 

Autem  (conjc.)  But,  yet,  however, 
moi  cover,  on  the  other  hand. 

Auxii.ioR,  ARi,  ATUS  SUM  (dep.  v 
1  conj.  from  auxilium).  To 
assist,  to  help,  to  aid,  to  suc- 
cour. 

Auxilium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
augeo).  Assistance,  aid,  help, 
succour.  In  the  plural,  auxilia, 
in  a  military  sense,  mean  auxil- 
iary troops,  auxiliaries. 

"AvARiTiA,  JE,  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
AVARus).    Avarice,  covelousness. 

^AvARUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Avaricious^ 
sordid,  stingy,  covetous. 

"AviDUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Eager  after, 
desirous  of. 

"Avis,  IS  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  bird. 

"Avoco,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  from 
A  and  voce).  To  call  away,  to 
call  off,  to  withdraw. 

"AVOLO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM  (uCUt.   V 

1  conj.  from  a  and  volo,  are). 
To  fly  away. 
"Avus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).    A  grand- 
father, an  ancestor. 

B.       ^ 
Babylon,   onis  (prop.   n.  fem.  3 

decl.).     Babylon. 
Bacchus,  i  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 

Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine. 
Baculus,  I  (masc' ),  i>r  Baculum.  i 
287 


BER 

(neut.  2  decl).     A  staffs  a  duly 
a  cane. 

Bal^na,  je  (fern.  I  decl.).  A 
whale^  a  large  jish. 

Baptisma,  ATis  (neut.  3  decl.). 
Bap/ism. 

Basilb\,  ^  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.)- 
Easily  a  city  ot  Europe. 

Basis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  base. 

Beate,  (adv.  from  beatus).  Hap- 
pily. 

Bkatus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Happy. 

Belg^,  arum  (prop.  n.  masc.  1 
decl.).  The  Belgce,  a  tribe  of 
Gaul. 

Bellicosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  bel- 
lum).      Warlike. 

Bello,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (ncut.  V.  1 
conj.).  To  wary  to  wage  or  car- 
ry on  war 

Bellua,  je.  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
beast,  a  monster,  any  large  beast 
or  Jish. 

Bellum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).      War. 

Bene  (adv.  from  ben  us,  an  old 
form  for  bonus).  Well,  happily, 
properly. 

Benefacio,  facere,  feci,  factum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  bene  and  fa- 
cio).  To  benefit,  to  do  good,  to 
perform  an  act  of  kindness,  to 
confer  a  favour. 

Beneficentia,  je  (fem.  1  decl. 
from  benefacio).  Beneficence, 
kindness. 

Beneficium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
BENEFA(Mo).  A  kindncss,  fa- 
vour, brj^.fit. 

Beneficcj«,  a,  um  (adj.  from  bene 
and  FA«  :o).  Beneficent,  kind, 
prone  tu  do  good,  liberal,  bounti- 
ful. 

Benevolu^,  a,  um  (adj.  from  bene 
and  v.)Lo)  Benevolent,  friend- 
ly, wcll-meamng ,  gracious,  kind. 

Benigne  (adv.  from  benignus). 
Kindly,  amicably,  courteously, 
willingly. 

Benignus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  bene  j 
and  ago).     Kind,  liberal,  benig- 
nant, generous,  disposed  to  oblige. 

dEROLiNUM,  I  (prop.  n.  neut.  2 
decl.).  Berlin,  the  capital  of 
Prussia. 


BRU 

Bestia,  je  (fem.  1  decl).  A  be^st.^ 
a  icild  beast. 

Bibliotheca,  je  (fem.  1  decl.). 
A  library. 

BiBo,  ERE,  bTbi,  dibitum  (a.  V.  3 
conj.).      To  drink,  to  quaff. 

BiBULUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  bibo). 
Drinking  in,  soaking  up,  that 
draws  or  sucks  in  moisture. 
Charta  bibula,  blotting-paper. 

BiNi,  ^,  A  (distrib.  numeral  ad;, 
from  Bis).  2\co  each,  two  by 
two. 

Bis  (numeral  adv.).  1.  Twice. 
2.  A  second  time. 

Blandior,  iri,  irus  sum  (dep.  v. 
4  conj.  from  blandus).  To 
sooth,  to  caress,  to  flatter,  to 
fawn  upon. 

Blandus,  a,  UM  (adj.).  Kind, 
gentle,  courteous,  agreeable,  flat- 
tering. 

Bceotia,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 
BiBOtia,  a  country  of  Greece, 
north  of  the  Peloponnepus,  ot 
which  Thebes  was  the  capital. 

Bonitas,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
bonus).      Goodness,  kindness. 

Bonus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  the  old 
form  BENUs,  whence  bene).  Fa- 
vourable, good,  kind,  &lc. 

BoREALis,  IS,  e  (adj.  from  boreas). 
Northern.  Lumen  boreale,  the 
northern  lights  or  Aurora  Bore- 
dlis. 

Boreas,  ^  (prop.  n.  masc.  1  decl.) 
The  north  wind. 

BoRUssiA,  JE  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.) 
Prussia. 

BoRussicus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  Bo- 
russia).     Prussian. 

Bos,  Bovis  (masc.  and  fem.  irreg. 
noun,  3  decl.).     An  ox,  a  cow. 

Brachium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  An 
arm. 

Brevis,  is,  e  (adj.).     Short,  brief 

Brevitas,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl.). 
Shortness,  brevity. 

Bkeviter  (adv.  from  brevis,  com- 
parative BREVius,  superlative 
brevissime).      Shortly,  britfly, 

Brittannus,  a,  um  (adj.).    British. 

Brutus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  Hru- 
tits. 


HuFo,  oNis  (masc.  3  decl.)-  -4 
toad. 

C. 

Cadaver,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.)-  A 
dead  body,  a  corpse,  a  carcass. 

Cado,  erk,  cecidi,  casum  (neut.  v. 
3  conj.).      To  fall. 

(?aduceus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
caduceus  ;  1.  A  rod  or  staff  with 
the  figures  of  two  snakes  twisted 
about  it,  and  having  small  wings, 
sometimes  a  cap  and  wings,  at- 
tached to  the  top  ;  the  wand  of 
Mercury.     2.  A  herald" s  staff. 

Cacumen,  iNis  (neut.  3.  decl.)  a 
height,  a  summit. 

rjADucus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  cado). 
Ready  to  fall,  falling. 

J^cus,  A,  UM  (adj.).      Blind. 

C^DO,  ERE,     CECIDI,  C^SUM   (a.  V. 

3  conj.)  .  I.  Tocyt,  tocut  doion, 
to  lop,  to  fell.  2.  7^0  cut  to  pie- 
ces, to  slaughter,  to  kill. 

C^SAR,  ARis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.). 
CcEsar. 

(^^SPES  or  Cespes,  itis  (masc.  3 
decl.  from  c^do).    A  turf,  a  sod. 

Caius,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 
Cuius. 

Calamister,  tri  (masc  2  decl.). 
A  curling  tongs,  an  iron  with 
which  to  curl  the  hair. 

Calcar,  ARIS  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
spur. 

Dai.chas,  antis  (prop  n.  masc.  3 
decl.).  Calchas,  a  (jrrecian  sooth- 
sayer. 

Calefacio,  facere,  feci,  factum 
(a.  V.  3  eonj.  from  calere  and 
facio).     To  rnake  warm,  to  heat. 

Calidus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  caleo). 
Warm,  hot. 

Caligula,  m  (prop.  n.  masc.  1 
decl).  Caligula,  a  worthless 
Roman  emperor. 

Callidus,  a,  UM  (adj.).  Cunning, 
crafty,  skilful. 

Calor,     oris    (masc.     3     decl.). 
Warmth,  heat. 
-C4LX,     CALCis    (fem.     sometimes 
masc.  3  dec!)      The  heel. 

Calx,  caL(ms  (fem.  3  decl.).   Lime- 
stone, lime,  mortar. 
25 


CAP 

Camelus,  I  (masc.  and  fem.  2 
decl.).  A  camel.  Camelus  Bac- 
trianus,  a  Bactrian  camel. 

Camillus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
Camillus,  a  celebrated  Roman. 

Caminus,  I  (masc.  2  decl).  1.  A 
chimney,  a  furnace.  2.  A  fire- 
place, a  hearth. 

Campania,  uE  (prop.  n.  fem.  1 
decl.).  Campania,  a  province 
of  ancient  Italy,  remarkable  foj 
its  fertility  and  beauty.^ 

Campester,  stris,  stre  (adj.  fron: 
campus).  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
plain,  fiat,  level. 

Campus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
plain. 

Cancer,  cri  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
crab. 

Candidus,  a  UM  (a-dj.  from  can- 
deo).  1.  Of  a  shining  white,, 
bright.     2.   Clear,  lucid,  serene. 

Candor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  Shi' 
ny  whiteness,  brightness,  splen- 
dour. 

Canis,  is  (masc.  and  fem.  3  decl.). 
A  dog,  a  hound,  a  bitch. 

Canorus,  a,  UM  (adj.).  Shrilli 
loud,  sonorous,  musical,  melo- 
dious. 

Canto,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  freq.  v. 
1  conj.  from  cano).  To  stng, 
to  sing  often,  to  chant. 

Cantus,  us(masc.  4decl.).  Sing' 
ing,  a  song,  a  chant. 

Canus,  a,  UM  (adj.).  Hoary,  gray., 
gray-headed. 

Capillus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
hair,  the  hair  of  the  head,  hair. 

Capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum  (a, 
v.).  T'o  take,  to  take  up,  to  re- 
ceive. 

Qapitolinus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  Cap- 
itolium).  Capitoline,  of  or  be- 
longing to  the  Capitol.  A  sur- 
name of  Jupiter,  from  his  being 
worshipped  in  the  Roman  Capi- 
tol, where  he  had  a  temple 

Cappadox,  ocis  (adj.).^  A  C  ippa- 
docian. 

Capra,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  .1  she 
goat. 

Caprea,  m  (fem.  I  decl ).  A  wild 
she-goaty  a  roc,  a  deer 


Uii 


31 T  7^' 


CAS 

Captivus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  capio). 
Captive. 

Capto,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  freq.  v. 
1  conj.  from  capio).  To  catch 
atf  to  catch,  to  seize,  to  seek  ea- 
gerly. 

Capua,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 
.Capua,  a  city  of  Campania. 

(yAPUT,  iTis  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
head. 

Carbo,  oxis  (masc.  3' decl.).  A 
coal,  charcoal. 

Carcer,  eris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
prison.  Carceres,  in  the  plural, 
the  barriers  in  the  racecourse, 
whence  the  horses  started,  the 
starting-place. 

Carduus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
thistle. 

Carmen,  ixid  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
song,  a  strain,  a  piece  of  poetry, 
a  poem,  a  verse. 

Car^&^,  i.^is  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
ca^  to  card  wool  with. 

Carnivorus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ca- 
Ro,  CARNis,  and  voro).  Car- 
nivorous, feeding  on  flesh. 

Carnosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  caro). 
Fleshy,  abounding  in  flesh,  cor- 
pulent, gross. 

Caro,  carnis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Flesh. 

Carolus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
Charles.  Carolus  Magnus, 
C/iarlemagne. 

Carptim  (adv.  from  carpo).  In 
detached  portions. 

Carthago,  ginis  (prop.  n.  fem.  3 
decl.).      Carthage. 

Carus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Dear,  be- 
loved. 

Cassis,  idis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A  hel- 
met. 

Cassis,  is  (masc.  3  decl).  A  hunt- 
er* s  net,  a  net. 

Cassius,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 
Cassius. 

CaSTIGO,    are,    AVI,   ATUM    (a.   V.   1 

conj.).     To  chastise,  to  punish. 
Castor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl).     The 

beaver. — Also  a  proper  name. 
Casus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  ci- 

Do,  supine  casum).     1.  A  fall,  a 

falling.      2.    Chinee,    accident, 

fortune. 
200 


CEL 

Catilina,  .  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl 
masc).  Catiline,  the  name  o. 
a  well-known  Roman  reprobats 
and  conspirator. 

Cato,  oNis  (prop.  n.  3  decl  masc). 
Cato,  the  name  of  an  eminent 
Roman.  There  were  two  dis- 
tinguished men  with  this  appel- 
lation, viz. :  1.  Calo  the  elder, 
called  also  the  Censor.  2.  Cato 
Uticensis,  the  descendant  of  the 
former,  who  killed  himself  at 
Utica. 

Catulus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Catulus,  an  eminent  Roman. 

Cauda,  m  (fem.  1  decl).     A  tail. 

Causa  or  Caussa.  je  (fem.  1  decl). 
1.  A  cause,  reason,  motive.  2. 
In  the  ablative,  with  the  genitive 
of  a  noun,  it  signifies,  on  account 
of,  for  the  sake  of;  as,  honoris 
causa,  "/or  the  sake  of  doing  one 
hojiour,""  or  ^^  out  of  compliment.'*^ 

Cautes,  is  (fem.  3  decl).     A  cliff. 

Cautus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  the  su- 
pine cautum  of  the  verb  caveo). 
Cautious. 

Caveo,  ere,  cavi,  cautu.m  (a.  v. 
2  conj.).     To  beware  of  to  avoid. 

Cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).  To  yield,  to  give  upj  tc 
retire  from. 

Cedo  (defective  verb).  Tell  oi 
give  me.  Second  person  plural 
cedife,  contracted  cette. 

Cedrus  1  (fem.  2  decl).  The  ce- 
dar-tree. 

Celeber,  BRis,  bre  (adj.).  Cele 
brated,  famous. 

CeLEBRO,   are,   AVI,  ATUM    (a.   V.   1 

conj.).     To  celebrate. 

Celer,  eris,  ere  (adj.).  Swift, 
fleet,  quick. 

Celbritas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl  from 
the  verb  celero,  and  this  from 
celer).  Swiftness,  quickness^ 
speed,  celerity. 

Celeriter  (adv.  from  celer). 
Quickly,  speedily,  rapidly.  Com- 
parative celerius,  positive  cel- 
errime.  Quam  celerrime,  aa 
quickly  as  possible. 

Celsus,  a,  um  (adj  )  Lffiy,  laH, 
hinh 


CET 

Oelt^,  arum  (masc.  1  decl.)-  The 
Cella,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

Censeo,  ere,  censui,  censum  or 
CENsiTUM  (neut.  V,  2  conj.).  To 
think,  to  be  of  opinion,  to  sup- 
pose, to  imagine. 

Censor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
censor,  tlie  title  of  a  Roman  ma- 
gistracy. 

Centeni,  ^,  A  (distrib.  numeral 
adj.  from  centum).  A  hundred 
each,  a  hundred. 

Cbntesimus,  a,  um  (numeral  adj. 
from  centum).      The  hundredth. 

Centum  (numeral  adj.  indeclina- 
ble).    A  hundred. 

Ceos,  I  (fem.  2  decl.).  Ceos,  the 
name  of  an  island  in  the  uEgean, 
now  Zea. 

Cera,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).      Wax. 

Cerasum,  1  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
cherry. 

Cerasus,  I  (fem.  2  decl.).  A 
cherry-tree. 

Cerebrum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  The 
brain. 

Ceremonia,  or  C^remonia,  ^ 
(fem.  1  decl.).     A  ceremony. 

Ceres,  eris  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  fem.). 
Ceres,  the  goddess  of  agriculture. 

Cerevisia  or  Cervisia,  ie  (fem.  1. 
decl.).     Beer,  ale. 

CeRNO,   ere,   CREVl,  CRETUM   (a.    V. 

3  conj.).  To  see,  to  see  clearly, 
to  behold,  to  discern. 

Certamen,  iNis  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
CERTO,  are),     a  contest. 

Certus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Certain, 
sure.  Certior  factus,  being  in- 
formed. Facere  aliquem  certi- 
orem,  to  inform  one. 

Cervical,  alis  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
cervix),     a  pillow. 

Cervus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).    A  stag. 

Cespes,  vid.  C^sPEs. 

Cesso,  are,  avi,  atum  (neut.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  cease,  give  over,  to 
leave  off,  to  intermit. 

Ceterus  or  C^terus,  a,  um,  more 
commonly  Cetert,  m,  a,  in  the 
plural  number  (adj.).     The  rest. 

Cktte,  contracted  for  cedite,  from 
the  defective  verb  cbdo,  which 


CIT 

Chalybs,  ybis  (masc.  3  decl.) 
Steel,  hardened  iron. 

Charta,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  Paper. 
Charta  Pergamena,  parchment. 
Charta  vitulma,  vellum.  Charta 
bibula,  blotting-paper. 

Chele,  es,  in  the  singular,  and 
chel^,  arum,  in  the  plural  (fem. 
1  decl.).  A  claw  of  a  crab  oi 
other  shellfish,  a  claw  or  arm  oJ 
a  scorpion. 

Cherronesus  or  ChersOxNesus,  i 
fem.  2  decl).  A  Chersonese^  a 
peninsula. 

Christus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.) 
Christ,  our  Saviour. 

Christianus,  a,  um  C&dj.).  Chris 
tian. 

Chrystallus,  vid.  Crystallus. 

CiBus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  Food 
sustenance. 

Cicada,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  cica- 
da, an  insect  that  in  the  summer 
months  sits  on  trees,  and  makes 
a  shrill  noise.  Incorrectly  trans- 
lated a  grasshopper. 

Cicatrix,  tricis  (fem.  3  decl.). 
A  scar. 

CicdNiA,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  stork. 

CicuR,  uRis  (adj.).      Tame. 

CiMEx,  icis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A  bug. 

Cimon,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.). 
Cimon,  a  celebrated  Athenian. 

CiNis,  ERIS  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.).     Ashes,  embers,  cinders. 

Circa  (prep,  with  accusative) 
Around,  about. 

CiRciTER  (adv.).     About. 

ClRCUMAGO,     AGERE,     EGI,      ACTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  circum  and 
ago).  To  drive  around,  to  turn 
around,  to  lead  around. 

Cis  (prep,  with  accusative).  On 
this  side. 

CiTER  (adj.).  On  this  side,  nearer 
It  is  nearly  obsolete.  Compara- 
tive ciTERioR,  superlative  citi- 
mus.  ^ 

Cite  RIO  R,  vid.  Citer. 

CiTiMus,  nearest,  vid.  Citkr. 

CiTO  (adv.  from  crrus).  Quickly, 
soon,  shortly. 

(/iTRA  (prep,  with  accusative).  ^*n 
lk':s  side.     Compare  cis. 


COEN 

CiTus,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from  cieo, 
ciERE,  civi,  citum).     Quick. 

CiviLis,  IS,  E  (adj.  from  civis). 
0/  or  belonging  to  a  citizen,  civil. 

Civis,  IS  (masc.  and  fein.  3  decl.)- 
A  citizen. 

CiviTAS,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
CIVIS).     A  state,  a  community, 

•    a  city. 

Clam  (prep,  with  the  ablative  ;  oc- 
casionally with  the  accusative  in 
earlier  writers).  Without  the 
knowledge  of,  privately,  secretly. 

Clamor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
CLAMO,  are),  a  clamour,  loud 
noise,  loud  cry,  shout. 

Clarus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Clear, 
bright,  shining.  2.  Illustrious, 
renowned,  famed. 

Claudo,  ere,  clausi,  clausum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.).     To  shut,  to  close. 

Claudus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Lame, 
halting,  limping. 

Clavis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  key. 

Clemens,  entis  (adj.).  Placid, 
mild,  clement,  merciful. 

Clotho,  us  (fem.  3  decl.).  Clo- 
tho,  one  of  the  fates. 

Clytemnestra,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fem.).  Clytemnestra,  the  wife 
of  Agamemnon,  who  slew  her 
husband. 

Cneius,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Cneius. 

Cochlea,  j&  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
snail. 

Cochlear,  arts,  and  Cochleare, 
IS  (neut.  3  decl.).  1.  A  snail. 
2.  A  screw.  3.  A  small  spoon. 
4.  A  measure  of  liquids. 

CocTUS,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 
coQuo).  Cooked,  dressed,  roast- 
ed, boiled,  baked. 

CoDRUs,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 
Codrus. 

Ccelestis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  ccelum). 
Heavenly,  of  or  belonging  to 
heaven. 

Ccelum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  in  plural 
cceli,  orum,  masc).     Ileoven. 

OoENA,  M  (fem.  1  decl ).     A  sup- 
per, the   principal   me^l  of  the 
Romans,  i  port  of  iate  dinner,  an 
entertainment. 
V^?2 


COL   ' 

CiENO,     ARE,     AVI,     ATUM    <a.    V.     I 

conj.).  To  sup,  to  sup  upon.  It 
sometimes  appears  as  a  mere  in- 
transitive verb. 

CoEo,  coiRR,  coivi,  coiTUM  (irrcg. 
neut.  V.  4  conj.  from  con  and 
Eo).  To  go  or  come  together,  to 
assemble,  to  collect,  to  resort. 

Coipi  (preteritive  verb,  from  the  old " 
present  ccepio).  /  begin,  I  have 
begun,  1  began. 

COERCEO,  ERE,  ERCUl,  ERCITUM  (a. 

V.  2  conj.  from  con  and  arceo). 
To  restrain,  to  confine,  to  coerce, 
to  bridle,  to  check. 
CogitatIo,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
coGiTo).  Reflection,  thinking, 
deliberation,  considering. 

CoGITO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.    1 

conj.).  To  revolve  in  mind,  to 
think,  to  ponder,  to  meditate. 

CoGNATUs.  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.).  Re- 
lated, akin,  closely  allied,  kindred. 

CoGNATus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
relation.  When  opposed  to  ag- 
natus,  it  denotes  a  relation  on 
the  mother's  side. 

CoGNiTio,  oNis  (fem.  3  dec),  from 
the  supine  or  participle  of  cog- 
Nosco).  Knowledge,  acquaint 
ance  with,  skill  in. 

Cogn-osco,  noscere,  novi,  nitum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  nos- 
co).  To  know,  to  be  acquainted 
with. 

COGO,   COGERE,  COEGI,  COACTUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  ago,  the 
old  form  being  coago,  contract- 
ed into  cogo).  To  compel,  to 
drive. 
CoHORs,  oRTis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1. 
A  pen,  a  coop,  a  small  enclosure 
for  slteep,  poultry,  drc.  2.  A  co- 
hort, a  band  of  soldiers  consisting 
of  three  maniples  or  six  centuries, 
and  forming  the  tenth  part  of  a 
legion  ;  usually  between  600  and 
700  men. 

COHORTOR,  ART,  ATUS  SUM  (dcp.  V. 

1  conj.  from  con  and  hortor). 
To  exhort,  to  encourage. 
Colchicum,  1  (neut.  2  decl.).     CoU 
chicum  or  meadoiv- saffron,  a  rem 
cdy  for  the  gout. 


COM 
CoLLATiNUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
CoLlatinus. 

COLLAUDO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.    1 

conj.  from  con  and  laudo).  To 
praise  with  others,  to  extol,  to 
commend. 

C0LL!gO,  IGERE,  EGl,  ECTUM  (a.  V. 

3  conj.  from  con  and  lego).     To 
gather  together.,  to  collect. 
OoLLis,  IS  (masc.  3  decl.).    A  hill. 

(JOLLOCO,  ARE,   AVI,    ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  con  and  loco)      To 

place,  to  dispose,  to  arrange,  to 

regulate. 
Colloquium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 

colloquor).     a  conversation,  a 

conference,  a  discourse. 
Colloquor,  loqui,  locutus   sum 

(dcp.  V.  3   conj.  from  con  and 

loquor).     To  speak  together,  to 

converse,  to  confer. 
CoLLUM,  I   (neut.  2   decl.).     The 

neck. 
Colo,  colere,  colui,  cultum  (a. 

V.  3  conj.).    To  exercise,  to  prac- 
tise, to  study,  to  cultivate,  to  la- 
bour upon,  to  worship. 
CoLONiA,   JE^   (fern.    1    decl.).     A 

colony. 
Colonus,    i   (masc.  2    decl.   from 

coLo).     A  husbandman,  farmer, 

rustic,  cultivator. 
Color,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

colour,  complexion,  hue. 
CoLUMBA,   JE   (fern.   1    decl).     A 

dov&, 
CoMA,  ^  (fern.  1  decl.).     The  hair 

of  the    head,   particularly  when 

long,  flowing,  or  Q.-essed. 
CoMBusTUs,  A,  UM  (pa.t.  from  com- 

buro).     Burned,  burned  up. 
Comedo,  edere,  edi,  esum»  (a.  v. 

3  corij.  from  con  and  edo).     To 

eat,  to  eat  up. 
Comedo,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

comedo),     a  prodigal,  a  spcnd- 

thtft. 
Comes,  itis  (masc.  and  fern.).     A 

companion,  associate,  attendant. 
Cometes,  je  (masc.   I   decl.).     A 

comet. 
CoMiTAS,  ATis  (fern.  3  decl.  fron: 

COM  is).     Courtesy,  comity,  affa- 

hilityy  mildness,  kindness. 
26* 


COM 

CoMMENDO,    are,   AVI,   ATUM    (a.   V. 

from  CON  and  mando).  1.  Tc 
commit  to  any  one's  charge,  to 
consign  to  one's  care.  2.  Tc 
commend,  to  recommend. 

COMMINUO,    UERE,  UI,    UTUM    (a.   V. 

3  conj.  from  con  and  minuo). 
1 .  To  crush  or  break  to  small  pie- 
ces.    2.  To  diminish,  to  impair. 

COMMITTO,   MITTERE,    MISI,  MISSUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  mit- 
To).  1.  To  join  together,  to 
unite.  2.  To  commit,  to  give,  to 
impart,  to  intrus',  to  commend. 
Commitere  praelium,  to  join  bat- 
tle. 

CoMMODUM  (adv.).  1.  Convenient- 
ly, in  good  season.  2.  Just,  at 
the  very  moment. 

CoMMODUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Conve- 
nient, apt,  fit,  suitable. 

Commotus  (verbal  adj.  from  com- 
MOVEo).  In  agitation,  agitated^ 
moved,  in  motion,  stirred. 

COMMOVEO,    MOVERE,    MOVI,   m5tUM 

(a.  V.  2  conj.  from  con  and  mo- 
ve o).  To  move  together,  to  move 
violently,  to  move,  to  arouse,  to 
shake,  to  agitate. 
Communis,  is,  e  (adj.).  Common, 
the  same,  general,  public. 

COMPARO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1 

conj.  from  con  and  paro).  1. 
To  procure,  to  get,  to  prepare,  to 
furnish.  2.  To  compare,  to  li- 
ken. 3.  To  order,  to  arrange,  to 
constitute,  to  establish. 

Complures,  es,  ura  and  uria 
(adj.  from  con  and  plures). 
Very  many,  a  great  many,  a 
considerable  number. 

Compono,  p5nere,  posui,  positum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  po- 
no).  To  put  or  place  together, 
to  place  in  order,  to  arrange,  to 
digest.  2  To  put  an  end  to,  to 
compose.  3.  To  draw  up,  to 
write,  to  compose. 

Compos,  OTIS  (masc.  ^nd  fem.).  1. 
That  hath  obtained  his  purpose 
or  desire.  2.  Master  of,  having 
in  one's  power.  Compos  mentis, 
in  a  sane  state,  i.  e.,  master  o) 
one's  mind 

293 


CON 

COMPREHENDO,  EXDERE,  ENDI,  EN- 
SUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
PREHENDo).  To  seizc,  to  grasp, 
to  take  or  lay  hold  of,  to  catch,  to 
apprehend. 

COMPRIMO,  PRIMERE,  PRESSI,  PRES- 

8UM  v.a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 

PREMo).     To  press,  to  press  or 

squeeze  together,  to  hold  together. 
CoMPULSUs,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 

coMPELLo).     Driven,  compelled, 

forced,  restrained. 
CoN4TUs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 

CONOR).     An  attempt,  endeavour, 

effort,  exertion. 

CONCILIO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM    (a.  V.    1 

conj . ) .  To  conciliate,  to  procure, 
to  gain  over,  to  reconcile. 

Concilium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  An 
assembly,  meeting,  council. 

CoNcio,  6.N1S  (fem.  3  decl.).  1.  A 
meeting  or  assembly  of  people 
collected  together  to  hear  an  or- 
ation. 2.  An  oration,  harangue f 
public  speech. 

Conclave,  is  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
CON  and  clavis,  "a  key").  1. 
An  apartment  under  lock  and  key. 
2.  An  apartment,  room,  chamber, 
&c.,  generally. 

Concordia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
CON  and  cor,  *'  the  heart").  Con- 
cord, harmony,  union. 

CoNcupisco,  ERE  (a.  V.  3  conj.  in- 
ceptive form,  from  con  and  cu- 
pio).  To  desire  greatly,  to  de- 
sire, to  long  for. 

CoNDiMENTUM,  I  (ncut.  2  dccl.  from 
coNDio).  A  seasoning,  a  condi- 
ment, anything  used  for  season- 
ing or  pickling. 

CoNDIO,     IRE,    ivi,    ITUM    (a.    V.    4 

conj.).  1.  To  season,  to  salt,  to 
pickle.     2.  To  embalm. 

Conditio,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1. 
A  condition,  stipulation.  2.  A 
situation,  state,  nature,  quality. 

CoNDiTOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
coNDo).  A  founder,  builder,  au- 
thor, maker,  contriver. 

CoNDiTOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
coNDio).  1.  A  seasoner.  2.  An 
embalmer. 

CoNDO,  CONDERE,  CONDIDI,  CONDI- 

294 


CON 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  hide, 
to  lay  or  treasure  up,  to  conceal. 
2.  To  found,  to  construct,  to 
make,  to  build. 

CoND5nO,  ARE,  AVI,   ATUM    (a.  V.    1 

conj.  from  con  and  do  no).  I. 
To  give  freely,  to  grant,  to  give 
away,  to  bestow.  2.  To  pardon^ 
to  forgive,  to  remit. 

CONFABULOR,  ARI,  ATUS    SUM  (dep. 

V.  1  conj.  from  con  and  fabu- 
I.OR).  To  talk  together,  to  con- 
verse, to  discourse,  to  chat. 

CoNFERO,       CONFERRE,       CONTULI, 

coLLATUM  (a.  V.  irrcg.  from  con 
and  FERo),  \.  To  bring  together, 
to  collect,  to  lay  together.  2.  To 
contribute.  3,  To  confer,  to  con- 
sult. 4.  To  betake  one's  self  t9 
anything  (with  the  pronoun  sc). 
5.  To  compare,  to  bring  into  com- 
parison. 

CoNFEssus,  A,  UM  (part,  from  con 
fiteor).  Having  confessed  or 
acknowledged.  2.  (Verbal  adj.). 
Manifest,  apparent,  confessed, 
undoubted,  evident. 

Confestim  (adv.).  Immediately, 
forthwith. 

CONFICIO,     FiCERE,    FECI,    FECTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  fa- 
cio).  1.  To  make,  to  effect,  to 
accomplish.  2.  To  make  away 
with,  to  destroy. 

CONFITEOR,     FITERI,     FESSUS     SUM 

(dep.  V.  2  conj.  from  co:«  and 
fateor).  To  confess,  to  ac- 
knowledge, to  own. 

Conflagratio,  oms  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  con  and  flagro,  "  to 
bum").  A  burning,  a  confla- 
gration. 

Confligo,  fligere,  flixi,  flic- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
fligo,  "to  dash").  1.  To  dash 
together,  to  strike  or  dash  one 
thing  against  another.  2.  To 
engage  or  come  into  collision. 

Congelatus,  a,  UM  (verbal  adj. 
from  congelo).  Frozen,  con- 
gealed. 

CoNGELO,  are,   AVI,  ATUM    (a.   V     1 

conj.  from  con  and  gelu).  To 
freeze,  to  congeal. 


CON 

CoNJURATio,  oNis  (fem  3  (led. 
from  CON  and  juro).  A  con- 
spiracy. 

CoNjuRATUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from 
coNJURo).  Having  conspired, 
combined,  or  leagued  together. 

CoNJURO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (neut.  V. 

1  conj.  from  con  and  juro).  1. 
To  swear  together.  2.  To  com- 
bine, to  conspire. 

CoNjux,  UGis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.  from  con  and  jungo).  A 
husband,  a  wife,  a  spouse,  a  con- 
sort. 

Conon,  onis  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 
decl).  Conon,  a  distinguished 
Athenian. 

Conor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  endeavour,  to  strive, 
to  attempt,  to  try. 

Consequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum 
(dep.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
sequor).  1.  To  follow  after,  to 
go  after.  2.  To  overtake,  to 
reach,  to  accomplish.  3.  To  pro- 
cure, to  obtain,  to  get  possession 
of. 

CONSERVATRIX,      TRICIS      (fem.      3 

decl.  from  conservo).    She  that 
preserves,  a  preserver. 
Conservo,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  con  and  servo).    To 
preserve,  to  defend,  to  take  care  of. 

^ONSIDEO,       ERE,       SEDI,       SESSUM 

(neut.  v.  2  conj.  from  con  and 
sEDEo).  1.  To  sit  together  or 
along  with  a7iother.  2.  To  set- 
tle down. 

CoNsiDO,  ERE,  SEDI  (Icss  frequently 
siDi),  sEssuM  (neut.  v.  3  conj. 
from  CON  and  sido,  "  to  settle"). 
To  sit  down  along  with  another, 
to  be  in  the  act  of  taking  one^s 
seat. 

Consilium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  1. 
Counsel,  deliberation.  2.  A  de- 
sign, plan,   intention,  purpose, 

OoNsiMiLis,  IS,  E  (adj.  from  con 
and  siMiLis).  Very  like,  like, 
similar. 

CoNSOLOR,  ARI,  ATUS   SUM   (dep.  V. 

1  conj.).  To  console,  to  cornfort, 
to  solace. 


CON 

Consortium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 

CON  and  sors).     Fellowship,  in 

iercourse,  partnership,  commum 

ty,  society. 
CoNSPacTUs,    A,    UM    (part,    from 

coNSPicio).     Beheld,  looked  at, 

gazed  upon. 
Conspectus,    us   (masc.    4   decl. 

from    coNSPicio).       4   sight,   a 

view.  . 

CONSPICIO,    SPICERE,    SPEXl,    SPEC- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
spEcio).  To  behold,  to  see,  to 
look  at  or  toivards. 

CoNSTANs,  ANTis  (vcrbal  adj.  from 
coNSTo).  I.  Standing  together. 
2.  Firm,  determined,  consistent, 
fixed,  constant,  &c. 

CoNSTANTER  (adv.  from  constans). 
Firmly,  steadily,  constantly,  con- 
sistently^ uniformly. 

Constantia,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
constans)  Steadiness,  firm- 
ness, uniformity  of  conduct. 

CONSTANTINOPOLIS,      IS       (fcm.      3 

decl.).     Constantinople. 

CoNSriTUO,  UERE,  UI,    UTUM   (a.  V. 

3  conj.  from  con  and  statuo). 

1.  To  set  up,  to  place,  to  erect. 

2.  To  determine,  to  resolve,  to  de- 
liberate. 3.  To  appoint,  to  con- 
stitute. 

Consuetudo,  iNis  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  consuetus).  Habit,  cus- 
tom, usage,  use. 

Consul,  ulis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
consul,  a  title  of  office  for  the 
two  chief  Roman  magistrates. 

Consulatus,  us  (masc.  4  decl. 
from  consul).  The  consulship, 
the  office  of  consul. 

CONSULO,  sulere,  sului,  sultum 
(a.  v.  3  conj.).  To  consult,  to 
deliberate.  Consulo  to,  I  co7i- 
suit  you,  I  ask  your  advuc. 
Consulo  tibi,  /  consult  for  you. 
Consulo  in  te,  /  consult  against 
you,  I  take  measures  against  you. 

CONSUMO,    SUMERE,    S8MPSI,   SUMP- 

TUM  (a.  v.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
suMo).  To  co7isume,  to  expend^ 
to  waste,  to  destroy. 

CONTEMNO,        TEMNERE,        TEMPSI, 

TEMPTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  co> 
296 


\i^' 


COQ 

and  TEMNo).  To  contemn,  to  de- 
spise, to  undervalue,  to  slight. 

CONTEMPLOR,   ARl,  ATUS  SUM  (dep. 

V.  1  conj.).  To  contemplate,  to 
behold,  to  gaze  ypon. 

CONTEMPTOR  and  CONTEMTOR,  ORIS 

(masc.  3  decl.  from  contemno). 

A  despiser,  a  contemner. 
C^ONTEMPTUs,    US    (masc.  4   decl. 

fiDm  coNTEMNo).     Contempt,  de- 
rision, disdain. 
CoNTENTUs,  A,  UM  (part  from  con- 

TENDo).      Strained,  drawn  tight, 

stretched. 
CoNTENTUS,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 

coNTENDo).      Content,  satisfied, 

well-pleased. 

CONTINGO,   TINGERE,   TIGI,  TACTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  tan- 
go). 1.  To  touch.  2.  To  hit, 
to  reach.  3.  To  happen  (and  is 
then  used  impersonally). 
Contra  (prep,  with  accusative). 
Against,  contrary  to,  in  opposi- 
tion to. 

CONTRAHO,  TRAHERE,  TRAXI,  TRAC- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
traho).  1.  To  draw  together, 
to  assemble,  to  unite  together,  to 
collect.  2.  To  contract,  to  draw 
into  a  smaller  compass. 
Controversia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.). 
A  controversy,  debate,  dispute. 

CONVERTO,  VERTERE,  VERTI,  VER- 

SUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and 
VERTo).  1.  To  turn  about,  to 
turn.     2.    To  convert,  to  change. 

CONVINCO,    VINCERE,    VJCl,   VICTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  and  vin- 
co).  To  convince,  to  convict, 
to  manifest  clearly,  to  show 
plainly. 

Conviva,  je.  (masc.  and  fem.  1  decl. 
from  con  and  vivo).  A  guest, 
a  companio7i  at  a  feast. 

CoNviviuM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
conviva).     a  feast,  a  banquet. 

CoPiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl).  Plenty, 
abundance.  In  the  plural, /orcf  5, 
troops,  a  meaning  which  it  some- 
times has  in  the  singular  also. 

CopiosE  (adv.  from  copia).  Abun- 
dantly^ copiously,  richly. 

COQUO,   COQUERE,  COXl,  COCTUM 

290 


CRA 

(a.  v.  3  conj.).     To  cock,  to  boil^ 
to  roast,  to  bake,  <kc. 
CoQUus    and    Cocus,    i    (masc.   2 

decl.).     A  cook. 
Cor,  cordis  (neut.  3  decl.)     Tkt 

heart. 
C6r.\m  (prep,  with  the    ablative) 

Before,  in  the  presence  of. 
C'orinthus     1    (prop.    n.    fem.    2 
decl.).      Corinth,    a    celebrated 
commercial  city  of  Greece. 
CoRNEUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  cornu). 
Of  or  like  horn,  hard   as  horn, 
horny,  made  of  horn. 
CoRNiGER,  ERA,  ERUM  (adj.  from 
CORNU  and  gero).      Wearing  oi 
bearing  horns,  horned. 
CoRNix,   icis  (fem.  3   decl.).     A 

croyy. 
CoRNU  (neut.  4  decl.  indeclinable 

in  the  singular)      A  horn. 
Corona,    ^    (fem.    1    decl.).     A 

croicn,  a  chaplet. 
Corpus,  6r\p  (neut.  3  decl.).     A 

body,  the  human  frame. 
Corrector,   oris  (masc.  3  dccl. 
from  coRRiGo).     A  corrector,  an 
amender. 

CORRIGO,     RIGERE,     REXI,     RECTUM 

(a.  V.  from  con  and  rego).      To 

correct,  to  amend. 
Corsica,  m  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 

Corsica. 
Cortex,    icis    (masc.    sometimes 

fem.  3  decl).      Bark,  nnd,  cork 
Corvu.s,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  ra 

ven. 
Cos,  o  (fem.  2  decl.).     Cos,  on«^ 

of  the  Grecian  islands,  lying  ot, 

the  southwestern  coast  of  Caria. 
Cos,  c5tis  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  whet- 
stone, a  hone. 
Costa,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  rih. 
CoTTA,  M  (prop.  n.  masc.  1  decl.) 

Cotfa. 
CoTURNix,  icis  (fem.  3  decl.).     A 

qvuil. 
Crambe,  es   (fem.   1  decl.  Greek 

noun).      Cabbage,  coleuort. 
Cranium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     l.*ht 

scull.. 
Cras  (adv.)      To-monow. 
Crassus,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  deci.i 

Crassv^.'^ 


CRU 

Crassus,  a,  um  (adj.)-  Thick, 
coarse. 

Crastinus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  cras). 
Of  or  belonging  to  to-morrow,  to- 
morrow's. 

Creator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
creator,  a  maker. 

Creber,  crebra,  crebrum  (adj.). 
Frequent,  repeated,  thick,  close. 

Crebro  (adv.  from  creber).  Fre- 
quently, often. 

Credo,  ckedere,  credidi,  credi- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  To  credit, 
to  believe,  to  trust,  to  confide. 

Credulus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  credo). 
Credulous,  easy  of  belief,  simple. 

CrEMO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.).     To   burn,  to  reduce   to 
a^hes,  to  burn  up. 

CrEO,     are,     AVI,     ATUM     (a.     V.     1 

conj.).     To  create,  to  make. 
Crepida,   je.   (fern.    1    decl.).     A 

slipper,  a  sandal. 
Crepusculum,  I   (neut.   2   decl.). 

Twilight. 
Cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretum 

(neut.  V.  3  conj.).     To  increase, 

to  grow. 
Creta,  m  (fern.  1  decl.).     Chalk. 
Creta,  js^  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 

Crete,  a  Grecian  island. 
Crimen,  inis  (neut.  3  decl.).     1. 

A  charge,  an  accusation.     2.  A 

crime. 
Crinis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).     The 

hair  of  the  head. 
Crocodilus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).    A 

crocodile. 
Croesus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

Crczsus,  an  ancient  king  of  Lydia, 

famed  for  his  riches. 
Crucio,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 

conj.  from  crux).     To  torture, 

to  torment,  to  rack,  to  agonize,  to 

distress  greatly. 
Crudelis,  is,  e  (adj.).     Cruel. 
Crudus,  a,  um  (adj.).     1.   Crude, 

raw,  fresh,  undigested.     2.   Un- 
ripe, immature,  sour. 
Cruentl'2,  a,  um  (adj.  from  cru- 

or).      1 .    Bloody,    stained  with  \ 

Mood.     2.    Cruel. 
Cruor.  oris  (mssc.  3  decl.).    Blood 

from  a  ivnuu/l.  ^•ore. 


CUL 

I  Crus,  cruris  (neut.  3  decl.).     Thi 
I      leg,  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle. 
Crux,  crucis  (fem.  3  decl.).     A 

cross. 
Crystallum,  I  (neut.),  and  Crys- 

tallus,    I   (fem.    and  masc.   2 

decl.).     Crystal. 
Cubiculum,  i  (neut.    2  decl.  from 

cuBo).     A  bedchamber. 
Cubile,  is  (neut.  3  decl.  from  cu- 

Bo).     A  couch. 
Cubitus,    i   (masc.   2    decl.    from 

cuBo).     1.   The  arm  below  the 

elbow.      2.    The  elbow.     3.   A 

cubit. 
Cubitus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 

cuBo).     A  lying  down. 

CuBO,   CUBARE,   CUBUI,   CUBITUJ* 

(neut.  1  conj.).     To  lie  down. 
CuBus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  cube 
GucuMis,  ERis  (masc.  3  decl.).    A 

cucumber. 
CujAs,  ATis  (adj.  pron.  from  quis). 

Of  what   country,  belonging  to 

whom. 
Cujus,  A,  UM  (adj.  pron.  from  quis). 

Of  whom,  whose. 
CuLEUs,    I    (masc.    2    decl.).     A 

leathern  sack  or  bag. 
CuLiNA,    ^    (fem.    1    decl.)       A 

kitchen. 
CuLMEN,  iNis  (neut.  3  decl.).     1 

The  thatched  roof  of  a  house.     2. 

The  top  of  a  house,  the  summit 

of  a   building.     3.   The  top  or 

summit  of  anything. 
Culpa,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  fault, 

failure,  bliume,  guilt. 

CULPO,    ARE,    AVI,     ATUM     (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  culpa).  To  blame 
find  fault  with,  to  censure,  to  re- 
prove. 

CuLTER,  TRi  (masc.  2  decl.),  1. 
A  knife.  2.  The  coulter  of  a 
plough. 

CuLTOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
coLo).  A  cultivator,  tiller,  hus- 
bandman, farmer. 

CuLTURA,  ^  (fem.  !:•  decl.  from 
coLo).  Cultivation,  culture^  til- 
lage, husbandry. 

CuLTUs,  A,  UM  (part  from  coLo). 
Cultivated,  tilled. 

Cu:/rus,   us    (masc.  4   decl.     '--it. 


CUR 

coLo).  1.  Cultivation^  cullurct 
tillirig.  2.  A  manner  of  living. 
I.  Dress,  clothing.  4.  Worship, 
adoration,  honour,  service,  obser- 
vance, respect. 

Com  (prep,  with  ablative).  With, 
together  with,  along  icith. 

Cum  (adv.  of  time).  When,  when- 
ever. Wlien  cum  and  turn  fol- 
low each  other  in  the  same  sen- 
tence, the  first  is  to  be  rendered 
**  both,^^  and  the  second  "  awrf." 

Cum  (conj.)-  Since,  inasmuch  as, 
when,  whenever. 

Cumulus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
heap,  a  pile. 

CuNCTATOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl. 
from  cunctor).  A  delayer,  a 
lingerer,  a  prolonger  of  time. 
A  surname  given  to  Quintus  Fa- 
bius  Maximus,  who  saved  the 
Roman  state  by  delaying  to  come 
to  a  conflict  with  Hannibal. 

Cunctor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v. 
1  conj.).  To  delay,  to  linger, 
to  hesitate,  to  be  in  doubt. 

CuNCTUS,  A,  UM  (adj.).  All,  all 
together,  the  ivhole.  More  com- 
monly found  in  the  plural. 

OupiDiTAs,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
cupiDus).  I.  Desire,  eagerness, 
fondness.  2.  Desire  after  gain, 
cupidity,  covetousness. 

OupiDO,  iNis  (fem.  sometimes 
masc.  3  decl.  from  cupio).  1. 
Desire,  eagerness,  earnestness. 
2.    Will.     3.   Cupidity. 

CupiDO,  INIS  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Cupid,  the  son  of  Ve- 
nus, and  god  of  love. 

CupiDus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  cupio). 
Desirous,  fond,  eager,  earnest. 

Cupio,  ere,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (a.  v. 
3  conj.).  To  desire,  to  wish 
for,  to  long  for,  to  be  willing,  to 
covet. 

Cur  'adv.).  Why  1  for  what  rea- 
son 1  wherefore  1  to  what  pur- 
pose 1  with  what  intent  1 

Cura,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  Care, 
concern,  anxiety,  solicitude,  sor- 
row, trouble,  affliction,  grief 

Curculio,  5nis  (masc.  3  decl.). 
A   weevil,  a    small    hard-shelled 


BAM 

beetle  that  eats  the  pith  of  grain, 
called  by  some  a  corn-worm, 

CURO,    ARE,     AVI,     ATUM     (a.     V.     1 

conj.).  To  take  care  of,  to  look 
to,  to  order,  to  arrange,  to  at 
tend.  to. 

CURRO,  CURRERE,  CUCURRI,  CUR- 
SUM  (neut.  V.  3  conj.).      To  run. 

CuRRus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
cuRRo).  A  chariot,  car,  vehicle 
wagon. 

CuRsus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
cuRRo).  1.  A  running,  the  act 
of  running.  2.  A  course,  a  way, 
a  journey. 

CuRTius,  11  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Curtius. 

CuRVATUs,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 
cuRvo).  Bent,  bowed,  curved, 
made  crooked. 

CuRVO,    ARE,     AVI,     ATUM     (a.    V.    1 

conj.).     To  curve,  to   crook,  to 
bow,  to  bend. 
CuRvus,  A,  UM    (adj.).     Crooked, 
bowed,  bent,  curved. 

CUSTODIO,   IRE,    IVl,    ITUM    (a.   V.    4 

conj.  from  gustos).  To  guard, 
to  defend,  to  protect,  to  preserve, 
to  ivatch. 

CusTOs,  oDis  (masc  and  fem.  3 
decl.).  A  guard,  a  keeper,  a 
preserver,  a  icatch. 

Cyclops,  opis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
Cyclops,  a  fabled  being  of  gigan- 
tic stature,  with  only  one  eye, 
and  that  placed  in  the  centre  of 
the  forehead. 

Cyprus,  i  (fem.  2  decl.).  A  cy- 
press-tree. 

Cyprus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  fem.). 
Cyprus,  a  Grecian  island,  lying 
south  of  Cilicia,  and  west  of 
Syria.     It  was  sacred  to  Venus. 

Cyrus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Cyrus,  the  well-known  monarch 
of  the  ancient  Persians. 

D. 

DaMNO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     I 

conj.  from   damnum).     To  con- 
demn. 
Damnosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  iam 
num).     Hurtful,  detrimental    n- 
jurious. 


DEC 
Damnum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     Loss^ 

hurt,  harm^  damage,  injury. 
Danubius,    I    (proper   n.    2   decl. 

masc.)-     The  Danuhe, 
Darius,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

Darius,  monarch  of  Persia. 
Datus,    a,    um    (part,    from    do). 

Given.     Datum,  what  is  given, 

a  thing  given. 
De  (prep,  with  ablative).    Of,  from, 

concerning,  &c. 
Dea,  ^  (fern.  1  decl.).    A  goddess. 
DioBEO,  ERE,  ui,  iTUM  (a.  V.  2  conj.). 

To  owe,  to  he  in  debt.     Debet, 

he  ought.     Debemus,  we  ought. 

Debitor,  5ris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
DEBEo).     A  debtor, 

Dec  AS,  ADis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A  de- 
cade, the  sum  of  ten,  or  number 
containing  ten. 

Decedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum 
(neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  ce- 
Do).  To  depart,  to  go  away,  to 
withdraw,  to  retire, 

Decem  (numeral  adj.  indeclinable). 
Ten. 

December,  bris  (masc.  3  decl.). 
December.  The  root  is  dec  em, 
this  month  being  the  tenth  from 
March,  which  was  originally  the 
beginning  of  the  Roman  year. 

Decennium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
decem  and  annus).  A  period  of 
ten  years,  a  decade. 

Decerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cre- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  de  and 
CERNo).  1.  To  think,  to  judge, 
to  conclude,  to  determine,  to  de- 
cree. 

Decido,  cidere,  cidi  (neut.  v.  3 
conj.  from  de  and  cado).  To 
fall  from,  to  fall  down. 

Decido,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum  (a.  v. 
3  conj.  from  de  and  c^do).  To 
cut  doivn,  to  cut  off,  to  lop. 

Decimus,  a,  um  (numeral  adj.  from 
decem).     The  tenth. 

Dkcimus,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 
Decimus. 

DiJciPio,  cipere,  cspi,  ceptum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  capio). 
To  deceive. 

Decorus,  a,  um  (ad',  from  decor). 


DEL 

1.  Becoming,  graceful,  comely. 

2.  Decorous,  honourable. 
Decuria,    je    (fem.    1   decl.   froir. 

decem).  1.  Ten  of  anything^ 
a  decuria,  a  class  of  ten.  2.  An 
order  or  class.  3.  A  troop  of 
horse  consisting  of  ten  men. 

Decurro,  currere,  currf,  cur 
sum  (neut.  v.  3  conj.  from  de  anu 
cuRRo).     To  run  d(.wn  or  along. 

Decus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.).  Or- 
nament, grace,  beauty,  honour. 

Dedignor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v. 
1  conj.  from  de  and  dignor). 
To  count  unworthy,  to  disdain, 
slight,  to  scorn,  to  spurn. 

Deditus,  a,  um  (part,  from  dedo, 
"to  give  up").  1.  Given  over, 
given  up,  surrendered.  2.  De- 
voted to. 

Defendo,  fendere,  fendt,  fen- 
sum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  de  and 
FEiNDo,  "  to  ward  off").  To  rC' 
pel,  to  ward  off,  to  defend,  tc 
protect. 

Defensio,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
defendo).  a  defending,  a  de- 
fence. 

Defensor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl. 
from  defendo).     A  defender. 

Deficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  facio). 
To  fail,  to  be  wanting,  to  be  de- 
ficient. 

Deformitas,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  DE  and  forma).  Deformity, 
ugliness. 

Degener,  era,  erum  (adj.  from 
DE  and  genus).     Degenerate. 

Dego,  degere,  degi  (a.  v.  3  conj. 
from  de  and  ago).  To  lead,  to 
pass.  Degere  vitam,  to  lead  or 
pass  one^s  life. 

Deinde  (adv.).  Then,  after  that, 
thereupon,  next  in  order. 

DejIoio,  jicere,  jeci,  jectum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  jacio). 
To  throw  down,  to  cast  doicn. 

DeLECTO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM    (a.  V.    J 

conj.).      To  delight. 
Deleo,  ere,  evi,  etum    (a.   v.  S 
conj.).     1.  To  blot  out,  to  efface, 
to   expunge.     2.   To  abolish,  to 
destroy. 

X99 


DEN 

Delicatus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Deli- 
cate, dainty,  luxurious,  effemi- 
nate. 2;  Tender,  delicate,  soft. 
DfiLiciiE,  ARUM  (singular  seldom 
used,  fern.  1  decl.).  Anything 
that  delights  or  amuses,  delights, 
•pleasures. 

Dei.Tgo,  lTgere,  legi,  lectcjm  (a. 
V  y  conj.  from  de  and  lego). 
To  choose,  to  select. 

Delos,  I  (prop.  n.  fem.  2  decl.). 
Delos,  a  well-known  Grecian  isl- 
and, one  of  the  Cyclades,  in  the 
.^gean  Sea.     Now  Sdille. 

Delphi,  orum  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 
decl.).  Delphi,  a  celebrated  city 
of  Phocis,  on  Mount  Parnassus, 
where  Apollo  had  a  temple  and 
famous  oracle. 

Delphinus,  I  (2  decl.),  and  Del- 
PHiN,  iNis  (3  decl.  both  masc). 
A  dolphin. 

Demergo,  mergere,  mersi,  mer- 
suM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  de  and 
MK  RGo).  To  sink,  to  plunge  into 
the  water,  to  drown,  to  bury  be- 
neath the  waves. 

Demo,  demere,  demsi,  demtum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  emo,  "  to 
take").  To  take  away,  to  take 
off,  to  withdraw,  to  remove. 

DeiMonax,  actis  (prop.  n.  masc.  3 
decl.)      Dembnax. 

Demosthenes,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Demosthenes,  the  cele- 
brated orator. 

Denarius,  II  (masc  2  decl.  proper- 
ly an  adjective,  with  nummus  un- 
derstood). A  denarius,  a  Ro- 
man silver  coin,  equivalent,  in 
our  currency,  to  15  cents,  4.74 
mills.  The  Latin  term  is  derived 
from  DENi,  because  each  denari- 
us, at  first,  was  worth  ten  ounces 
of  brass. 

Dexi,  je,  a  (distributive  numeral, 
from  decem).  Ten  each,  ten 
apiece,  ten  by  ten. 

Denique  (adv.).  Finally,  to  con- 
dude,  in  fine,  at  last,  lastly. 

Den's,  dentis  (masc  3  decl.).  A 
ioolh. 

Densus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Thick,  set 
rlose,  dense,  close. 
000 


DET 

Dentatus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl 
masc).  Dentatus,  a  distin- 
guished  Roman  leader.  Full 
name  Marcus  Curius  Dtntaius. 

Dentatus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  dens) 
Having  teeth. 

Denuo  (adv.  from  de  novo).  Anew, 
afresh. 

Denus,  vid.  Deni. 

Deorsum  (adv.).  Downward,  dci*^,. 

Deporto,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  de  and  porto).  I. 
To  carry  down.  2.  To  convey 
away,  to  transfer  from  one  pi  ace 
to  another.  3.  To  banish  to  g 
particular  place. 

Derideo,  ridere,  rist,  risum  (a. 
V.  2  conj.  from  de  and  rideo) 
To  laugh  at,  to  deride,  to  laugh 
to  scorn. 

Describo,  scribere,  scripsi, 
scriptum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  de 
and  scRiBo).  To  write  down,  to 
describe,  to  transcribe,  to  copy. 

DeSERO,     SERERE,    SERUl,     SERTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  sero, 
serui,  "  to  place").    To  abandon, 
to  leave,  to  forsake,  to  desert. 
Desertum,  I    (neut.  2  decl.).     A 
desert.     Properly  the  neuter  of 

DESERTUS. 

Desertus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
DESERo).  Abandoned,  deserted, 
forsaken. 

Desiderium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
DESiDERo).  A  longing  for,  a 
desire,  love,  affection,  regret. 

Desino,  sinere,  sivi,  situm  (neut. 
V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  sino). 
To  cease,  to  leave  off,  to  desist, 
to  give  over. 

Despero,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  de  and  spero).  To 
despair  of,  to  be  without  hope,  to 
despond. 

Despuo,  spuere,  spui,  sputum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  spuo).  1. 
To  spit  down  or  upori.  2.  To 
despise,  to  disdain,  to  reject  im  h 
contempt. 

Desum,  deesse,  defui  (irrftg.  v. 
from  de  and  sum).  To  be  want- 
ing, to  fail. 

Detestor,  .\ri,  atus  sum  (dep.  v 


DIF 

1  couj.  from  de  and  testor).  1. 
To  call  earnestly  to  witness.  2. 
To  imprecate  a  curse  wpon^  to 
devote  to  destruction.-  3.  To  de- 
test, to  abominate. 
Dkus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.)»-  A  god,  a 
deity,  a  divinity.     God. 

DevaSTO,   are,    AVI,  ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  de  and  vasto).     To 
lay  waste,  to  devastate,  to  ravage, 
to  spoil. 
Devastator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl. 
from  DEVASTo).     A  devastator. 

r^EVlNCO,     VINCERE,     VICI,     VICTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  de  and  vinco). 
To  conquer,  to  vanquish,  to  sub- 
due, to  reduce  to  complete  subjec- 
tion. 

DevOCO,    ARE,    aVT,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  de  and  voco).     1.  To 

call  down,  to  fetch  by  calling.    2. 

To  call,  to  invite. 
Dexter,  era,  ERini  (adj.).     1.  On 

the  right  hand.     2.  Favourable, 

propitious,  prosperous. 
Diana,  m  (prop.  n.   1   decl.  fem). 

Diana,  the  goddess  of  hunting, 

&c. 

DicO,    DICERE,   DIXI,  DICTUM    (a.  V. 

3  conj.).    To  speak,  to  say,  to  tell. 

Dico,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  i  conj.). 
To  dedicate,  to  consecrate,  to  de- 
vote, to  set  apart,  to  consign  to  a 
particular  purpose,  to  vow. 

Dictator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
DicTo).  A  dictator,  a  Roman 
magistrate  chosen  oniy  on  extra- 
ordinary occasions,  and  vested, 
for  the  time  being,  with  absolute 
power.  He  was  selected  by  one 
of  the  consuls. 

DlCTO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj. 
frequentative  from  dico).  To 
dictate,  to  command,  to  prescribe, 
to  order. 

DiKs,  ei  (masc.  and  fem.  but,  in 
the  plural,  masc.  only,  5  decl.). 

1.  A  day.  2.  The  light  of  day. 
3.   Time,  length  of  time. 

DiFFERO,  DIFFERRE,  DISTULI,  DILA- 

TUM  (irreg.  a.  v.  from  dis  and 
fero).  1.  To  carry  hither  and 
thither,  to  carry  up  and   down. 

2.  To  scatte",  to  disr.erse,  to  tear 


DIO 

to  pieces.     3.  To  spread  alnxtad^ 

to  divulge,  to  proclaim. 
Difficile   (adv.   from  difficilis). 

With  difficulty. 
DiFFiciLis,  IS,  e  (adj.  from  dis  and 

FACiLis).     1.  Difficult,  hard.    2. 

Hard  to  please,  morose,  churlish. 
DiFFicuLTAs,  ATis   (fem.   3   decl, 

from  DiFFiciLis).      Trouble,  dij- 

flcvlty. 
DiFFicuLTER    (adv.  from    diffici- 

Lis).      With  difficulty. 

DiFFITEOR,      FITERl,      FESSUS      SUM 

(dep.  V.  2  conj.  from  dis  and 
fateor).  To  deny,  to  disavow, 
to  soy  to  the  contrary. 

Digitus,  i  (masc.  2*decl.).  A  fin 
ger. 

DiGNiTAS,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
DiGNus).  1.  Merit,  desert.  2. 
Dignity,  eminence,  rank. 

DiGNUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Worthy,  de- 
serving. 

DlLACERO,   ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.   V.   1 

conj.  from  dis  and  laceko).  To 
tear  in  pieces,  to  dilacerate,  de- 
stroy, &iC. 

DTlectus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
DiLiGo).     Loved,  beloved. 

DiLECTUs,  us  (masc,  4  decl.  from 
DiLiGo),  1.  A  choosing,  an  elect- 
ing.    2.  A  levy  of  soldiers. 

Diligens,  entis  (verbal  adj.  from 
D I L I G o ) .  Diligen t,  fond  of  exer- 
tion, observant,  attentive. 

Diligenter  (adv.  from  diligens). 
Diligently. 

DiLiGENTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
diligens).  Diligence,  careful- 
ness, attention,  iridustry. 

DlLIGO,  ligere,  lext,  lectum  (a 
v.  3  conj.  from  dis  and  lego). 
To  love,  to  esteem  highly. 

DlMICO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  dis  and  mico).  Tc 
fight,  to  encounter,  to  contend. 

DiMlTTO,     MITTERE,     MISI,     MISSL'S* 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  dis  and  mitto) 
I.  To  send  differ eJit  ways.  2. 
To  send  away,  to  dismiss,  to  de 
spatch,  to  send  off. 
Diogenes,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl 
masc).  Diogenes,  the  famoii 
Cynic  philosopher. 

30^ 


DIS 
DioNYsius,  1  (prop,  n   2  decl.).     I. 

Dumysius      2.   Bacchus. 
DioNYsius,   A,  UM  (adj.)-     Of  or 

belonging  to  Bacchus. 
Dionysus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

Bacchus. 

DlRIMO,     RIME  RE,     REMl,      REMTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  dis  and  emo, 
"  to  take").  1.  To  party  to  di- 
vide, to  sepfirate.  2.  To  put  off^ 
to  delay.  8.  To  decide,  to  deter- 
mine. 

DlRUO,    RUERE,    RUI,   RUTUM    (a.   V. 

3  conj.  from  nis  and  ruo).  To 
pull  down,  to  overthrow,  to  de- 
molish, to  destroy. 

DiRUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  1.  Dire,  ill- 
omened,  dreadful.  2.  Savage, 
cruel,  fierce. 

DiRUTUs,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 
Di  ruo).  Fulled  down,  destroyed, 
overthrown. 

Dis  (inseparable  prep,  denoting  di- 
vision, separation,  dispersion, 
scattering  or  acting  in  different 
directions). 

Dis,  ditis  (adj.).  Rich,  wealthy, 
opulent.  Another  form  is  ditis, 
is,  e,  which  see. 

Discedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum 
(neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  dis  and 
CEDo).  1.  To  part,  to  open. 
2.  To  depart,  to  retire,  to  go 
away. 

DiscEssus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
DiscEDo).  A  departing,  a  going 
away. 

Disciplina,  je  (fem.  1  decl,  from 
DisciPULUs).  1.  Discipline,  in- 
struction, learning,  education. 
2.  Science,  skill,  an  art  or  prO' 
fession.  3.  A  sect  or  school  of 
philosophy.  4.  Military  disci- 
pline. 

DisciPULUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  from 

'  disco),  a  pupil,  a  scholar,  dis- 
ciple, learner. 

Disco,  discere,  didici  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).  To  learn,  to  acquire  the 
knowledge  of  a  thing. 

Discordia,  je.  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
DiscoRs).  Discord,  dissension, 
disagreement,  variance. 

DiscoRs  cordis  (adj.  from  dis  and 
302 


DIU 

cor).  Discordant,  jarring,  di» 
agreeing,  differing,  at  variance. 

Discrimen,  inis  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
dis  and.  cerno).  1.  A  division, 
a  separation.  2.  A  difference,  a 
distinction.  3.  Danger,  hazard, 
risk. 

DisPAR,  ARis  (adj.  from  dis  an(' 
par).  Unlike,  unequal,  dissim 
ilar,  different. 

DispuTo,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  " 
conj.  from  dis  and  puto).  Tt 
debate,  to  argue,  to  dispute,  t.y 
discuss,   to   discourse,    to    treoJ 

DissENsio,  oNis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
dis  and  sentio).  A  disagree- 
ment, difference  of  opinion,  dij- 
sen^ion,  variance. 

Dissidium,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
DissiDEo).  Dissension,  discord, 
disagreement. 

DissiMiLis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  dis  and 
siMiLis).  Unlike,  different,  dis- 
similar. 

DiSSOLVO,  SOLVERE,  SOLVI,  SOLU- 

tum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  dis  and 

soLvo).      To  dissolve,  to  loosen, 

to  untie,  to  disunite. 
DisTo,  ARE  (neut.  v.  1  conj.  from 

Dis  and  STo).     1.  To  be  distant, 

to  be  apart  from.     2.   To  differ 

from. 
DiTioR  (adj.  comparative  of  ditpj) 

Richer. 
Ditis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  Dis).     Rich, 

wealfhy,*opulent. 
DiTissiMUs  (adj.  superlative  of  Bi 

Tis).     Richest,  very  rich. 
Diu  (adv.).    Long,  for  a  long  time. 

Comparative  diutius,  superlative 

DIUTISSIME. 

Dium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  The  open 
air,  the  sky. 

Dius,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Divine.  From 
this,  with  the  digamma  inserted, 
comes  Divus,  a,  um,  same  mean- 
ing. 

DiuTius  (adv.  comparative  o  diu). 
Longer,  fur  a  longer  time. 

DiuTissiME  (adv.  superlative  of 
diu).  a  very  long  time,  for  a 
very  long  time. 

DTuTURNus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  dht> 


jDOL 

Long,  of  long  duration  or  con- 
tinuance. 

OivA,  M  (fern.  1  decL).  A  god- 
dess. 

DivERsus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  dis  and 
vEKTo).  1.  Turned  another  way, 
turned  different  ways.  2.  Dif- 
firent.     3.   Opposite,  contrary. 

!)r'ES,  iTiS  (adj.).  Rich,  wealthy, 
opulent.  Instead  of  divitior  and 
divitissimus,  the  more  usual 
forms  are  ditior  and  ditissimus, 
from  ditis. 

DiviDO,  VIDERE,   Visi,   VISUM  (a.  V. 

3  conj.  from  dis  and  iduo).  To 
divide,  to  part,  to  separate. 

DiviNO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  divinus).  To  divine, 
to  foresee,  to  predict. 

Divinus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  divus). 
Divine,  heavenly. 

DiviTi^,  arum  (fern.  1  decl.  wants 
the  singular,  from  dives).  Rich- 
es, wealth. 

Divus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  god, 
a  deified  person. 

Divus,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Divine. 

Do,    DARE,    DEDf,    DATUM     (a.    V.      1 

conj.).  To  give,  to  bestow,  to 
grant. 

OOCEO,  DOCERE,  DOCUI,  DOCTUM  (a. 

V.  2  conj.).      1-  To  point  out,  to 

show.     2.   To  teach,  to  instruct, 

to  inform. 
DociLis,  is,   e    (verbal   adj.   from 

BocEo).     Docile,    teachable,   apt 

to  learn  or  to  be  taught. 
DocTRiNA,  JE  (fem.   1    decl.  from 

DOCEo).     I.  The  art  of  teaching, 

instruction.     2.   Learning,  eru- 
dition. 
DocTUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from  doceo). 

Taught. 
DocTUs,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 

DOCEo).     Learned,  skilled. 
DoLENs,  ENTis  (part,  from  doleo). 

Grieving,  sorrowing,  in  pain. 
Doleo,  dolere,    dolut,   dolitum 

(neut.  v.   2  conj.).     To  grieve, 

to  be  sad,  to  be  in  pain. 
Dolor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

doleo).     Gri-ef  pain,  distress, 

sorrow,  anguish. 
Dolus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  d^- 


DUB 

vicCf  a  trick,  an  artifice,  a  tirata 
gem,  a  piece  of  treachery. 

DoMESTicus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  do- 
mus).  Domestic,  familiar,  j;;n- 
vate. 

Domicilium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
domus  and  colo).  A  house,  hab- 
itation, abode,  residence,  dwell- 
ing-place. 

DoMiNATUs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
dominor).  Rule,  sway,  regal 
authority,  reign. 

Dominor,  art,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  J 
conj.  from  dominus).  To  rule 
to  bear  sway,  to  reign  over. 

Dominus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.  from 
DOMo).  1.  A  master,  a  maste? 
of  a  house,  a  vi  ister  of  slaves,  a 
lord,  a  ruler.     'Z.  The  Lord. 

DoMiTiANUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  Dom^'-an,  an  infamous 
Roman  emperor. 

Domo,  domare,  domui,  domitum 
a.  V.  1  conj.).  To  subdue,  to 
overcome,  to  break  or  lame  ani- 
mals. 

Domus,  us,  and  i  (fem.  4th  and  2d 
decl.).  A  house,  home,  habita- 
tion, dwelling,  place  of  abode. 
Domus,  the  genitive  of  the  4th 
decl.,  '*o/  a  house  f^  but  Domi, 
the  genitive  of  the  2d  decl.,  "a^ 
Aome." 

DONO,     ARE,     AVI,     ATUM     (a.     V.      1 

conj.).     To  present,  to   bestow, 
to  give  liberally. 
DoNUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     A  gift, 
a  present,  a  free  gift. 

DORMIO,  IRE,  ivi,  ITUM    (uCUt.  V.  4 

conj.).      To  sleep,  to  be  asleep. 

DoRMiTO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (frequen- 
tative neuter  verb,  from  dormio, 
1  conj.).  To  nod,  to  sleep  by 
fits  and  starts,  to  slumber,  to  be 
drowsy. 

Dorsum,  .i  (neut.  2  decl.).  1.  The 
back,  whether  of  man  or  beast. 
2.  The  ridge  of  a  mountain. 

Dos,  DOTis  (fem.  3  ded.).  A  mar' 
riage  portion,  a  dowry,  either  in 
money  or  lands. 

Drusus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc  ) 
Drusus. 

DuBiTATio,  oNis  (fem.  3  decl.  fson 
303 


0UBiT0>  A  doubting,  doubt,  un- 
certainty, hesitation. 

DUBITO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (tlCUt.  V. 

1  conj.  from  dubius).      To  be  in 

doubt,  to  be  uncertain,  to  hesitate, 

to  scruple. 
Dubius,  a,  um    (adj.).     Doubtful, 

dubious,    uncertain,    hesitating, 

wavevng. 
I)7CEM,  JE,  A  (distributive  numeral, 

from  DUCENTi).     Two   hundred 

each. 
DucENVEsiMUs,  A,  ujf  (numeral  adj. 

from  DucENTi).      The  two  hun- 
dredth. 
DicEHTi,  M,  A  (numeral  adj.  from 

DU€  and  centum).    Two  hundred. 

DUCO,  DUCERE,  DUXI,  DUCTUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  draw,  to  lead. 
2.  To  spend,  to  pass.  3.  To 
esteem,  to  think,  to  consider,  to 
regard,  to  deem. 

DuLcis,  IS,  E  (adj.)-  Sweet,  pleas- 
ant, delicious. 

DuM  (adv.  of  time).      While,  until. 

DuM  (conj.).     Provided  that. 

DuMMODo  (conj.).  Provided  only, 
so  that.  Compounded  of  dum 
and  MODO,  and  sometimes  separ- 
ated by  an  intervening  word. 

Duo,  ^,  o  (numeral  adj.).      Two. 

DuoDEciMus,  A,  UM  (numeral  adj. 
from  duodecim).      The  twelfth. 

DuoDENi,  ^,  A  (distributive  numer- 
al, from  duodecim).  Twelve  by 
twelve,  twelve  each. 

Duodequadragesimus  (num.  adj. 
from  DUO,  de,  and  quadragesi- 
Mus).      Thirty- eighth. 

Duodetricesimus,  a,  um  (numeral 
adj.  from  duo,  de,  and  tricesi- 
Mus).     The  twenty-eighth. 

Duodetricies  (numeral  adv.  from 
duo,  de,  and  tricies).  Twenty- 
eight  times. 

DuoDETRiGiNTA  (numeral  adj.  from 
DUO,  DE,  and  triginta).  Twenty- 
eight. 

DuoDEviciEs  (numeral  adv.  from 
DUO,  de,  and  viciEs).  Eighteen 
times. 

Duplex,  plicis  (adj.  from  duo  and 
plica,.    "  a    fold").       Twice    as 

murii.  /Wiifd'd.   (I'li/t.lf.. 

304 


EDI 

DUPLICO,    ARE,   AVI,   ATUM    (a.  V.    i 

conj.  from  duplex).  To  make 
twice  as  many  or  great,  to 
double. 

DuPLo  (proportional  numeral,  from 
duplus).  Twice  as  much.  Du 
plo  major,  twice  as  large. 

DuPLUs,  A,  uM  (proportional  nu- 
meral). Twice  as  much.  Used 
chiefly  in  the  neuter,  duplum  or 
duple,  the  latter  being  the  abla- 
tive of  measure. 

DuRiTiA,  M  (1  decl.),  and  Duri- 
TiEs,  El  (5  decl.  both  fem.  from 
DURUs).     Hard7iess,  callousness. 

DuRiTiEs,  vid.  Durjtia. 

Durus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Hard,  solid, 
firm. 

Duumvir,  viri  (masc.  2  decl.  from 
DUO  and  vir).  A  duumvir,  the 
title  of  a  Roman  magistracy. 

Dux,  Ducis  (masc  and  fem.  3  decl.>. 
A  leader,  a  guide,  a  conductor,  a 
general,  a  commander. 

E. 

E,  before  a  vowel  Ex  (prep,  with 

ablative).     Out,  out  of,  from,  &:c. 

In  composition  it  implies  from, 

away,  out  of  and  carries  with  it 

the  force  of  greatly,  earnestly, 

negation,  &c. 
Eboracum  (commonly,  but  less  cor 

rectly  given  with  a  long  penult  ; 

prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc  ).      York. 

Novum  Eboracum,  New-York. 
Ebrius,  a,  um  (adj.).     Intoxicated. 

inebriated. 
~Ebur,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.).    Ivory. 
EccE  (interj.).     Lo!  behold! 
EccLEsiA,  JB   (fem.   1    decl.).     A 

church. 

ECQUIS,  ECQUiE,  ECQUOD  Or  ECQUID 

(interrog.  pron.).  1.  Any  1  who  1 
what  1  2.  Whether  7  In  thn 
latter  sense  ecquid  alone  is  oc- 
casionally employed.  Sometimes 
in  the  nominative,  ecqui  and  ec- 
qua  are  used  for  ecquis  and  ec 
qu(E  respectively. 

^Edax,  acis  (adj.  from  edo).  Vo- 
racious., gluttonous,  eating  much, 
ravenous,  rapacious. 

"EnicTUM.    I    (neut     2   decl.   frorn 


EFF 

Emco).    An  edict,  proclamation, 

ordinance,  decree. 
'Edisco,  discere,  niDici  (a.  v.  3 

conj.  from  e    and   disco).      To 

learn    thoroughly,    to    learn    hy 

heart. 
'Edo,  edere   or  esse,  edi,  esum 

(irreg.  a.  v.  3  conj.).     To  eat,  to 

consume,  to  waste  away,  to  prey 

upon,  to  zorrode. 

Edo,  EDEl  E,  EDIDI,   EDITUM   (a.  V. 

3  conj.).  To  utter,  to  put  forth, 
to  publish,  to  declare,  to  show,  to 
tell,  to  relate,  to  make  known. 

Edoceo,  docere,  docui,  doctum 
(a.  V.  2  conj.  from  e  and  doceo). 
To  teach,  to  instruct  carefully, 
to  show. 

'Educatio,  oNis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
EDUCO,  are).  1.  A  bringing  up, 
a  7iurturing,  a  rearing.  2.  Ed- 
ucation, instruction. 

EdUCO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  e  and  duco).  To  ed- 
ucate, to  bring  up,  to  instruct,  to 
form. 

"Educo,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  e  and  duco).  To 
draw  forth,  to  lead  forth. 

Effeminatus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.. 
from  effemino).  Delicate,  ef- 
feminate. 

EfFEMINO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1 

conj.  from  ex  and  femina).  To 
make  effeminate,  to  enervate. 

Effero,  efferre,  extuli,  ela- 
TUM  (irreg.  a.  v.  3  conj.  from  ex 
and  fero).  1.  To  bring  forth, 
to  carry  forth  ox  out.  2.  To  pro- 
duce, to  yield.  3.  To  publish,  to 
spread  abroad. 

Efficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  facio). 
To  effect,  to  accomplish,  to  bring 
to  pass,  to  fulfil. 

Effigies,  ei  (fem.  5  decl.  from  ef- 
FiNGo).  An  image,  representa- 
tion, resemblance,  likeness,  por- 
trait. 

ErFINGO,  FINGERE,    FINXI,    FICTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  fingo). 

To  fashion,  to  form,  to  represent, 

to  portray,  to  describe,  to  express. 

Effugio,  fugere,  fugi  (neut.  v. 

26* 


EMI 

from  ex  and  fugio).     To  fiee  oi 

escape  from. 
Effundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fusum 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  f.om  ex  and  fun- 
do).      To  pour  forth  or  out,  to 

shed,  to  spill. 
Effutio,   ire,  ivi,  iTUM  (v.  a.  4 

conj.  from  ex  and  futio).      2  c 

prate,  to  speak  foolishly,  to  babble. 
""Egens,   entis   (verbal    adj.    from 

egeo)      Needy,  i?L  want. 
"Egenus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  egeo'j 

In  want,  needyu  destitute. 
"Ego  (personal  pronoun).     I 
""Egomet  (personal  prou   from  ego 

with  the  suffix  mlf).     I  myself. 
"Egredior,  egredi,  kgressus  sum 

(dep.  v.  3  conj.  from  e  and  gra- 

d  I  o  R ) .     To  go  out  ox  forth. 
'Egregius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  e  and 

grex).     1.   Out  of  the  common 

herd.     2.  Excellent,  remarkable 

eminent,  surpassing. 
""Ehem  (interj.).     Hahlahah! 
'Eheu  (interj.).     Ah  !  alas  ! 
Ehodum  (interj.).     Hoa  !  soho  ! 
EiA  (interj.).     On!  come! 
"Elegans,  antis  (adj.).      Elegant. 
"Eleganter  (adv.  from  elegans). 

Elegantly,  choicely. 
"Elegantia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from 

elegans).     Elegance. 
"Elephantus,  I  (masc.  and  fem.  2 

decl.).     An  elephant. 
"Elephas,  antis  (masc.  3  decl.). 

An  elephant. 
"Eliacus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Elian,  oj 

or  belonging  to  Elis,  in  Greece. 
"Eligo,  ligere,  legi,  lectum  (a. 

V.  3  conj.  from  e  and  lego).     To 

choose,  to  select,  to  pick  out. 
"Eloquentia,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.  from 

eloquor).     Eloquence. 

"EmENDO,   are,   AVI,  ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  e  and  mendum,  *  a 
fault,"  "  a  blunder").  To  amend, 
to  correct,  to  improve,  to  reform. 

"Emineo,  minere,  minui  (neut.  v. 
2  conj.).  To  rise  6t  grow  up, 
to  be  raised  above,  to  stand  out, 
to  project. 

"Eminus  (adv. .from  e  and  manus) 
From  a  distance,  at  a  distance 
far  off,  aloof. 

305 


EQU 

'EmO,    EMERE,  EMI,    EMPrUM   (a,  V. 

3   conj.).     1.   To   take.     2.   To 
buy^  to  purchase. 
Ei\  (interj.).     Lo  !  behold!  see! 

'EXARRO,   ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  e  and  narro).  To 
tell  at  length,  to  tell  from  begin- 
ning to  endj  to  relate  fully^  to 
particularize^  to  narrate. 

'Eneco,  are,  ui,  ctum  (a.  v.  1  conj. 
from  E  and  neco).  To  kill,  to 
slay,  to  destroy. 

'Emm  (conj.).     For. 

ExiTOR,  NiTi,  Nisus  and  nixus 
SUM  (dep.  V.  3  conj.  from  e  and 
nitor).  To  strive  vigorously, 
to  struggle,  to  endeavour,  lo  try 
hard. 

iCnsis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).    A  sword. 

*£o,  IRE,  ivi,  iTDM  (irreg.  v.).    To 

go- 

"Eo  (adv.).  1.  Thither,  to  that 
place  or  quarter.  2.  So  far,  to 
such  a  degree,  to  such  a  pitch. 

Epaminondas,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
masc).  Epaminondas f  a  cele- 
brated Theban  commander. 

"Ephesus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  fem.). 
Ephesus,  a  famous  city  of  Ionia, 
in  Asia  Minor. 

'RpHEsius,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  Ephe- 
sus). Ephesian,  of  or  belonging 
to  Ephesus, 

'Epicureus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  Epi- 
curus). Epicurean,  of  or  be- 
longing to  EpicUrus. 

Epistola,  js  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
letter,  an  epistle. 

'Epul^,  ARUM  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
feast,  a  banquet.  In  the  singu- 
lar, EPULUM,  I,  a  feast  connected 
with  a  sacrifice,  a  sacred  banquet. 

'Epulor,  ari,  atus  SUM  (dep.  v.  1 
conj.  from  epul^e).  To  feast, 
to  banquet. 

'Eques,  itis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
dscl.  from  equus).  A  mounted 
person,  a  horseman. 

'Equester,  tris,  tre  (adj.  from 
eques).  Equestrian,  pertaining 
to  a  horseman. 

*Equito,  are,  avi,  ATUM  (ncut.  V. 
1  conj.  from  eques).     7'o  ride. 

Equus,  t  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  horse. 
306 


EU 

"Erectus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  iron 
erigo).  Erect,  upright,  eleva- 
ttd,  raised  on  high. 

Erga  (prep,  with  the  accusative) 
Towards. 

Ergo  (conj.).     Therefore. 

"ErIPIO,     RIPERE,     RIPUI,     REPTL'M 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  e  and  rapid). 
To  take  away  by  force,  to  snatch 
away,  to  take  away,  to  rescue. 

"Eris,  idis  (prop.  n.  fem.  3  decl.). 
The  goddess  of  discord,  Eris. 

Erro,  are,  avi,  ATUM  (neut.  v.  1 
conj.).     To  wander,  to  stray. 

Erro,  o.nis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
wanderer,  a  vagabond. 

Error,  5ris  (masc.  3  decl.).  Er- 
ror, wandering,  going  out  of  the 
way. 

"Eruca,  jz  (fem.  1  decl.).  The 
palmer-worm,  the  canker-worm. 

"Erudio,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (a.  v.  4 
conj.  from  e  and  rudis).  To 
bring  out  of  a  rude  state,  to  in 
struct,  to  teach,  to  educate. 

'Eruditio,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
ERUDio).  1.  Teaching,  instruc- 
tion. 2.  Erudition,  knowledge, 
learning. 

"ErudItus,  a,  um  (part,  from  eru- 
dio).    Having  been   instructed, 

&LC. 

"Eruditus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 

erudio).     Learned,  erudite. 
Esc  A,   2E   (fem.    1    decl.).     Food, 

meat,  victuals. 
Esculentus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  es- 

ca).    Eatable,  that  may  be  eaten ^ 

fit  for  eating,  good  for  food,  es 

culent. 
EsuRio,  IRE,  ivi,  itum  (neut.  desid. 

v.  4  conj.  from  edo).     To  desire 

to  eat,  to  be  hungry. 
"EsuRio,  ONIS  (masc.  3  decl.  froiL 

EsuRio).     A  hungry  person. 
Et  (conjc).   And,  both,  also,  even, 
EteS'im  (conjc).  For,  because  that, 

truly. 
Etiam  (conjc).   Also,  likewisCf  be- 

sides. 
Etiamsi  (conjc.  from  etiam  and  si) 

Although,  even  though. 
Etsi  (conjc).   Although,  though. 
Eu  (interj.).      Well  done  !  bravo  J 


EXC 
EuGE  (iuteij.)-     Good  I  fine  !  well 

done  !  bravo  ■ 
Euripides,   is   (prop.    n.    3   decl. 

ixiasc).    Euripides,  a  celebrated 

Athenian  tragic  poet. 
RuROPA,  tE  (prop.  n.  1  decl.fem.). 

Europe. 

EVADO,    VADERE,    VASI,    VASUM    (a. 

V.  3  conj   from  e  and  vado).     1. 
To  go  forth,  to  go  out,  to  depart, 
to  escape.     2.   To  turn  out,   to 
become. 
Evax  (interj.).     Hurra  J  huzza! 

""EVERTO,  VERTERE,  VERTI,  VERSUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  e  and  verto). 
To  overturn,  to  turn  upside  down, 
to  overthrow. 

EviTO,    ARE,    AVr,     ATUM     (a.    V.     1 

conj.    from    e    and    vito).      To 
avoid,  to  shun,  to  elude. 
Evoe  (interj.).     Hurra!  huzza! 

EVOLO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (neut.   V. 

1  conj.  from  e  and  volo).  1. 
To  fly  forth,  to  fly  away.  2. 
To  sally  forth. 

'EVOLVO,     VOLVERE,    VOLVI,    VOLU- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  e  and 
voLvo).  To  roll  forth  01  out,  to 
roll  away,  to  unfold,  to  evolve. 

Ex,  vid.  E. 

ExACTUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from  exigo). 
Driven  out  or  away,  expelled, 
banished. 

Exact  us,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
EXiGo).     Finished,    exact,   com- 


Excedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum 
(neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  ce- 
Do).  To  depart,  to  go  forth,  to 
retire,  to  withdraw. 

ExcELLENs,  ENTis  (part,  from  ex- 
cello).     Excelling. 

Excellens,  entis  (verbal  adj.  from 
ExcELLo).      Excellent. 

Excello,  cellere,  cellui  (neut. 
V.  3  conj).      To  excel,  to  outdo. 

ExciDiuM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
ExciDo).     Destruction,  ruin. 

ExciDO,  ciDERE,  ciDi  (ncut.  V.  3 
conj,  from  ex  and  cado).  1.  To 
fall  out  or  from.  2.  To  fail,  to 
perish,  to  be  destroyed,  to  be  for- 
gotten. 

ExCIDO,  CIDERE,  CIDI,  CISUM  (a.  V. 


EXI 
3  conj.  from  ex  and  c^do).     t. 
To  cut  out  or  away.    2.  To  over- 
throw, to  destroy,  to  raze. 

EXCITO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  frequentative  from  excieo). 
To  excite,  to  arouse,  to  summon 
forth. 

EXCOGITO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.   V.   I 

conj.  from  ex  and  cogito).  Tc 
consider  thoroughly,  to  devise,  ic 
contrive. 

EXCUSO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  ex  and  causa).  To 
excuse,  to  allege  in  excuse. 

ExcuTio,  cutere,  CUSS[,  cussum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  qua- 
tio).  1 .  To  shake  off  or  out,  to 
strike  or  dash  out.  2.  To  exam 
ine. 

Exemplar  and  Exemplare,  is 
(neut.  3  decl.).  An  example,  a 
precedent,  a  pattern,  a  copy. 

Exemplum,  i  (nent.  2  decl.).  An 
example,  a  pattern,  a  transcript, 
a  copy. 

ExEO.  TRK,  ivi  or  II,  iTUM  (ucut.  V. 
irreg.  from  ex  and  Eo).  To  go 
forth,  10  go  out,  to  leave,  to  de- 
part. 

EXERCEO,   CERE,  CUI,  CITUM    (a.   V. 

2  conj.  from  ex  and  arceo).  To 
exercise,  to  train. 

ExERCiTATio,  oNis  (fcm.  3  decl. 
from  EXERCiTo).     Exercise. 

ExERCiTO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (fre- 
quentative a.  V.  1  conj.  from  ex- 
ERCEo).  To  exercise  often,  to 
exercise. 

ExERCiTUS,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
EXERCEo).     An  army. 

ExHALATio,  ONIS  (fcm.  3  dccl.  from 
EX  halo).  An  exhalation,  a  va- 
pour, a  fume. 

Exigo,  igere,  egi,  actum  (a.  v.  3 
conj.  from  ex  and  ago).  To 
lead  out  or  forth.  2.  To  drive 
out.  3.  To  exact,  to  demand,  ti 
require. 

ExiGuus,  A,  um  (adj.  f?om  ex  ai;«i 
egeo).     Scanty,  slender,  small. 

ExiLiuM,  vid.  Exsilium. 

Exitiosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  exiti- 
um).  Destructive,  pernicious^ 
hurtful. 

307 


EXP 

li^xiTiUM,  u  (ncut.  2  decl.  from  ex- 
Eo).     Destruction,  ruin 

ExiTus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
EXEo).  1 .  A  gohig  out,  an  exit. 
2.  Death,  an  end  of  life^  an  end 
or  termination  generally,  an  is- 
sue. 

ExoPTATUs,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 
ExoPTo).  Earnestly  wished  or 
lovged  for,  greatly  desired. 

CXOPTO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  ex  and  opto).  To 
wish  or  desire  earnestly,  to  long 
for  greatly. 

EXPELLO,    PELLERE,   PULI,   PULSUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  pello). 
To  drive  out  or  away,  to  expel. 

EXPEKIOR,      PERIRl,      PERTUS      SUM 

(dep.  V.  4  conj.)-  ^o  try,  to  at- 
tempt, to  prove,  to  experience. 

ExPERTUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from  ex- 
perior).  Having  tried  or  ex- 
perienced. 

Ex  PERTUS,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 
expekior).  Tried,  experienced, 
proved. 

ExPETO,  petere,  petivi  and  petii, 
PETiTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex 
and  PKTo).  To  seek  or  desire 
earnestly,  to  long  for,  to  covet. 

EXPLICO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.  V.   1 

conj.  from  ex  and  plico).  To 
unfold,  to  open,  to  spread  out,  to 
develop,  to  explain. 

EXPLODO,  plodere,  plosi,  plosum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  plau- 
Do).  1.  To  throw  out  forcibly 
and  with  a  loud  noise.  2.  To 
hiss  an  actor  or  piece  off  the 
stage,  to  manifest  disapprobation 
of  one  by  hissing. 

ExpoNO,  ponere,  posui,  posTtum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and  pono). 
To  place  or  put  out,  to  set  forth, 
to  expose,  to  relate,  to  tell. 

ExPKEssus,  A,  UM  (verbal  adj.  from 
ExpRiMo).  I.  Expressed,  press- 
ed or  squeezed  out.  2.  Evident, 
express,  manifest,  clear. 

ExpuGNATio,  ONis  (fcm.  3  dec?, 
from  EXPUGNo).  A  taking  by 
assatXt,  a  carrying  by  storm. 

ExPUGNO,   ARE,   AVI,   ATUM    (a.   V.   1 

conj.  from  ex  and  pugno)      To 
308 


FAB 

take  by  storm,  to  conauer,  va?i 
quish,  subdue. 

EXPUNGO,  puxgere,  punii,  punc 
TUM  (a,  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and 
PUNGO).  To  blot  out,  to  efface, 
to  expunge. 

ExpuRGATib,  ONis  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  EXPURGo).  A  cleansing,  a 
purifying,  a  clearing,  an  expur- 
gating. 

ExPURGO,  ARE,  AVI,   ATUM    (a.  V.   1 

conj.  from  ex  and  purgo).     To 
cleanse,  to  purify. 
ExsiLiuM,  11  (neut.  2  decl.).   Exile. 

EXSPECTO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.   1 

conj.  from  ex  and  specto).  To 
look  for,  to  wait  for,  to  expect. 

EXSPIRO,    are,  AVI,    ATUM    (a.  V.    1 

conj.  from  ex  and  spiro).  To 
breathe  out,  to  expire. 

EXSTINGUO,       STINGUERE,      STINXI, 

STINCTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex 
and  sTiNGUo).  To  put  out,  to 
extinguish,  to  destroy. 

EXSTRUO,  STRUEKE,  STRUXl,  STRUC- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  ex  and 
sTRuo).     To  build  up,  to  raise, 
to  rear,  to  pile  up^  to  erect. 
ExsuL,  uLis  (masc.  3  decl.).     An 

exile. 

EXTER,    ERA,  ERUM,  and  ExTERUS, 

A,  UM  (adj.).  Of  another  coun- 
tiy,  foreign,  external. 

ExTERNus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  ex- 
ter)  Outward,  external,  for- 
eign. 

ExTiMUs,  A,  UM  (id),  from  exter, 
in  the  superlative).  The  outer- 
most^ the  iof.t. 

Extra  (prep  with  accusative). 
V/itnout,  outside  of. 

Ez.TRZiv!us,  A,  UM  (adj.  superl.  de 
gree,  from  exter).  Extreme 
last,  final. 

Exuo,  uere,  ui,  UTUM  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).  1.  To  strip  off,  to  take 
off,  to  put  off.  2.  To  deprive,  to 
strip. 


Faber,  bri  (masc.  2  decl.).  1.  A 
workman,  one  who  v/orks  in  iron; 
wood,  brass,  marble,  or  othei 
hard  materials.     2.  A  smith  ar 


FAM 

artificer,  a  handier  of Uman.  3. 
Faoer  ferrarius,  a  blacksmith. 
Faber  argentarius,  a  goldsmith, 
&c. 

FabTus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Fahius. 

F^RRiCATio,  oNis  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  FAB  Rico).  A  making,  con- 
strncting,  forming,  fabricating. 

Pabula,  ^'  (fern.  I  decl  from  pa- 
ri). 1.  A  report  or  saying,  the 
subject  of  common  talk,  a  rumour. 
2.  A  fable,  tale,  story.  3.  The 
subject  of  a  drama. 

Facies,  El  (fem.  5  decl.  from  fa- 
cio).  1.  The  face,  counter ance, 
features,  visage.  2.  A  look,  an 
aspect,  an  appearance  generally. 

Facile  (adv.  from  facilis).  Ea- 
sily, readily,  without  difficulty. 

Facilis,  is,  £  (adj.  from  facio). 
\.  Easy,  ready.  2.  Prosperous, 
successful. 

Facinus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
FACio).  1.  A  bold  or, daring  ac- 
tion, an  exploit  (either  good  or 
bad).  2.  (More  frequently)  Wick- 
edness, guilt,  crime. 

Facio,  facere,  feci,  factum  (a.  v. 
3  conj.).  1.  I'o  make,  to  do,  to 
act.     2.    To  esteem,  to  value. 

Factum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from  fa- 
cio). An  action,  a  deed,  any- 
thing done. 

Facultas,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
facilitaS;  contracted  facul- 
tas).    I.  Power,  ability,  faculty. 

2.  Occasion,  opportunity.  In  the 
plural,  means,  resources,  &c. 

F^x,  FjEcis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1. 
The  dregs,  either  of  wine  or  other 
things,  sediment.  2.  Pickle,  brine. 

3.  A  kind  of  sauce. 

Fagus,  i  (fem.  2  decl.).  A  beech- 
tree. 

Falco,  ONis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
falcon. 

Falsus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  fallo). 
False,  untrue,  treacherous,  pre- 
tended. 

Falsus,  a,  um  (part,  from  fallo). 
Mistaken,  deceived. 

Fama,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  Fame, 
report,  rumour. 


FEL 

Famelicus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  fa- 
mes). Hungry,  starved,  fam^ 
ished. 

Fames,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).  Hunger, 
famine. 

Familia,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from  fam- 
ulus). A  family,  a  household. 
The  literal  and  primitive  mean^ 
ing  is,  the  slaves  belonging  to  am 
master. 

Famula,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  fe- 
male slave,  a  maid-servant,  a 
handmaid. 

Famulus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
slave,  servant,  attendant. 

Fannius,  11  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl,). 
Fannius. 

Fanum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  1.  A 
piece  of  ground  consecrated  for  a 
temple,  2.  A  temple,  a  fane,  a 
sacred  place,  a  church. 

Far,  farris  (neut.  3  decl.).  1. 
Spelt,  a  .species  of  wheat.  2. 
Grain  generally,  car7i. 

Fastidium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
fastus,  us).  Loathing,  fastidi- 
ousness, disgust,  disdain,  con- 
tempt, pride,  haughtiness. 

Fastus,  us  (masc.  4  decl  ).  Pride, 
haughtiness,  disdaiii,  arrogance 

Fateor,  fateri,  fassus  sum  (dep 
V.  2  conj.).      To  confess,  to  own, 

'  to  acknowledge. 

Faucks,  lUM  (fem.  3  decl.  plural 
number,  the  singular  faux,  Fau- 
cis, being  not  in  use).  1.  The 
larynx,  the  top  of  the  gullet,  the 
weasand.  2.  More  commonly 
rendered  the  jaws,  the  throat. 

Faveo,  favere,  favi,  fautum 
(neut,  V,  2  conj.).  To  favour, 
to  countenance,  to  befriend. 

Favor,  oris  (masc,  3  decl,  from 
faveo).     Favour,  support. 

Favus,  1  (masc,  2  decl.),  A  hon- 
eycomb. 

Fax,  facis  (fem,  3  decl.),    A  ioich. 

Februakius  (masc,  2depl.).  Feb- 
ruary. 

Feclndus  or  Fcecundus,  a,  um 
( a  d  i , ) ,  Fruit fu  I,  fertile,  a  bound- 
ing. 

Fel,  fellis  (neut.  3  detl,).  l^hc 
gall,  gall. 


FIG 

FfiLiciTAs,  ATis  (fern.  3  decl.  from 
FELrx).     Happiness,  felicity. 

Feus  or  Feles,  is  (fern.  3  decl.). 
A  cat. 

Felix,  icis  (adj.).  1-  Happy,  fe- 
licitous. 2.  Fortunate,  prosper- 
ous, auspicious. 

Femina,  m  (fern.  1  decl.).  A  wo- 
man, a  female. 

Fenestra,  m  (fern.  1  decl.).  A 
rcindow. 

Fera,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  wild 
beast,  a  wild  creature. 

Fere  (adv.).     Almost,  nearly. 

Fero,  ferrk,  tuli,  latum  (irreg. 
v.).  1.  To  bear,  to  carry,  to 
bring.  2.  To  show,  to  offer,  to 
exhibit.  3.  To  carry  of,  to  ob- 
tain, to  bear  off,  to  gain. 

Ferox,  ocis  (adj.  from  fera).  In- 
solent, fierce,  ferocious,  bold, 
cruel. 

Ferrarius  (adj.  from  ferrum). 
Of  or  belonging  to  iron.  Faber 
ferrarius,  a  blacksmith.  Vid. 
Faber. 

Ferreus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  fer- 
rum). 1.  Of  iron.  2.  Cruel, 
hard-hearted. 

Ferrum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     Iron. 

Fertilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  fero). 
Fertile,  fruitful,  abundant,  pro- 
lific, rich. 

Ferus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Savage,  wild, 
fierce,  cruel. 

Festus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Festal, 
festive,  joyful.  2.  Festus  dies, 
a  holyday,  a  festival. 

Fjctilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  fingo). 
Made  of  earth  or  clay,  earthen, 
fictile. 

FiCTUs,  A,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
FiNGo).  1 .  Made,  formed,  fash- 
ioned. 2.  False,  feigned,  coun- 
terfeit, made  up  for  the  occasion. 

Ficva,  us  and  i  (fem.  4  and  2  decl.). 
1.  A  fig-tree.     2.  A  fig. 

FiDELis,  IS,  E  (adj.  from  fides). 
Faithful,  trusty,  sure,  sincere. 

FTuEs,  Ei  (fem.  5  decl.).  Faith, 
truth,  honesty,  veracity. 

FiDus,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Faithful,  to 

be  relied  upon,  trusty. 
FuiCfiA.  JE  (fem.  J  decl.  from  fin- 

A !  () 


FON 

go),  a  f-gune,  form,  sJiapc,  tnu 
age,  likeness. 

FiLiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  daugh 
ter. 

FiLius,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  son. 

FiLUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl  ).    A  thread 

Finis,  is  (masc  and  fem.  3  decl.). 
An  end,  a  termination. 

FiNiTiMus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Neigh- 
bouring, bordering  upon,  adjoin- 
ing. It  applies  literally  to  those 
whose  boundaries  (fines)  touch. 

FiRMus,  A,  uM  (adj.).  Firm,  stable, 
steady,  constant,  sure,  solid. 

Flagitium,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
disgraceful  crime,  an  act  of  in- 
famy, profligacy,  flagitiousncss. 

Flamma,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
flame. 

Flavus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Yellow,  oj 
the  colour  of  gold. 

Florens,  entis  (verbal  adj.  from 
fl5reo).  Flourishing,  bloom' 
ing,  blossoming. 

Floreo,  ere,  ui  (neut.  2  conj.  from 
FLOs).  To  flourish,  to  bloom,  to 
blossom,  to  flower. 

Flos,  floris  (masc.  3  decl).  A 
flower. 

Fluctus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
FLuo).     A  wave,  surge,  billow. 

Flumen,  IMS  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
FLUo).     A  stream,  a  river. 

Fluo,  fluere,  fluxi,  fluxum 
(neut.  V.  3  conj.).     To  flow. 

Fluvialis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  flu- 
vius).  Of  or  belonging  to  rivers, 
living  in  rivers. 

Fluvius,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  from 
fluo).     a  river. 

Fgscundus,  vid.  Fecundus. 

FCEDERATUS,    A,    UM     (adj.).        CoW- 

federate,  united.     Civitates  Foe- 

deratae,  the  United  States. 
FcEDUs,  ERis  (neut.  3  decl ).     A 

league,  covenant,  treaty. 
FoEDUs,  A,  um  (adj.).     Foul,  ugly, 

deformed,  loathsome, 
FcENUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     Hay 
Folium,  i  (neut.  2  decl).     A  leaf. 
FoLLis,  IS  (masc.  3  deci.).    A  pax* 

of  bellows. 
FoNS,  FONTis  (masc.  3  decl.).     1 

A  fountain,  spring,  source.     Z 


FRA 

The  j)ri7iapal  head  or  origin  of 
anything. 

Foramen,  ints  (neut.  3  decl.)-  4 
hole,  a  small  aperture,  an  open- 
ing. 

FuRAS  (adv.)-  Out  of  doors,  out, 
forth.  It  differs  from  foris  in 
denoting  motion  from  one  place 
to  another;  as,  exi  foras,  ^^ get 
out  of  doors ;"  but  esse  foris,  "  to 
be  out  of  doors. "^^ 

Fore  (fut.  infin.  of  the  defective 
verb  forem).     To  he  about  to  be. 

FoREM  (defective  verb).  /  should 
be. 

Pores,  ium  (fern.  3  decl.  plural 
number.  The  singular  foris,  is, 
is  seldom  found).  A  door,  doors, 
a  gate,  gates. 

Forma,  iE  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  form, 
shape,  figure. 

Formica,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  An 
ant,  an  emmet. 

FoRMdsus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  for- 
ma).    Beautiful,  handsome. 

Fornax,  acis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
stove,  a  furnace. 

FoRs,  FORTis  (fem.  3  decl.). 
Chance. 

FoRTASSE  (adv.).     Perhaps. 

Forte  (adv.).  By  chance.  Prop- 
erly the  ablative  of  fors.  "When 
joined  to  a  verb,  it  is  best  ren- 
dered by  some  part  of  the  Eng- 
lish verbs  "  to  chance,^^  or  "  to 
happen ;"  as,  forte  ibam,  /  chan- 
ced to  be  going ;  forte  veniam,  / 
may  chance  to  come,  &c. 

FoRTis,  IS,  E  (adj.).  Brave,  gal- 
lant, valiant. 

FoRTiTER  (adv.  from  fortis).  Val- 
iantly, bravely,  courageously. 

Fortitudo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
fortis).  Fortitude,  resolution, 
bravery,  courage,  firmness. 
Fortuna,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
fors).  Fortune,  chance,  adven- 
ture. 
Fractus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 

frango).     Broken. 
Fragilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  frango). 

Frail,  brittle,  weak. 
V^  i.GUM,  1  (neut.  3  decl.).   A  straw- 
berry. 


FRU 
Franco-Gallia  (prop.  n.   1  decl 

fem.).     France. 
Franco-Gallicus  (adj.).    French 
Franco-Galli   (prop.  n.   2   decl 

masc).      The  French. 
Frango,  frangere,  fregi,  frag 

tum  (a.  V.  3  conj.).     To  break 

to  break  in  pieces. 
Frater,  tris  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

brother. 
Fraus,    fraudis    (fem.    3    decl.) 

Fraud,  deceit,  guile,    treachery, 

imposition,  dishonesty. 
Fraxinus,  i  (fem.  3   decl.).     An 

ash. 
Frequens,  entis  (adj.).     1.  Fre- 
quent, constant.     2.  Numerous. 

many. 
Frequento,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v. 

1    conj.    from   frequens).     To 

frequent,  to  go  often  to,  to  resort 

much  to. 
Frico,  fricare,  fricui,  frictum 

(a.  V.  1  conj.).    To  rub,  to  anoint 
Fride incus,  r    (prop,    n.    3   decl 

masc).     Frederic. 
FrigTdus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  frigus) 

Cold. 
Frigus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.).     Cold. 
Frivolus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Frivolous, 

trifling,  empty,  vain. 
Frons,  frondis  (fem.  3  decl.).    A 

leaf 
Frons,    frontis    (fem.    3    decl.). 

The  forehead,  the  brow. 
Fructus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 

fruor).     Fruit,  the  fruits  or  pro 
''  ductions  of  the  earth. 
Frugalis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  fruges) 

Frugal,  thrifty,  careful,  saving. 
Frugalitas,  atis  (fem.  from  fru- 
galis).    Frugality. 
Fruges,  um   (fem.  3   decl.  plural 

number.      Nominative    singular 

FRUX,  not  in  use).     1.  The  fruits 

or  productions  of  the  earth,  grain 
2.   The  fruit  of  trees. 
Frugifer,   era,  brum   (adj.  from 
fruges    and   fero).^   Fruitful, 

fertile,  bearing  fruit. 
Frumentum,    i    (neut.    2    decl.). 
Corn,  grain  of  all  kinds,  more 
particularly  wheat  and  barley. 
Fkuor,  frui,  fruTtus,  and  fruc 

m 


FUN 

Tus  SUM  (dep.  V.  3  conj.).     To 

etijmj,  to  reap  the  fruits  of. 
Fkustra,  (adv.).     In  vain,  to  no 

purpose. 
Frustratus,    a,    um   (verbal   adj. 

from    frustror).      Frustrated, 

disappointed. 
Fkustratus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 

frustror).     a  disappointing,  a 

deceiving. 
Pjrutex,  icis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

shrub,  a  plant,  a  young  tree. 

CUGIO,  FUGERE,  FUGl,    FUGITUM   (a. 

V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  flee,  to  run 
away,  to  escape.  2.  To  shun, 
to  avoid. 

FlGO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  COnj). 

To  put  to  ffight,  to  rout,  to  dis- 
comfit. 
FuLGENs,  ENTis  (verbal  adj.  from 
FULGEo).    Shining,  bright,  reful- 
gent, resplendent. 

FuLGEO,    FULGEKE,    FULSI  (nCUt.   V. 

2  conj.).  To  shine,  to  be  bright, 
to  glitter,  to  be  refulgent. 

FuLGUR,  URis  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
FULGEo).  A  flash  of  lightning, 
lightning. 

FuLJGo,  IMS  (fem.  3  decl.).     Soot. 

FuLMEN,  iNis  (neut.  3  decl ).  A 
stroke  of  lightning,  a  thunder- 
bolt. 

FuLviA,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Fulvia. 

FUMO,    ARE,   AVI,   ATUM    (nCUt.    V.    1 

conj. ).  To  emit  smoke,  to  smoke. 
FuMUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  Smoke. 
FuNDAMENTUM,    I    (ncut.    2    decl. 

from  FUiNDo,  are).     A  founda- 

tion,  groundwork,  basis. 
FuNDiTUs  (adv.).     From  the  very 

bottom,  from  the  very  foundation, 

utterly. 

FUNDO,  FUNDERE,   FUDl,  FUSUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj).  To  pour  out,  to 
fuse,  to  melt. 

FUNDO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.    1 

conj.).  To  found,  to  lay  the 
foundations  of. 

FuNDUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  A  bot- 
tom of  a  vessel  or  vase,  the  bot  ■ 
tom  of  anything. 

Fundus  i  (masc.  2  decl.).    An  es- 
tate, a  farm. 
?A2 


«5ER 
FcTK,    FURis    (masc.    and    fem.    ? 

decl.).     A  thief. 
Furax,  acis  (adj.  from  fur).     Ad 

dieted  to  stealing,  thievish. 
FuRCA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  fork 
FuTURus,  A,  uM  (future  part,  from 

sum).     About  to  be,  that  shall  or 

will  be. 

G. 

Galba,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  masc.). 
Galba. 

Galexus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Galen,  a  celebrated  physician. 

Gallus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).    A  cock. 

Gallus,  I  (prop,  n  2  decl.  masc). 
A  Gaul. 

Ganges,  is  (masc.  3  decl).  The 
Ganges. 

Gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum 
(neuter  passive  v.  2  conj.).  To 
be  glad,  to  feel  pleasure,  to  rejoice. 

Gaudium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
GAUDKo).     Joy,  gladness,  mirth. 

Gelu  (neut.  indeclinable).  Frost, 
ice,  cold. 

Gemma,  je  (fem.  1  decl  ).  A  gem, 
a  precious  slone,  a  jewel. 

Gena,  je  (fem.  I  decl.  more  com 
monly  gen^,  arum,  in  the  plu- 
ral).     The  cheek,  the  cheeks. 

Gener,  eri  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
son-in-law. 

GexXeva,  ^  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Geneva. 

Genius,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  ge- 
nius, an  immaterial  being,  that 
was  supposed  to  attend  every 
person  from  his  birth  to  his  death. 

Gens,  gentis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
nation,  a  race. 

Genu  (neut.  indeclinable  in  the 
singular:  in  the  plural,  genua, 
genuum,  genibus,  &c.).  A 
knee,  the  knees. 

Genus,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.).  1. 
A  race,  descent,  family.  2  A 
kind,  sort,  quality,  description. 

Georgius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  de^l.). 
George. 

Germania,  ^  (prop,  n  1  i~«^. 
fem.)      Germany. 

Germanus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
German. 


GRA 

GrERO,  GBRKRE,  GESSI,    GESTUM    (a. 

V.  3  conj.).  1-  To  hear,  carry. 
2.  To  display,  to  show.  3.  To 
represent,  to  support.  Gerere 
morem,  to  comply  with,  to  hu- 
mom  f  to  gratify. 

Gesto,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (frequenta- 
tive a.  V.  1  conj.  from  gero). 
To  carry,  to  bear  frequently,  to 
carry  about,  to  report. 

Gestus,  A,  UM  (part,  from  gero). 
Done,  performed.  Res  gestae, 
exploits,  operations. 

Geta,  m  (masc;  1  decl.).  One  of 
the  Getce,  a  Scythian  tribe. 

Geta,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  masc). 
Geta. 

Glacies,  EI  (fern.  5  decl.).     Ice. 

Gladius,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
sword. 

Glans,  glandis  {fam.  3  decl.).  An 
acorn. 

Glis,  gliris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
dormouse. 

Globus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  ball, 
a  globe,  a  round  body. 

Gloria,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).     Glory. 

Gn5mon,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.).  1. 
The  pin  of  a  dial.  2.  A  dial,  a 
gnomon. 

Gracilis,  is,  e  (adj.).  Slender, 
thin,  weak. 

Gradus,  us  (masc.  4  decl).  A 
step,  a  pace,  a  degree,  condition, 
rank. 

Gr^cia,  m  (prop.  n.  I  decl.  fem.). 
Greece. 

Gr^ecus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  Gr^- 
cia).      Grecian,  Greek. 

Gr^cus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
A  Greek. 

jrRAMEN,  iNis  (neut.  3  decl.).  Fod- 
der, grass. 

jRANDo,  INIS  (fem.  3  decl  ).  Hail. 
J  RATI  A,  JE  (fom.  1  decl.).  An  act 
of  kindness,  a  favour  ;  in  the  plu- 
ral commonly  "  thanks."*^  Agere 
gratias,  to  return  thanks,  to  ren- 
der thanks,  to  thank. 

Gii4TiA,  JE.  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
'I  grace.  In  the  plural,  the  Gra- 
ces, who  were  three  in  number. 

Graths,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Pleasing, 
arrep.'.able.  2.  Grateful,  thankful. 
27 


HAN 

Gravis,  is,  e  (adj.).  1.  Heavy, 
weighty,  ponderous.  2.  Impor- 
tant. 3.  Difficult.  4.  Acute, 
violent,  severe. 

Grex,  gregis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
flock,  a  herd. 

Grus,  gruis  (fem.  and  masc.  3 
decl).     A  crane. 

Gubernator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl 
from  guberno).  I.  A  pilot.  2 
A  governor,  a  ruler,  a  director^ 
a  controller. 

Guberno,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).  1.  To  pilot.  2.  To  di- 
rect, to  govern,  to  control. 

Gurges,  iTis  (masc.  3  decl).  1. 
A  whirlpool,  a  gulf  or  ingulfing 
abyss.  2.  A  rapid,  eddying 
stream. 

Gusto,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).     To  taste. 

GusTus,  us  (masc.  4  decl).  The 
sense  of  tasting,  taste. 

GuTTA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl).  .A 
drop. 

Gyges,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl  masc.^ 
Gyges. 

H. 

Ha  (interj.) !     Ha  !  ahah  ! 
Habeo,   ere,    ui,    itum   (a.    v.   2 

conj.).     To  have,  to  hold,  to  pos- 
sess, to  keep. 
Habito,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 

conj.).      To  inhabit,  to   occupy. 

It  frequently  appears  without  a 

case,  as  a  species  of  intransitive 

verb. 
H^res,    edis,   or    Heres,    edis 

(masc.  and  fem.  3  decl).     An 

heir,  an  heiress. 
Halo,  onis  (fem.  3  decl).    A  halo, 

a  circle  round  the  sun  or  moon. 
Halo,    are,   avi,    atum   (a.   v.    1 

conj.).     To  breathe,  to  exh&Je,  ;« 

emit  an  odour. 
Halys,  ys  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  masc). 

The  Halys,  a  river  of  lower  Aaia, 

forming  the  eastern  BT)undary  ol 

the  dominions  of  Croesus. 
Hamilcar,  aris  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 

masc).     Hamilcar,  a  Carthagin* 

ian  name. 
Hannibal,  alis  (prop.  n.  3  decl 
313 


HES 

masc.)-  Hannibalf  a  celebrated 
Carthaginian  general. 

Hasdrubal,  alis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc.)-  Hasdrubal,  a  Cartha- 
ginian leader,  the  brother  of  Han- 
nibal. 

Hasta,  m  (fern.  1  decl.).  A  spear j 
a  javelin,  a  lance. 

Haud  (adv.).     Not. 

Hebdomas,  adis  (fern.  3  decl.).  A 
week. 

Hebes,  etis  (adj.).  Blunt,  dull, 
obtuse. 

Hebr^us,  a,  um  (adj.).  Hebrew, 
appertaining  to  the  Hebrew  na- 
tion. 

Hector,  oris  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Hector,  a  celebrated 
Trojan  warrior. 

Helrna,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fern.). 
Helen. 

Helicon,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc.)  Helicon,  a  celebrated 
mountain  of  Boeotia,  sacred  to 
Apollo  and  the  muses. 

Hellespontus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Hellespont,  now 
the  Dardanelles. 

Helvetia,  je.  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fern.).  Helvetia,  corresponding, 
in  some  degree,  to  modem  Swit- 
zerland. 

Helvetii,  orum  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Helvetii,  the  peo- 
ple of  Helvetia,  a  Gallic  race. 

Henricus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  Henry.  Henricus  Au- 
ceps,  Henry  the  Fowler,  an  em- 
peror of  Germany. 

Hepar,  atis  (neut.  3  decl).  The 
liver. 

Heph^stion,  oNis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  HephiBstion,  a  favourite 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

HERACLiTas,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  Heraclitus,  the  ciying 
philosopher. 

Herba,  m  (fem.  1  deCi.).  An  herb, 
herbage,  grass. 

Hercules,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).     Hercules. 

Heres,  edis,  vid.  H.ff:REs. 

Heri  (adv.).     Yesterday. 

Hesiodus,  I  (prop.  ii.  2  decl. 
314 


HON 

masc).     Hesiod,    a    celebrated 
Greek  poet. 

Hesperus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  evening  star,  HeS' 
perus,  Vesper. 

Heu  (interj.) !     Alas  ! 

Hie,  ujF.c,  HOC  (demonstrative 
pron.).     This. 

Hie  (adv.).     Here. 

HiEMs,  EMis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Win- 
ter. 

Hierosolyma,  orum  (prop.  n.  S 
decl.  neut.).  Jerusalem.  It  is 
also  found  of  the  first  declension, 
feminine,  singular  number,  Hie- 
rosolyma, CB. 

HiLARiTAs,  ATIS  (fcm.  3  decl.  from 
HILAR  is).  Cheerfulness,  mirth, 
gayety,  hilarity. 

HiNNiTUS,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
HiNNio).     A  neighing. 

Hippocrates,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Hippocrates,  a  celebra- 
ted Greek  physician. 

Hippopotamus,  i  (masc  2  decl.). 
A  hippopotamus,  a  river-horse. 

Hirundo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
swallma. 

Hispania,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.) 
Spain. 

Historia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  His 
tory,  a  history. 

HiSTRio,  ONIS  (masc.  3  decl.).  An 
actor,  a  play-actor. 

Hodie  (adv.).      To-day. 

HoDiERNUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  ho- 
die). Of  this  day,  this  day^s, 
hodiernal,  daily. 

HoMERUs,  1  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Homer,  the  celebrated  Grecian 
poet. 

Homo,  inis  (masc  and  fem.).  A 
man,  a  woman. 

HoNESTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  honor). 
Honourable,  noble,  becoming. 
Honestum,  what  is  becoming  in 
its  nature,  honour,  virtue,  moral 
excellence. 

Honor,  oris  (masc  3  dec).).  Re- 
spect, honour,  reverence,  regard. 

HoNdRiFicus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from 
honor  and  facio).  Honourable, 
causing  or  bringing  honotir. 

HoNORO,    AKF,    AVI,    ATTM    (v.    a      '. 


JAC 

conj.  from  honor)      To  honour ^ 

to  respect,  to  reverence. 
WoRA,  JE.  (fern.  I  decl.).    An  hour* 
HoR^,  ARUM  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 

The  Hours. 
HoRATius,    II    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc).     Horace,    a    celebrated 

Roman  poet. 
HoRDEUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl,).   Barley. 
HoRREUM,  I    (neut.  2   decl.).     A 

ham,  a  granary. 

HORTOR,  ARI,  ATUS  SUM    (dep.   V.    1 

conj.).  To  exhort,  to  encourage, 
to  cheer^  to  imbolden. 

HoRTUs,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  gar- 
den. 

HosPEs,  iTis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.).  1.  A  guest.  2.  A  host. 
3.  A  stranger. 

HospiTALiTAS,  ATis  (fcm.  3  decl. 
from  Hospi talis).     Hospitality. 

HosTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  vic- 
tim. 

HosTiLius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Hoslilius. 

HosTis,  IS  (masc.  and  fem.).  An 
enemy. 

Hue  (adv.).  Hither,  to  this  place 
or  quarter. 

HucusQUE  (adv.).    So  far,  hitherto. 

HuMANiTAs,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  HUMAN  us).     Humanity. 

HuMANUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  homo). 
Human,  of  or  belonging  to  man. 

HuMiLis,  is,  E  (adj.  from  humus). 
Low,  near  the  earth,  humble, 
lowly,  mean,  poor. 

Humus,  i  (fem.  2  decl.).  The  soil, 
ground,  earth.  It  wants  the  plu- 
ral. 

Hyaena,  m  (fem. 4  decl.).  A  hyena. 

Hyrcani,  orum  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Hyrcani,  a  people 
dwelling  to  the  southeast  of  the 
Caspian  Sea.  Their  country  an- 
swers now  to  Talaris  tan  and 
Georgia. 

Hystrix,  icis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
porcupine. 

I.,  J. 
JicEO,  ERE,  ui  (neut.  V.  2  conj.). 
To  lie,  to  lie  at  full  length  or 
prostrate,  fo  lie  down 


IGN 

Jacio,  jacere,  jeci,  jactum  (a.  5 
3  oonj.).  To  cast,  to  fling,  to 
throw,  to  hurl. 

JicuLUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from  ja- 
cio). A  javelin,  dart,  any  mis- 
sile. 

Jam  (adv.).  Now,  already,  immt 
diately,  presently. 

Janua,  uE  (fem.  1  decl.  from  Ja 
Nus).     A  gate,  door,  entrance. 

Janus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc) 
Janus,  a  deity  with  double  vis 
age,  presiding  over  the  yeai 
over  gates  of  houses,  &c 

Ibi  (adv.).     There,  in  that  place. 

"Ibis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).  An  ibis, 
a  sacred  Egyptian  bird,  like  a 
stork,  said  to  destroy  serpents. 

Ichneumon,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.). 
The  ichneumon  or  Egyptian 
rat. 

Idcirco  (conjc.  from  id  and  circa). 
Therefore,  on  that  account,  for 
that  reason. 

"Idem,  eadem,  idem  (adj.).  The 
same. 

"Ideo  (conjc).  Therefore,  for  that 
reason. 

"Idomeneus,  EOS  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Idomeneus,  a  Cretan 
monarch  and  chieftain  present  at 
the  siege  of  Troy. 

"Idoneus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Fit,  suit- 
able, meet,  proper. 

"Idus,  uum  (fem.  4  decl.  used  only 
in  the  plural).  The  Ides,  one  of 
the  divisions  of  the  Roman 
month.  They  fell  on  the  15th 
of  March,  May,  July,  and  Octo- 
ber, and  the  13th  of  the  other 
months. 

Jecur,  jecoris  and  jecinoris 
(neut.  3  decl.).     The  liver. 

"Igitur  (conjc).     Therefore,  then. 

Ignarus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
GNARUs).  Ignorant,  unacquaint' 
ed  with. 

Ignavus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
GNAvus).  Inactive,'*slothful,  re- 
miss, sluggish,  cowardly. 

Igneds,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ignis) 
Fiery,  of  fire,  on  fire,  hurmng. 

Ignis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).     Fire. 

Ignominia,  m  (fem.   1   d^cl    trojr. 


IMM 

IN  and  nomen).     Ignonnny^  dis- 
grace^ reproach,  dishonour. 
Ignominiosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ig- 
nominia).    Ignominious,  shame- 
ful, disgraceful, 

IgNORO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

CODJ.  from  iGNARUs).  To  be  ig- 
norant of,  not  to  know. 

Ignosco,  noscere,  novi,  notum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  in  and  nos- 
co).  To  overlook,  to  forgive,  to 
pardon. 

Ignotus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from  in 
and  NOTUs).  Not  known,  un- 
known. 

'Ile,  is  (neut.  3  decl.  more  fre- 
quently used  in  the  plural,  ilia, 
ium).     The  flank,  the  flanks. 

"Ilex,  icis  (fern.  3  decl.).  A  holm 
oak,  an  oak. 

'Ilias,  adis  (fern.  3  decl.).  The 
Iliad,  Homer's  poem  on  the  siege 
of  Troy. 

'Ilion,  ii  (neut,  2  decl.),  and  Ilios, 
II  (fem.  2  decl.).     Ilium,  Troy. 

Ille,  ILLA,  iLLUD  (demonstrative 
pron.).     He,  she,  that. 

Illustris,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in  and 
lustro).  1.  Clear,  bright,  shi- 
ning. 2.  Illustrious,  famous, 
celebrated. 

[j.LUSTRO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  in  and  lustro).     1. 

To  illustrate^  to  illuminate.     2. 

To  make  clear,  to  explain. 
'Imago,  inis    (fem.  3  decl).     An 

image,  a  figure,  a  likeness,  a  rep- 
resentation of  a  thing. 
Imbecillitas,  atis   (fem.  3  decl. 

from    iMBECiLLis).      Weakness, 

feebleness,  imbecility. 
Imber,  BRis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A  fall 

of  rain,  a  shower. 
'Imitatio,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

imitor).     An  imitation. 
'Imitor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 

conj.).     To  imitate,  to  copy  after. 

ImMITTO,     MITTERE,     Misi,     MTSSUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  in  and  mit- 
to).  To  send  in,  to  let  in,  to 
cast  or  throw. 
Immobilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in  and 
MOBiLis).  Immoveable,  stead- 
fast. 


IMP 

Immolo,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  from 
IN  and  mola).  To  sacrifice^  to 
immolate. 

Immortalis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in  and 
MORTALis).     Immortal. 

Immortalitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  immortalis).    Immortality. 

Impar,  aris  (adj.  from  in  and  par). 
Unequal,  unlike. 

Impatientia,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
in  and  patientia).  Impatience, 
inability  to  hear. 

Impavidus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
PAViDus).  Undismayed,  bold, 
unalarmed,  intrepid. 

Impedio,  ire,  ivi,  iTUM  (a.  v.  4 
conj.  from  in  and  pes).  To  im- 
pede, to  entangle,  to  fetter,  to 
hinder,  to  prevent. 

Imperator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl. 
fromiMPERo).  \.  A  commander, 
a  leader,  a  general.  2.  An  em- 
peror. 

Imperitus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
PERiTUs).  Inexperienced,  igno- 
rant, unskilful. 

Imperium,  11  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
iMPERo).  1.  Command,  author- 
ity, power.  2.  Government,  em- 
pire, rule. 

ImPERO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  in  and  paro).  1.  To 
command,  to  order.  2.  To  ruUt 
over. 

Impetus,  us  (masc.  4  de«l.).  1. 
An  attack,  assault,  onset.  2. 
Impetuosity,  violence. 

Impie  (adv.  from  impius).  Impi- 
ously, wickedly. 

Impietas,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
impius).     Impiety. 

Impiger,  gra,  grom  (adj.  from  in 
and  piger).  Quick,  active,  dili- 
gent. 

Impigre  (adv.  from  impiger). 
Quickly,  readily,  promptly. 

Imprimis  (adv.  from  in  and  pri- 
mus).    In  the  frst  place,  first. 

Ikprobitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
iMPROBUs).  Worthlessness,  dis- 
honesty, wickedness,  knavery. 

Improbus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  in  and 
PROBus).  Worthless,  wicked,  dis 
honest. 


IND 

tMPROviso  (adv.  from  improvT^us). 
Unexpectedly,  suddenly 

"Imus,  a,  um  (adj.  superliUve  of  in- 
FERUs).  Lowest^  deepest. 
).  In  (prep,  with  the  accusative  and 
^  ablative).  1.  When  governing 
the  accusative,  it  signifies  into, 
against,  towards,  &c.  2.  When 
governing  the  ablative,  it  denotes 
in,  among,  &;c.  In  composition, 
it  denotes  in,  into,  upon,  against, 
and  is  intensive  in  some  words, 
and  privative  in  others. 

Inanus,  is,  e  (adj.).  Empty, 
void. 

Incendium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
iNCENDo).    A  conflagration,  fire, 

•   burning. 

Incertus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
CERTUs).  Uncertain,  doubtful, 
dubious. 

Incognitus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
IN  andcoGNiTUs).  \.  Unknown. 
2.  Without  trial,  without  a  hear- 
ing. 

Incola,  ^  (masc.  and  fem.  from 
IN  and  coLo).     An  inhabitant. 

Incolo,  colere,  colui,  cultum 
(a.  v.  3  conj.  from  in  and  colo). 
To  inhabit,  to  abide,  to  dwell  in 
a  place. 

Incommodum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
IN  and  commodum).  An  incon- 
venience, a  disadvantage. 

Incommodus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Unfa- 
vourable, disadvantageous,  hurt- 
ful, inconvenient. 

Incorruptus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in 
and  coRRUPTUs).  Incorrupt,  in- 
corruptible, entire,  perfect,  whole. 

Incredibilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in 
and  CREDiBiLis).  Not  to  be  be- 
lieved, incredible,  wonderful. 

Incredibiliter  (adv.  from  incre- 
DiBiLis).  Incredibly,  in  a  man- 
ner beyond  belief. 

fi:cus,  uDis  (fem.  3  decl.  from  in 
and  cuDo).     An  anvil. 

Inde  (adv.).  1.  Thence,  from  that 
place.  2.  Thenceforth,  from  that 
time. 

Index,   icis    (masc.    and   fem.    3 
decl).     1.  A  discoverer,  disclo- 
ser ^  informer.     2.  An  index  to  a 
27* 


INF 

book.  3.  Di^ntus  index,  the  fore- 
finger. 

India,  jei  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.) 
India. 

Indicium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.  from  in- 
dex). A  discovery,  proof,  inf^- 
mation  against  any  one,  evidence. 

Indigo,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  index).  To  show, 
to  point  out,  to  disclose,  to  indi- 
cate. 

Indico,  dicere,  Dixi,  dictum  (a. 
v.  3  conj.  from  in  and  dico). 
To  proclaim,  to  publish,  to  de- 
clare, to  denounce. 

Induco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductum  (a 
V.  3  conj.  from  in  and  duco).  1 
To  lead  or  bri7ig  in,  to  lead  into, 
to  introduce.  2.  To  lead  along, 
to  besmear,  to  blot  out.  3.  To 
induce,  to  persuade,  to  prevail 
upon. 

Indulgeo,  ere,  ulsi  (neut.  v.  2 
conj.).      To  indulge,  to  gratify. 

In Du stria,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).  In- 
dustry, persevering  energy,  dili- 
gence. 

Industrius,  a,  um  (adj.).  Indus- 
trious, prompt,  diligent,  active. 

Indus,  i  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 
The  Indus. 

Ineo,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (a.  v.  4 
conj.  irreg.  from  in  and  eo).  To 
go  into,  to  enter,  to  enter  upon,  to 
engage  in.  Inire  gratiam,  to  get 
into  favour  with  one.  Inire  foe- 
dus,  to  enter  into  a  league.  In- 
ire praelium,  to  engage  in  battle. 

Inermis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in  and 
ARM  a).  Unarmed,  weaponless^ 
defenceless. 

Iners,  ertis  (adj.  from  in  and 
ARs).     1.   Without  art  or  skill. 

2.  Inert,  la  ''y,  sluggish. 
Inertia,  je  (\  m.  I  decl.  from  in- 
ers).    1.  Want  of  skill.     2.  In- 
dolence, inertness,  sluggishness. 

3.  Cowardice. 

Infamis,  n,  E  (adj.  frdfti  in  and  fa- 
ma).  Infamous,  ill-famed,  ill 
spoken  of,  ignominious,  disgrace- 
ful. 

Infans,  antis  (adj.  from  in  and 
FARi).     That  cannot  speak. 
317 


ING 

IsFAHs,  ANTis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decL).     An  infant. 

Infecundus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in 
and  FECUNDus).  Unfruitful^  not 
fertile  or  productive. 

rNFELix,  icis  (adj.  from  in  and  fe- 
Lix).  I.  Unhappy f  unfortunate f 
toretched.  2.  Inauspicious,  ill- 
omened. 

Inpsrior,  oris  (adj.  comparative 
of  iNFERus).     Lower. 

InFERO,  INFERRE,  INTULI,  INLATUM 

or  JLLATUM  (irreg.  a.  v.  from  in 
and  fero).  I .  To  bring  or  carry 
into,  to  introduce.  2.  To  bring 
upon,  to  offer  (inferrc  injuriam,  to 
offer  an  injury).     3.   T'o  infer. 

Inferus,  a,  um  (adj.  comparative 
INFERIOR,  superlative  infimus 
or  iMUs).  LoWy  below.  Mare 
inferum,  the  lower  sea  or  sea  be- 
low, i.  e.,  the  Tuscan. 

Infimus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative  of 
inferus.    Another  form  is  imus). 

Informis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in  and 
forma).  1.  Without  form  or 
shape,  shapeless.  2.  Ill-formed, 
deformed,  misshapen,  ugly. 

[nfra  (prep,  with  the  accusative). 
Beneath,  below. 

Infringo,  fringere,  fregi,  frac- 
tum  (a.  v.  3  conj.  from  in  and 
frango).  1.  To  break,  to  break 
in  pieces.  2.  To  weaken,  to  dis- 
courage. 3.  To  lessen,  to  check, 
to  infringe  upon. 

Ingenero,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  in  and  genero).  To 
beget,  to  generate,  to  implant,  to 
produce. 

Ingenium,  ii  (neut,  2  dec),  from  in 
and  geno,  old  form  of  gigno). 
1.  Genius,  natural  talents.  2. 
Disposition,  temper,  manners. 

Ivgens,  ENTis  (adj.).  Vast,  huge, 
immense. 

Ingenuus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
geno).  1.  Native,  natural.  .2. 
Freeborn,  born  of  free  parents, 
who  had  never  been  slaves.  3. 
Ingenuous,  liberal,  becoming  a 
freeman. 

Ingluvies,  ei  (fem.  5  decl  ).    The 
traw,  crop,  or  gorge  of  a  bird. 
318 


INS 

Ingraics,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
GRATUs).  1.  Unpleasant,  disa- 
greeable, unacceptable.  2.  Un- 
grateful, thankless. 

Ingredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum 
(dep.  V.  3  conj.  from  in  and  gra- 
DIOR).  1.  To  enter,  tc  go  into. 
2  To  move  along,  to  advance,  to 
proceed. 

Inhumane  (adv.  from  inhumanus). 
Inhumanly,  savagely,  cruelly. 

Inhumaniter  (adv.  from  inhuma- 
Nus).  Inhumanly,  cruelly,  sav 
agely. 

Inhumanus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in 
and  humanus).  Inhuman,  saV' 
age,  cruel. 

Inhumatus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in 
and  humus).     Unburied. 

Inimicus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
amicus).  Unfriendly,  at  enmity 
with,  inimical,  hostile. 

Inimicus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
private  foe,  a  bitter  enemy,  an  en- 
emy. Hostis  is  a  public  enemy ; 
inimicus  a  private  and  personal 
one. 

Initium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
iNEo).  A  commencement,  a  be 
ginning. 

Injuria,  .<e  (fem.  1  decl.  from  in 
and  jus).     An  injury,  a  wrong. 

In  JUSTUS,  A,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
JUSTUS).  Unjust,  wrongful,  in- 
iquitous. 

Innocentia,  .as  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
in  and  nocens).     Innocence. 

Innocuus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
NocEo).  Inoffensive,  innocuous, 
doing  no  hurt,  innocent,  harmless. 

Innoxius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
Noxius).  That  has  done  no  harm, 
not  guilty,  inoffensive,  blameless. 

Innumerus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in 
and  NUMERUs).  Numberless,  in- 
numerable, countless. 

Inops,  opis  (adj.  from  in  and  ops). 
Poor,  needy,  indigent,  destitute 
of,  necessitous, 

Inquam  (defective  verb).     I  say. 

Insaluber,  bris,  bre  (adj.  from 
in  and  saluber).  Unhealthy^ 
unwholesome,  insalubrious. 

Insatiabilis,  is,  e   (adj.  from  ik 


INT 

and  sATio).  Insatiabkf  that  can- 
not he  satiated. 

Insectum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from  in- 
sECo).     An  insect. 

Insepultus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in 
and  sEPULTUs).  Unburied,  un- 
entombed,  uninterred. 

Inservio,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (neut.  v. 
4  conj.  from  in  and  servio). 
1,  To  serve.  2.  To  turn  onc^s 
a  tention  to,  to  attend  to,  to 
strive  to  obtain,  to  be  intent 
upon. 

Insidi^,  arum  (fern.  1  decl.  wants 
the  singular).  1.  An  ambush, 
an  ambuscade.  2.  Snares,  a 
snare,  treachery, 

Insidior,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 
conj.  from  insidi^).  To  lie  in 
wait,  to  lay  snares  for,  to  plot 
against. 

InstAURO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.  V.  1 

conj.).     To  renew,  to  repeat. 

Instituo,  uere,  ui,  utum  (a.  v.  3 
conj.  from  in  and  statuo).  .1. 
To  establish,  to  appoint.  2.  To 
fabricate,  to  construct.  3.  To 
begin,  to  commence.  4.  To  in- 
struct; to  teach,  to  train  up. 

Institutum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
instituo).  1.  A  purpose,  an 
object,  resolve,  determination.  2. 
A  custom,  way,  practice. 

Instructus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
instruo).  Set  in  order,  put  in 
array,  drawn  up,  arranged. 

Instrumentum,  I  (neut.  2  decl. 
from  instruo).  Aninstrument, 
an  implement. 

Instruo,  struere,  struxi,  struc- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  in  and 
STRUo).  To  arrange,  to  set  in 
order,  to  dispose. 

Insula,  je:  (fem.  I  decl.).  An  isl- 
and. 

Insum,  esse,  fui  (irreg.  v.  from  in 
and  sum).     To  be  in. 

Insuo,  uere,  ui,  UTUM  (a.  V.  3 
conj.  from  in  and  suo).  To  sew 
into,  to  sew  up. 

Integer,  gra,  grum  (adj.).  En- 
tire, untouched,  whole. 

Intelligo,  ligere,  lexi,  lectum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.).     To  underf*and, 


INT 

to  compuhend,  to  know,  to  be 
aware. 

Inter  (prep,  with  accusative). 
Between^  among,  &c. 

Intercalaris,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in- 
TERCALo).  1.  Inserted  between, 
interposed.  2.  Intercalary,  in- 
tercalar.  Intercalaris  annus, 
leap-year. 

Interdum  (adv.).  I.  Sometimes, 
at  times,  occasionally,  now  and 
then.     2.  Meanwhile. 

Interea  (adv.).  Meanwhile,  in 
the  mean  time. 

Intereo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum  (neut. 
v.  4  conj.  from  inter  and  eo). 
To  perish,  to  go  to  ruin,  to  cease 
to  exist. 

Interfector,  oris  (masc.  3  decl. 
from  iNTERFicio).  One  who 
slays  or  kills,  a  slayer,  slaugh- 
terer, killer,  destroyer. 

Interficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  inter  and  fa- 
cio).  To  kill,  to  slay,  to  mur 
der,  to  put  to  death. 

Interitus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
intereo).  Destruction,  exlinc 
tion,  ruin,  death. 

Interpres,  etis  (masc.  and  fem.) 
An  interpreter,  expounder.  • 

Interrogo,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v. 
1  conj.  from  inter  and  rogo). 
To  interrogate,  to  ask,  to  ques- 
tion. 

Intersum,  esse,  fui  (irreg.  v.  from 
INTER  and  sum).  To  be  in  the 
midst,  to  be  between,  to  come  be- 
tween. 

Intestinum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
iNiESTiNUs).     An  intestine. 

Intestinus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in- 
Tus).  Internal,  inward,  intes- 
tine. 

Intolerabilis,  is,  E  (adj.  from  in 

and    TOLERABILIS).      Not    to    b€ 

borne,  intolerable. 
Intra     (prep,    with     accusative) 

Within. 
Intro  (adv.).     Within. 
Intro,  are,   avi,   atum  (a.   v.  1 

conj.).     To  enter,  to  go  into,  to 

penetrate. 
Intueor,  tueri,  tuTtus  bum  (dey- 
319 


IKA 

V.  2  conj  from  in  and  tueor). 
To  gaze  upon,  to  behold,  to  look 
steadfastly  at. 

Inutilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  in  and 
UTiLis).  Useless,  unprofitable, 
unserviceable. 

Invalidus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
VALiDUS).  Weak,  feeble,  sick, 
infirm. 

Invenio,  venire,  veni,  ventum 
(a.  V.  4  conj.  from  in  and  venio). 
To  find,  to  find  out,  to  meet  with, 
to  discover. 

Inventor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
invenio).  One  who  finds  out,  an 
inventor,  a  discoverer. 

Inventrix,  icis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
inventor).     An  inventress. 

Inventum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
invenio).  An  invention,  discov- 
ery, contrivance. 

Inventus,  a,  um  (part,  from  inve- 
nio). Found,  discovered,  in- 
vented. 

Invidia,  j^  (fem.  1  decl.).  Envy, 
hatred,  ill-will. 

Invidus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Envious, 
invidious,  malignant. 

Invisus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
iNviDEo).     Envied,  hated. 

Invisus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
IN  and  video).  Not  seen,  un- 
seen. 

Invius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 
via).  Not  to  he  passed,  impass- 
able. 

InVOCO,    are,    AVI,   atum    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  in  and  voco).  To  in- 
voke, to  call  upon,  to  call  to,  to 
invite. 

Jocus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  and,  in  the 
plural,  Joci  and  joca,  the  latter 
being  neuter).  A  joke,  jest,  hu- 
morous saying ;  mirth,  wit. 

[5nia,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 
Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor. 

[p3E,  A,  UM  (pron.).  Himself,  her- 
self, itself. 

'Ira,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  Anger, 
wrath. 

Iracundia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
iRACUNDUs).  Hastiness  of  tem- 
per, irascililify,  anger. 

Ikaci'ndus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ir.\). 


Irascible,  passioiiatCi  quick  tern 

pered,  choleric. 
"Irascor,  irasci,  iratus  sum  (dep. 

v.  3  conj.  from  ira).     To  be  en 

raged,  to  be  angry. 
"Iris,  is  and  iois  (prop.  n.  fem.  3 

decl  ).     Iris,  the  goddess  of  the 

rainbow. 
Iris,  is  and   idis   (fem.  3   decl.'i 

The  rainbow. 
Irrideo,  ERE,  SI,  SUM  (a.  V.  2  conj. 

from  IN  and  rideo).     To  laugh 

at,  to  deride. 
Irrisus,  a,  UM   (verbal   adj.  from 

irrideo).     Laughed  at,  mocked, 

scoffed,  derided. 
Irritus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in  and 

ratus).     Not  ratified,  of  no  ef- 
fect, fruitless,  useless,  idle,  vain. 
Is,    EA,   id    (pron.).     He,   she,  it. 

Such,  when  used  for  talis. 
Isocrates,    is    (prop.  n.    masc.  3 

decl.).     Isocrates,   a   celebrated 

Grecian  rhetorician  and  writer. 
Israelita,  ^  (masc.  and  fem.    1 

Heel.).     An  Israelite. 
Istic  (adv.  from  iste).     There,  in 

that  place. 
Tta  (adv.).     So,  even  so,  thus. 
Italia,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 

Italy. 
"Itaque  (conjunction).     Therefore 

Equivalent  sometimes  to  et  ita, 

"and  so,"  "and  thus." 
"Iter,    itineris    (neut.    3    decl.). 

A  route,  a  journey,  a  way. 
"Iterum  (adv.).     Again,  a  second 

time,  anew. 
JuBA,  JE  (prop.  n.  masc.  1  decl.). 

Juba,    prince    of    Numidia    and 

Mauritania  in  Africa, 
JuBA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).     The  mane 

of  a  horse  or  other  beast. 
JUBEO,  jubere,  jussi,  jussum  (a. 

V.  2  conj.).     To  order,  to  bid,  to 

command,  to  charge,  to  enjoin. 
JuGUNDus,  A,  UM  (adj.).    Pleasing, 

agreeable. 
Junius,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Jewish. 
Judex,  icis   (masc.    3   decl).     A 

judge. 
Judicium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.  from  ju 

DEx).     A  judgment,  trial,  sen 

tence. 


LAB 

JVDICO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  judex).     To  judge, 

to  decide,  to  determine,  to  pass 

sentence. 
JuGLANs,  ANDis  (fcm.  3  decl.)-     A 

icalnut,  a  walnut-tree. 
JuGULUM,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     The 

throat  or  neck. 
Julius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  Julius. 

JUNGO,  JUNGERE,  JUNXI,  JUNCTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.).  To  join,  to  yoke, 
to  couple. 

Junior,  oris  (adj.  comparative  of 
juvENis).     Younger.  . 

Jupiter,  Jovis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.). 
Jupiter. 

JuRO,  are,  avi,  ATUM  (a.  v.  1  conj. 
from  jus).     To  swear. 

Jus,  JURIS  (neut.  3  decl.).  Right, 
law,  justice. 

JusTiTiA,  M.  (fem.  1  decl.  from  Jus- 
tus).    Justice. 

Justus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  jus). 
Just,  upright,  virtuous. 

JuvENALis,  IS  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Juvenal,  a  celebrated 
Roman  satirist. 

Juvenilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  juve- 
Nis).      Youthful,  juvenile. 

JuvENis,  IS,  e  (adj.).  1.  Young. 
2.  Often  taken  as  a  noun  of  the 
third  declension  masculine,  a 
youth.  3.  Frequently  appHed  to 
persons  up  to  45  years  of  age, 
i.  e.,  as  long  as  they  are  able  to 
assist  the  state,  the  term  being 
derived  from  juvo,  to  assist. 

JuvENTUs,  uTis  (fcm.  3  decl.  from 
juvENis).  Youth,  the  season  of 
youth. 

JuxTA  (adv.).  1.  Near,  nigh,  hard 
by.    2.  Next.    3.  Alike,  equ^ly. 

K. 

Karthago,  iNis,  vid.  Carthago. 

L. 
Labefacio,  facere,  FECI,  factum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  labo  and  fa- 
cio)     To  make  to  totter,  to  weak- 
en, to  shake.     Passive  voice,  La- 

BEPIO,  fieri,  FACTUS  SUM. 

Labium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.).     A  lip. 
Labor,  i  Ibi,  lapsus  sum  (dep.  v. 


LAP 

3  conj.).     To  glide,  to  shp,  10 

fall  gently,  to  descend. 
Labor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).     ia- 

hour,  toil,  fatigue. 
Laboro,  are,  avi,  ATUM  (ncut.  y. 

1  conj.  from  labor).     To  labour, 

to  be  in  pain,  to  suffer. 
Labrum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     A  lip. 
Lac,  lactis  (neut.  3  decl.).    Mtlk. 
Laced^mon,  onis  (prop.  n.  fem.  3 

decl.).     Lacedcemon  or  Sparta. 
Laced^monius,  a,  um  (adj.  from 

Laced^mon).     Lacedcemonian. 
Lager,  era,  brum  (adj.).     Torn, 

lacerated,  maimed,  mangled,  dis- 
membered. 
Lacertus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     The 

arm.     Properly,  the  sinewy  part 

of  the  arm,  between  the  shouldei 

and  elbow.     Hence,  figuratively, 

strength,  force,  vigour. 
LACHEsis,is(prop.  n.  fem.  3  decl.). 

Lachesis,  one  of  the  Fates.     The 

other  two  were  Clotho  and  Atro- 

pos. 
Laco,  onis  (adj.).    Laconian,  Spar- 
tan.    Often  used   as  a  noun,  u 

Laconian,  a  Spartan. 
Lacryma  or  Lachryma,  and  also 

LacrTma,  j&  (fem.  1  decl.).     A 

tear. 
Lacrymo  or  Lachrymo,  are,  avi, 

ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj).     To  weep. 

More  frequently  a  deponent  verb, 

Lacrymor,  ari,  atus  sum. 
Lactuca,  je.  (fem.  1  decl.).     Let- 
tuce.        ■• 
Lacus,  tjs  (masc.  4  decl).    A  lake. 
Laertius,  ii    (prop.   n.    2   decl.). 

Laertius. 
L.a:TUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Joyful,  glad, 

delighted.     Showing  joy  by  one's 

actions. 
L-<Evus,  A,  UM  (adj.).    Left,  on  the 

left  side. 
Lana,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     Wool. 
Laniger,    ERA,   brum   (adj.    from 

lana  and  GERo).    Bearing  wool, 

fleecy. 
Laodicea,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl). 

Laodicea,  a  city  of  Syria. 
Lapponia,   je    (prop.    n.   fem.    1 

decl).     Lapland. 
Lapponicus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  Lai^ 


f  onia).  Of  or  belonging  to  Lap- 
landy  Lappish. 

Lapideus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  lapis). 
0/  stone,  hard  as  stone. 

JvAPis,  ID18  (masc.  3  decl.).  1.  A 
atone.  2.  A  milestone.  Ad  ter- 
bium lapidem,  at  the  third  mile- 
*tone. 

4R,  LARis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
household  god,  a  Lar.  More  fre- 
quent in  the  plural,  Lares,  ium 
and  UM. 

^ARix,  icis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.).      The  larch- tree. 

Later R A,  je  (fern.  1  decl.  from  la- 
TEo).  A  lurking-place,  a  hiding- 
place,  a  den,  a  retreat. 

Later,  eris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
brick. 

Latona,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Latona,  the  mother  of  Apollo  and 
Diana. 

Latro,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (neut.  V.  1 
conj.).  To  bark,  to  bark  at,  to 
bay. 

Latro,  onis  (masc.  3  decl ).  A 
robber. 

Latus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Broad,  wide, 
spacious,  ample,  large. 

Latus,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.).  The 
side,  jlank, 

Laudabilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  lau- 
Do).  Praiseworthy,  commenda- 
ble, laudable,  deserving  of  praise. 

Laudatus,  a,  um  (part,  from  lau- 
Do).     Praised,  commended. 

Laudo,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  laus).  To  praise,  to 
commend. 

Laurus,  I  (2  decl),  and  Laurus, 
us  (4  decl.  both  fem.).  A  laurel^ 
a  bay. 

Laus,  laudis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Com- 
mendation, praise. 

Lavo,  lavare  and  lavere,  lava- 
VI  and  LAVi,  lavatum,  lautum, 
and  LOTUM  (a.  v.  1  and  3  conj.). 
T'o  wash,  to  lave,  to  bathe. 

LE.a:NA,  m  (fem.  I  decl.  from  leo). 
A  lioness. 

Ledes,  etis  (masc.  3  decl).  A 
caldron,  a  kettle. 

Lectica,  2f.  (fem  1  decl.).  A  lit- 
ter, a  sedan. 


LIB 

Lecticula,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  dimin- 
utive from  lectica).  A  smal. 
litter. 

Lectus,  a,  um  (part,  from  lego). 
Read. 

Lectus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).   A  couch. 

Legatus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  from  le- 
go). 1.  A  person  deputed.  2 
An  ambassador.  3.  A  lieu  ten 
ant. 

Legio,  ONIS  (fem.  3  decl.).  A  le- 
gion, a  division  of  Roman  troops. 

Lego,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  depute,  to  despatch, 
to  commission,  to  send  as  an  am- 
bassador. 

Lego,  legere,  legi,  lectum  (a. 
v.  3  conj.).  L  To  collect  to- 
gether, to  cull.  2.  To  read,  to 
peruse. 

Lenio,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (a.  v.  4  conj. 
from  LENis).  To  soften,  to  mil* 
igate^  to  allay,  to  appease. 

Leo,  onis  (masc.  3  decl ).    A  lion. 

Leonidas,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
masc).  Leonidas,  a  celebrated 
Spartan  king  and  warrior. 

Leopardus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
leopard. 

Lbpidus,  i  (prop,  n,  2  decl.  masc.) 
Lepidus. 

liEPiDUs,  A,  um  (adj.).  Humorous, 
pretty,  smart,  witty,  gay,  pleas- 
ant. 

Lepor  or  Lepos,  oris  (masc.  3 
decl.).  Mirth,  humour,  graceful 
and  easy  pleasantry,  wit. 

Lepus,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
hare. 

Levis,  is,  e  (adj.).  \.  Light,  easy 
to  carry.  2.  Trifling,  trivial,  of 
little  esteem. 

Levis  or  L^vis,  is,  e  (adj.).  Pol 
ished,  smooth. 

Levitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
Levis).  \.  Lightness.  2.  Lev- 
ity, frivolity. 

Lex,  legis  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  law 

LiBELLUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  diminu- 
tive from  liber).  A  little  book, 
a  small  work,  a  short  treatise. 

LTbenter  (adv.  from  libens) 
Willingly,  cheerfully. 

Liber,  bri  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  hool 


LICJ 

Liber,  era,  brum  (adj.).     Free. 

Liber,  eri  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
Bacchus,  so  called,  it  is  said,  be- 
cause he  frees  the  mind  from 
care.  ( 1 ) 

LiBERAUs,  IS,  E  (adj.  from  libero). 
Liberal,  becoming  a  freeman. 

LiBERi,  ORUM  (masc.  2  decl.  sin- 
gular not  used).  Children,  in- 
cluding both  sexes,  and  implying 
children  that  are  free  born,  not 
slaves,  the  adjective  liber  being 
the  root.  Or,  more  correctly, 
the  word  itself  is  the  plural  of 
LIBER,  with  a  noun  understood. 

Libero,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.  from  liber).  To  free,  to 
deliver. 

Libertas,  atis  (fern.  3  decl.  from 
liber).     Liberty,  freedom. 

LiBET,  libebat,  LiBUiT,  &c.  (im- 
personal verb,  2  conj.).  It  is 
agreeable,  it  pleases. 

Libido,  inis  (fern.  3  decl.  from 
libet).  1.  Will,  inclination,  ca- 
price, fancy,  whim.  2.  Passion, 
desire,  lust,  cupidity. 

LiCEOR,   LICERI,  LICITUS  SUM  (dep. 

V.  2  conj.).  To  bid  money  for. 
to  bid,  to  offer  a  price. 

Licet,  licebat,  licuit,  &;c.  (im- 
personal verb,  2  conj.).  It  is 
lawful,  it  is  permitted. 

TiiCTOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
lictor,  an  attendant  on  the  con- 
sul, and  on  many  of  the  other 
magistrates.  Each  consul  had 
twelve.  The  dictator  had  twice 
.  as  many. 

Ligneus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  lignum). 
Of  wood,  wooden. 

Lignum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).      Wood. 

LiGO,  oNis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
spade,  a  shovel,  a  mattock. 

Limes,  itis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
limit,  a  boundary. 

Line  A,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  line. 

Lingua,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  1.  The 
tongue.     2.  A  language. 

Linteum,  ei  (neut.  2  decl).  A 
linen  cloth,  a  towel,  a  napkin. 

LlQUEFACIO,  FACERE,  FECI,  PAC- 
TUM (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  liqueo 
and  FACio).     To  melt,  to  make 


LUC 

fluid,  to  dissolve.     Passive  TOice, 

LIQUEFIO,  FIERI,  FACTUS  SUM. 

Lis,  litis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Strife, 
wrangling,  quarrelling. 

LiTERA  or  LiTTERA,  -(E  (fem.  1 
decl.).  1.  A  letter  of  the  alpha- 
bet. 2.  In  the  plural,  a  letter, 
an  epistle. 

LiTUs,  ORIS  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
shore,  a  strand. 

IjOCO,   ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  COnj. 

from  locus).  To  place,  to  set^ 
to  lay. 

Locus,  I  (masc  2  decl.).  A  place, 
a  spot,  a  quarter.  In  the  plural, 
LOCI  and  loca,  with  this  distinc- 
tion ;  LOCA,  places ;  but  loci, 
passages  in  a  book,  or  topics  in 
a  discourse  or  speech. 

LoDix,  icis  (fem.  3  decl).  I.  A 
cover  for  a  bed,  a  blanket,  a  quilt, 
a  sheet.  2.  A  down-bed,  stuffed 
with  down,  and  used  as  a  cover- 
ing in  cold  northern  climates. 

Londinum  and  Londinium,  i  (prop, 
n.  neut.  2  decl).     London. 

LoNGE  (adv.  from  longus).  Fai 
off,  afar,  at  a  great  distance,  far. 

LoNGUs,  A,  um  (adj.).     Long. 

LoQUAx,  Acis  (adj.  from  loquok). 
Loquacious,  talkative. 

LOQUOR,  LOQUI,  LOCUTUS  SUM  (dep. 

V.  3  conj.).     To  speak,  to  dis- 
course, to  talk. 
LoRiCA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl).     A  coal 

of  mail,  a  corslet. 
Lucifer,    era,    erum    (adj.   from 

LUX    and    fero).     Bearing    or 

bringing  light. 
Lucifer,    eri    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc).     Lucifer,    the   morning 

star,  the  star  of  day. 
LuciLius,    ii    (prop.    n.    2    denl. 

masc).     Lucilius. 
Lucius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

Lucius. 
Lucretius,   ii    (prop.   n.   2   decl. 

masc).     Lucretius. 
Luctuosus,  a,  um  (adj*.  from  luc- 

Tus).     Mournful,  sorrowful. 
LucTUS,  us  (masc.  4  decl).     Sor- 
row, grief 
LucuLLUs,    I    (prop.    n.    2    dec! 

masc).     Lucullus. 

323 


LYD 

LuDo  icus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Louis. 

LuDUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  1.  Di- 
versio7i,  play,  sport.  2.  Public 
games.  :3.  A  school  (liter arius 
being  understood,  i.  e.,  a  place 
for  exercise  in  literary  pursuits). 

LUGEO,   LUGERE,   LUXI,  LUCTUM    (a. 

V.  3  conj).     To  mourrij  to  la- 
ment. 

Lumen,  inis  (neut.  3  decl.  for  lu- 
ciMEN,  from  LUCEo).  Light. 
Strictly  speaking,  lux  is  the  light 
itself,  and  lumen  is  the  body  that 
imparts  the  light.  It  is  often, 
however,  used  in  the  same  sense 
as  LUX. 

Luna,  m  (fern.  1  decl.  for  lucina, 
from  LUCEo).     The  moon. 

LuPA,  M  (fem.  1  decl).  A  she- 
wolf. 

Lupus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  he- 
wolf  a  wolf. 

LusciNiA,  JE.  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
nightingale. 

Lustrum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  A  lus- 
trum, a  period,  among  the  Ro- 
mans, of  5  years,  marked  by  a 
general  purification  and  solemn 
sacrifices. 

Lustrum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
den,  a  haunt  of  wild  beasts.  In 
the  plural,  it  sometimes  means 
groves,  forests,  solitary  places  in 
woods. 

Lusus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  lu- 
DO).      Sport,  play,  diversion. 

LuTUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  Clay, 
mire. 

LuTEUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  lutum). 
1.  Clayey,  of  clay.  2.  Yellow- 
ish, the  colour  of  clay. 

Lux,  Lucis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Light. 
(Consult  remarks  under  lumen). 

LuxuRiA,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).  Lux- 
ury. 

Luxuries,  ei  (fem.  5  decl.).  Lux- 
ury. 

'  YcuRGUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  Lycurgus,  the  famous 
Spartan  lawgiver. 

Lydt,  orum  (plural,  masc.  2  decl.). 
The     Lydians,    inhabitants    of 
Lydia. 
324 


MAJ 
Lynx,  lyncis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 

decl.).     A  lynx. 
Lysander,  dri    (prop.  n.  2  decl 

masc).     Lysander. 

M. 

Macedo,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl 
masc).     A  Macedonian. 

Macedonia,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fem.).     Macedonia. 

Macedonicus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Ma- 
cedonian. 

Macer,  cra,  crum  (adj.).  Lean^ 
thin,  meager,  poor. 

Macies,  ei  (fem.  5  decl.).  Lean- 
ness, thinness,  mcngerness. 

Macula, -ffi  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  spot, 
a  stain,  a  bht,  a  blemish. 

MAGis(adv.).    I.  More.    2.  Rather. 

Magister,tri  (masc  2  decl.).  1 
A  master.  2.  A  teacher,  a  pre- 
ceptor. 

Magistra,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
magister).     a  mistress. 

Magistratus,  us  (masc  4  decl. 
from  magister).  1.  A  magis- 
tracy.    2.  A  magistrate. 

Maxjnanimus,  a,  um  (adj.  from 
MAGNUS  and  animus).  Magnan- 
imous, great  of  mind,  great  of 
spirit. 

Magnes,  etis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
loadstone,  a  magnet. 

Magnesia,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl 
fem.).     Magnesia. 

Magnificentia,  jr  (fem.  1  decl. 
from  MAGNiFicus).  Splendour^ 
magnificence. 

Magnificus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  Mag- 
nus and  FACio).  Magnificent, 
splendid. 

Magnitudo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl. 
from  Magnus).  Greatness,  mag 
nitude. 

Magnus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Great, 
large. 

Mai  A,  M  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.) 
Maia,  the  mother  of  Mercury. 

Majestas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
the  old  adjective  majus,  "great"). 
Majesty,  grandeur,  dignity. 

Majok,  or,  us  (adj.  comparative  of 
Magnus).     Greater,  larger. 

Major es,  um  (properly  an  adj.  and 


MAR 

the  plural  of  major,  but  used  as 
a  noun,  natu  being  understood). 
Ancestors. 

Male  (adv.  from  malus).  Badly, 
ill,  wrongly,  amiss,  wickedly. 

Maledicus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  male 
and  Dico).  Slanderous,  abusive, 
scurrilous.  Comparative  male- 
DicENTioR,  superlative   maledi- 

CENTISSIMUS. 

Malleus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
mallet,  a  hammer. 

Malo,  malle,  malui  (irreg.  v.  from 
MAVOLO,  and  that  from  magis  and 
voLo).     To  wish  rather,  to  prefer. 

Malum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from  ma- 
lus).  Evil,  mischief,  misfortune. 

Malum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from  ma- 
lus).    An  apple. 

Malus,  a,  um  (adj.).    Evil,  wicked. 

Malus,  i  (fem.  2  decl.X  An  a^ple- 
tree. 

Mando,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  consign,  to  commit  to 
one's  charge,  to  enjoin,  to  hid,  to 
order. 

Mane  (indeclinable  neuter  adj.  with 
tempus  understood,  and  taken  as 
an  adverb).  In  the  morning.  It 
sometimes  appears  as  a  noun,  and 
then  signifies  the  morning ;  as, 
ad  ipsum  mane,  "  to  the  very 
morning.^* 

Maneo,  manere,  mansi,  mansum 
(neut.  V.  2  conj.).  To  remain, 
to  tarry,  to  abide,  to  wait. 

MansuefacTo,  facere,  &c.  (a.  v. 
3.  conj.).     To  tame. 

Mantinea,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fem.).  Mantinea,  a  city  of  Ar- 
cadia. 

Mantua,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Mantua. 

Manubrium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
MANus).  A  handle,  a  haft,  a 
hilt. 

Manus,  us  (fem.  4  decl.).  1.  A 
hand.  2.  A  body  or  band  of 
men,  a  band  of  soldiers. 

Marcus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Marcus. 

Mardonius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Mardonius. 

Mare,  is  (neut.  3  decl.).  The  sea. 
28 


MED 

Margarita,  m  (fem.  1  decl.^      A 
*  pearl. 

Marinus,  a,  "UM  (adj.  from  mare». 
Marine,  of  the  sea,  belonging  to 
the  sea. 

Maritimus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  mare). 
Maritime,  of  the  sea,  lying  near 
the  sea. 

Marius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.) 
Marius. 

Marmor,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.) 
Marble. 

Mars,  Martis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).     Mars,  the  god  of  war. 

Marsus,  I  (adj.).     A  Marsian. 

Martius,  II  (masc.  2  decl.).  March, 
one  of  the  months,  so  called  from 
Mars,  to  whom  it  was  consecra- 
ted. The  Latin  term  is  properly 
an  adjective,  with  mensis  under- 
stood, and  means  "  the  month  ol 
Mars." 

Martius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  Mars). 
Of  or  belonging  to  Mars,  mar- 
tial, warlike. 

Mas,  maris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
male,  the  male  of  any  creature. 

Massilia,  ^  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Marseilles. 

Mater,  tris  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
mother. 

Matricida,  m  (masc.  and  fem.  1 
decl.  from    mater  and    c.a;iiijSKC^^^ 
A  matricide. 

Maturus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Ripe, 
mature.  2.  Seasonable,  oppor- 
tune. 

MatutInus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Of  oi 
belonging  to  the  morning,  in  the 
morning,  early. 

MauretanTa,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl 
fem.).  Mauritania,  now  Fe2 
and  Morocco. 

Maxime  (adv.  superlative  of  magis) 
Very  greatly,  especially,  chiefly. 

Maximus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative  oi 
MAGNUS).  Very  great,  greatest 
very  large,  largest. 

Medi,  orum  (prop.  1i.  2  decl. 
masc).     The  Medes. 

Medicina,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  Med 
icine. 

Medicus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
physician. 

325 


MER 

Wedius,  a,  um  (adj.).     Middle,  in 

the  middle  or  midst. 
Meduka,  je.  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fern). 

Medusa. 
Megarenses,  iuM  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 

masc.    properly    an    adjective). 

The  MegarensianSj  a  people  of 

Megaris. 
Mel,  MELLis  (neut.  3  dec!.).    Hon- 

Melior,  or,  us  (adj.  comparative 
of  bonus).  Better,  more  favour- 
able, &c. 

Mellisuga,  je.  (masc.  and  fem.  1 
decl.).  2' he  humming-bird  or 
honeysucker. 

Membrum,  bri  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
member,  a  limb. 

Mem  INI  (preteritive  verb).  I  have 
remembered,  I  remember,  1  re- 
membered. 

Memor,  oris  (adj.).     Mindful. 

Memoria,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
memor).  1.  Memory.  2.  Re- 
mcmbrance. 

MeMORO,   are,    AVI,   ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  memor).  To  mention, 
to  recount,  to  relate,  to  tell. 

Mendacium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
mendax).  a  falsehood,  an  un- 
truth, a  lie. 

Mendax,  acis  (adj.  fromMENTiOR). 
Lying,  false,  untrue,  menda- 
cious, deceitful. 

Menceceus,  EOS  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc.  Greek  n.).     Menceceus. 

Mens,  mentis  (fem.  3  decl.).  The 
mind,  the  understanding,  the 
reasoning  faculty. 

Mensa,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  table. 
Mensae  secundas,  a  dessert,  the 
second  course. 

Mensis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
month. 

Mentior,  mentiri,  mentitus  sum 
(dep.  V.  4  conj.).  To  utter  a 
falsehood,  to  lie. 

Mercator,  5ris  (masc.  3  decl. 
from  mercor).  A  merchant,  a 
trader. 

Mercatuba,  -as  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
mercor).  Trade,  trajic,  com- 
merce. 

Mercatus,  u»  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
326 


MET 

mercor).  1 .  A  buying  and  sell 
ing.     2.  A  fair. 

Mercenarius,  a,  um  (adj.  from 
merges).     Hired,  mercenary. 

Merges,  edis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
mercorV  1.  Hire,  wages,  pay, 
a  reward  for  labour.     2.   Rent. 

Mergurius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Mercury. 

Mereo,  ere,  ui,  itum  (a.  v.  2 
conj.).  1.  To  deserve,  to  mer- 
it. 2.  To  earn,  to  gain,  to  ac- 
quire. 

Mereor,  eri,  itus  sum  (dep.  v.  2 
conj.).  Same  signification  as 
mereo. 

Merges,  itis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
sheaf  of  corn. 

Meridianus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  mk- 
RiDiEs).  1.  0/  or  belonging  to 
midday,  done  at  midday,  midday. 
2.  Southern,  south. 

Meridies,  ei  (fem.  5  decl.  from 
MEDius  and  dies).  1.  Midday, 
noon.     2.    The  south. 

MerIto  (adv.  properly,  however, 
the  ablative  of  meritus).  De- 
servedly, with  reason. 

Meritus,  a,  um  (part,  from  mere- 
or). Having  deserved,  having 
merited. 

Meritus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.).  De^ 
served,  merited. 

Merula,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  Ai 
ousel,  a  blackbird. 

Merx,  mercis  (fem.  3  decl.) 
Wares,  merchandise,  commodi 
tics,  goods.  More  commonly 
found  in  the  plural,  merges,  with 
same  meaning. 

Messis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.  from  me- 
to).  a  harvest,  a  crop  of  ripe 
corn. 

Messor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
meto).  a  reaper,  a  mower,  a 
harvest  man. 

Metallum,  i  (neut.  2  dec!.). 
Metal. 

Metior,  metiri,  mensus,  rarelj 
mktitus  sum  (dep.  v.  4  conj.) 
To  measure. 

Metuo,  uere,  ui  (a.  v.  3  conj.) 
To  fear. 

Mktus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.").     Fea* 


MIN 

tti^us,   A,    UM   (possessive   pron.). 

My^  mine. 
Midas,    je    (prop.     n.     1     decL). 

Midas. 
MiGRATio,  oNis  (fern.  3  decl.  from 

MiGRo).    A  removal,  a  migratiori, 

a  departure  from  one  place  for 

another. 

MiGRO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM    (nCUt.   V.   1 

conj.).  To  remove,  to  migrate, 
to  depart  from  one  place  for  an- 
other. 

Miles,  itis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.).     A  soldier. 

MiLEsius,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Of  or  he- 
longing  to  Miletus,  Milesian. 

Miletus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  fem.). 
Miletus,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor. 

Militia,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from  mi- 
les). 1.  Military  service,  war- 
fare.    2.   Soldiers. 

Mille  (num.  adj.  indeclinable).  A 
thousand. 

Mille  (substantive,  neuter  gender, 
indeclinable  in  singular,  and  fol- 
lowed by  a  genitive  ;  as,  mille 
hominum.  In  plural,  millia,  mil- 
LiUM,  &c.  Found  more  frequent- 
ly in  the  plural).     A  thousand. 

Millesimus,  a,  UM  (num.  adj.  from 
mille).     The  thousandth. 

Minerva,  je.  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Minerva. 

MiNiME  (adv.  superlature,  common- 
ly assigned  to  parum,  but  derived 
from  minimus). 

Minimus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative  of 
parvus).  Least,  smallest,  very 
small. 

Minister,  tri  (masc.  2  decl.  from 
minus).  1 .  A  servant,  an  attend- 
ant. 2.  An  agent,  a  manager. 
3.  A  tool.  (Some  derive  it  from 
manus.) 

Ministerium,  II  (neut.  2  decl. 
from  minister).  Service,  min- 
istry, attendance,  office. 

Minos,  ois  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  r^asc,). 
Minos,  the  celebrated  lawgiver 
of  Crete. 

Minus  (neut.  of  minor,  adj.  com- 
parative degree  of  parvus). 
Less. 

Minus  (adv.  comparative  of  par- 


MOD 

um).  Less,  in  a  less  degree,  in 
a  smaller  degree. 

MiRABiLis,  IS,  E  (verbal  adj.  from 
miror).  Wonderful,  to  he  won- 
dered at,  admirable,  worthy  to  he 
admired,  marvellous,  strange. 

Miror,  art,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  J 
conj.).  To  wonder  at,  to  admire, 
to  he  surprised. 

MiRus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Wonderful 
surprising,  strange. 

MiSCEO,   MISCERE,    MISCUI,    MISTUM 

or  MixTUM  (a.  V.  2  conj.).  To 
mix,  to  hlend,  to  intermingle. 

Miser,  era,  erum  (adj.).  Miser 
ahle,  wretched. 

Miserabilis,  is,  e  (verbal  adj.  from 
MISER  or).  To  he  pitied,  deser- 
ving of  compa.-sion,  pitiable,  de- 
plorable, miser  ihle,  lamentable, 
wretched. 

Misere  (adv.  from  miser).  Mis- 
erably, wretchedly,  unhappily. 

MisEREOR,      MISEKEHI,      MISERITUS 

SUM  (dep.  V.  2  con],  from  miser). 
To  pity,  to  commiserate,  to  have 
compassion  on. 

MisERiA,  JE,  (fem.  1  decl.  from  mi- 
ser).     Wretchedness,  misery. 

MisERicoRDiA,  M  (fcm.  1  dccl.  from 
miser  and  cor).  Mercy,  com- 
passion, pity. 

MiTis,  IS,  e  (adj.).  1.  Mild,  soft, 
tender,  ripe,  mellow.  2.  Kind- 
hearted,  compassionate.  3.  Tol- 
erable, light,  easy. 

MlTTO,    MITTERE,    MISI,  MISSUM    (a 

V.  3  conj. ).    T'o  send,  to  despatch 
MoBiLis,   IS,   E   (verbal   adj.  froni 
MovEo).      Easy    to    he    moved, 
moveable. 

MODERO,    ARE,   AVI,    ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  modus).  To  moder- 
ate, to  regulate,  to  govern. 

MODEROR,  ARl,    ATUS    SUM    (dep.   \ 

1  conj.).  To  moderate,  to  regu 
late,  to  set  limits  to,  to  govern. 
It  is  more  frequently  used  than 
the  form  modero. 

MoDESTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
MODESTUs).  1.  Moderation,  self- 
control.  2.  Modesty,  hashful- 
ness. 

MoDESTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  modus' 

a?7 


F' 


MOR 

1.  Moderate,  temperate^  discreet. 

2.  Modest,  reserved. 

MoDius,  ii  (masc.  2  decl.).  Amod- 
ius^  the  principal  Roman  measure 
for  things  dry.  Often  translated 
by  our  term  bushel,  but  incor- 
rectly. It  is  somewhat  more  than 
a  peck,  English  measure. 

wIoDO  (adv.).  1 .  Just  now,  a  little 
while  ago,  lately,  but  this  mo- 
ment. 2.  Now.  3.  Sametimes. 
4.   Only. 

Modus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.)-  1.  A 
measure,  a  manner,  way,  method^ 
fashion.     2.  Measure,  quantity. 

3.  A  boundary,  a  limit. 
McENiA,  lUM  (neut.  3  decl.).     The 

walls  of  a  city,  ramparts.  More 
commonly,  however,  taken  for 
the  whole  fortifications,  and  to  be 
so  rendered. 

M(ER0R,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.).  Sor- 
roio,  deep  affliction,  grief. 

MoLA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).  1.  A 
mill.  2.  A  millstone.  3.  A 
cake  made  of  meal  awd  salt,  and 
used  at  the  Roman  sacrifices. 

MoLESTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
MOLESTus).  Uneasiness,  vexa- 
tion, trouble. 

MoLESTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  moles). 
Troublesome,  offensive,  importu- 
nate, teasing,  unreasonable. 

MoLLio,  IRE,  ivi,  iTUM  (a.  V.  4  conj. 
from  mollis).  1.  To  soften,  to 
make  tender,  to  appease,  to  miti- 
gate. 2.  To  civilize,  to  domes- 
ticate, to  tame. 

Mollis,  is,  e  (adj.).     Soft,  tender. 

MONEO,   MONERE,   MONUI,    MOiNITUM 

(v.  a.  2  conj).     To  warn,  to  re- 
mind, to  admonish. 
MoNs,  MONTIS  (masc.  3  decl.).    A 
mountain. 

MONSTRO,   ARE,   AVI,   ATUM    (a.  V.    1 

conj.).  To  point  out,  to  show,  to 
tell,  to  inform,  to  declare. 

MoNSTRUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
monster,  a  prodigy. 

MoNUMENTUM,  I  (ueut.  2  dccl.  from 
MONEo).  A  monument,  a  memo- 
rial. 

Morbus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  dis- 
ease, c  malady. 
328 


MUL 

MORDEO,  MORDERE,  MOM  JR1>1,  MOR 

SUM  (a.  V.  2  conj.).      To  gnaw 
to  bite,  to  champ. 

MORIOR,  MORI,  MORTUUS  SUM  (dcp. 

V.  3  conj.).     To  die,  to  expire. 

MOROR,    ARI,    ATUS    SUM    (dcp.   V.   1 

conj.).     To   delay,   to   tarry,  tc 

linger,  to  loiter. 
MoRosus,  A,  UM   (adj.).     Hard  to 

please,  morose,  peevish,  fretful, 

testy. 
Mors,     mortis    (fem.    3    decl.) 

Death. 
MoRTALis,  IS,  R  (adj.  from  mors) 

Mortal,  subject  to  death. 
MoRTALiTAS,   ATis    (fem.   3   decl. 

from  MORTALis).     Mortality,  sub 

jection  to  death. 
MoRTiFER,  ERA,  BRUM   (adj.  from 

MORS  and  fero).     Deadly,  mor- 
tal, causing  death. 
MoRTuus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  moriorj 

Dead,  defunct. 
Mos,   MORIS   (masc.  3   decl.).     A 

manner,  custom,  way,  fashion. 
MosELLA,  j&    (masc.   and   fem.    1 

decl.).     The  Moselle,  a  river  of 

France. 
Moses,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  masc). 

Moses.    A  genitive,  Mosi,  is  fre- 
quently employed. 
MoTio,   6x\is   (fem.   3   decl.   from 

moveo).     a  moving,  a  motion. 
MoTus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  mo- 
veo).    A  motion,  a  movement,  a 

commotion. 
MoTUs,  A,  UM:*(part.  from  moveo). 

Moved,  put  in  motion,  aroused, 

agitated,  impelled. 
Moveo,  movere,  movi,  motum  (a. 

V.  2  conj.).     To  move,  to  stir,  to 

rouse. 
Mox  (adv.).    Presently,  by-and-by, 

soon. 
MuLiER,  ERis   (fem.  3  decl.).     A 

female,  a  woman. 
Multitudo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

MULTUs).     A  multitude. 
MuLTo    and    Mulcto,    a«e,  ivi, 

ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj.).     To  Jinet 

to  mulct,  to  amerce. 
MuLTO  (adv.  from  multus,  proper- 
ly an  ablative  neuter).      Much,  b^ 

much,  by  far,  a  great  deal 


MYO 

MuLTUM  (adv.  properly  the  neuter 
of  MULTUs).    Much,  greatly  J  far. 

MuLTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Many,  nu- 
merouSy  much. 

MuMMius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl.). 
Mummius. 

MuNDiTiA,  ^  (fern.  I  decl.  from 
MUNDUs,  A,  um).  Cleanliness^ 
neatness. 

MuNDiTiEs,  EI  (fem.  5  decl.  from 
MUNDUS,  A,  um).  Same  sigmfi- 
cation  as  munditia. 

MuNDUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Clean,  neat, 
plain,  cleanly. 

MuNDus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  The 
universe,  the  world. 

MuNiA,  lUM  (neut.  plural,  3  decl. 
sing,  wanting).  1.  Public  offices, 
places  of  trust.  2.  The  duties 
of  a  public  or  private  station. 

MuNiFicENTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl. 
from  MUNUs  and  facio).  Munif- 
icence, liberality,  generosity. 

MuNiFicus,  A,  uM  (adj.  from  munus 
and  FACio).  Munificent,  liberal, 
bountiful,  generous.  Compara- 
tive MUNiFicENTioR,  Superlative 

MUNIFICENTISSIMUS. 
MUNIO,     IRE,     ivi,    ITUM    (a.     V.     4 

conj . ).     To  fortify,  to  secure  with 

walls,  to  defend,  to  protect. 
Munus,  eris   (neut.  3  decl.).     A 

gift,  present,  reward,  favour. 
MuRiA,  M  (fem.  1  decl).     Brine, 

pickle. 
Murmur,  uris  (neut.  3  decl.).     A 

murmur. 
Murus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  wall 

of  a  city,  a  wall  of  defence. 
Mus,    MURis   (masc.    and    fem.    3 

decl.).     A  mouse. 
MusA,  JE.  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  muse. 
MuscA,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  fly. 
MuTABiLis,  is,  e  (verbal  adj.  from 

MUTo).     Changeable,  subject  to 

change,  inconstant,  fickle. 

MUTO,     are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.).     To  change,  to  alter. 
MuTuoR,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 

conj.).      To  borrow. 
MuTUs,  A,  UxM  (adj.).    Dumb,  mule, 

silent. 
Mycale,  es  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 

Mycale,   a   promontory  of  Asia 
28* 


NAV 
Minor,  opposite  Samos,  where 
the  Persians  were  defeated  by 
the  Greeks  the  same  day  with 
the  battle  of  Platea. 
Mysterium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl ).  A 
mystery. 

N. 
Nam  (conjc).     For. 
Namque  (conjc.  from  nam  and  cjue/ 

For. 
Naris,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  nostri.. 
Nar ratio,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

NARRo).    A  relation,  a  narrative, 

a  narrating,  a  relating. 

NaRRO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.).      To  relate,  to  narrate,  to 
recount,  to  tell. 

Nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum  (dep.  v. 
3  conj.).     To  be  born. 

Nasus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  nose. 

Natalis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  natus). 
Natal,  appertaining  to  a  man's 
birth.  Used  also  as  a  noun,  a 
birthday,  and,  in  the  plural,  birth, 
parentage,  extraction,  lineage. 

Nato,  are,  avi,  ATUM  (neut.  v.  1 
conj.).      To  swim. 

Natrix,  icis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.).     A  water-serpent. 

Natu,  vid.  Natus. 

Natura,  je.  (fem.  1  decl.  from  nas- 
cor).    Nature. 

Naturai.is,  is,  e  (adj.  from  natu- 
ra).    Natural. 

Natus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
nascor).  1.  Birth.  2.  Age. 
Maximus  natu,  the  eldest.  Minor 
natu,  younger,  &c. 

Nauta,  m  (masc.  1  decl.  contract- 
ed from  N  a  VITA,  which  last  is 
from  NA VI s).  A  seaman,  a  sailor, 
a  mariner. 

Navalis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  navis). 
Naval,  of  or  belonging  to  ships. 

Navigatio,  5nis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
NAViGo).  A  sailing,  a  naviga 
ting,  navigation,  a  voyage 

Navigator,  oris  (mas?5  3  decl 
from  navigo).  A  mariner,  a 
navigator,  a  sailor. 

Navigo,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v  1 
conj.  from  navis  and  ago).  Tc 
navigate. 

.329 


NER 

Nivis,  IS  (fern.  3  decl.).      t  ship. 

Ne  (adv.).     Not  that,  not,  lest. 

Ne  (enclitic  interrogative  particle). 
Whether.  It  is  most  commonly 
expressed,  however,  in  transla- 
ting, merely  by  the  tone  of  the 
voice  ;  as,  jamne  mdes,  "  do  you 
now  see  1" 

Neapous,  is  (prop.  n.  fem.  3  decl.). 
Naples. 

Nebula,  M{{em.  1  decl.).  A  fog, 
mist,  vapour. 

Nec  (adv.).    Neither,  nor,  and  not. 

Necessarius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ne- 
cesse).     Necessary. 

Necesse  (indeclinable  adjective, 
neuter  gender).  Necessary,  of 
necessity. 

Necessitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
necesse).     Necessity. 

Necne  (adv.  from  nec  and  ne). 
Or  not,  or  no. 

NeCO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj. 
from  nex).  To  kill,  to  put  to 
death,  to  slay,  to  assassinate. 

Nectar,  ARis(neut.  3  decl).  Nec- 
tar, the  fabled  drink  of  the  gods. 

Nefas  (indeclinable  adj.  neut.  from 
NEC  and  fas).  Unholy,  wicked, 
unlawful,  impious. 

Negotium,  II  (neut.  2. decl.  from 
NEC  and  otium):  1.  A  business, 
an  office,  an  employment,  transac- 
tion, an  affair.  2.  A  matter,  a 
thing. 

Nemo,  inis  (masc.  and  fem.  3  decl. 
from  NE  and  homo).  No  one, 
nobody,  no  man. 

Nepos,  OTIS  (masc.  3  decl.).  1. 
A  grandson.  2.  A  spendthrift, 
a  prodigal.  In  the  plural,  nepo- 
TEs,  posterity,  descendants. 

Neptunus,  I  (^rop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  Neptune,  the  god  of 
the  sea. 

Nequam  (indeclinable  adj.  masc. 
and  fem.).  Worthless,  profligate, 
loicked.  Comparative  nequior, 
superlative  nequissimus. 

Nequaquam  (adv.).     By  no  means. 

Neque  (conjc).  Neither,  nor,  and 
not. 

Nero,  onis  (prop  n.  3  decl.  masc). 
Nero. 


NOB 

Nescio,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (a. 
V.  4  conj.  from  ne  and  scio).  Tc 
be  ignorant  of,  not  to  know. 

Neu  (conjc.  contracted  from  neve). 
Nor,  neither. 

Neuter,  tra,  trum  (adj.  from  MS 
and  uter).     Neither. 

Neve  (conjc).  Nor,  neither,  and 
not. 

Nex,  necis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A  vio- 
lent death,  death,  assassination, 
killing,  slaying,  murder. 

Ni  (conjc  contracted  from  nisi) 
If  not,  unless. 

NlDULOR,  ARI,  ATUS   SUM  (dcp.  V.   1 

conj.  from  nidus).  To  build  or 
construct  a  nest. 

Nidus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  nest. 

Niger,  gra,  grum  (adj.).  Black, 
sable,  dusky,  dark. 

Nihil  (indeclinable  neuter  noun, 
contracted  from  nihilum)  No 
thing. 

NiHiLOMiNus  (adv.  from  nihilo 
and  minus).  Nevertheless,  not- 
withstanding. It  is  often  writ- 
ten separately,  nihilo  MfNus. 

Nihilo,  vid.  Nihilominus. 

Nihilum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  No- 
thing. 

Nimbus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  1.  A 
storm-cloud.  2.  A  storm,  a  vio- 
lent storm.  3.  A  bright  cloud 
or  light  accompanying  the  appear- 
ance of  the  gods.  4.  A  halo  or 
luminous  circle  around  the  head 
of  a  divinity. 

NiMis  (adv.).  Too,  very,  too  much^ 
extremely,  exceedingly,  beyona 
measure. 

Nimium  (adv.  from  nimis).  Too, 
too  much,  very  much,  greatly. 

Nimius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  nimis). 
Too  mu£h,  too  great,  excessive, 
immoderate,  above  measure,  su- 
perfluous. 

Nisi  (conjc.  fr-om  ne  and  si).  Un- 
less ^  if  not.  ♦ 

NivEUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  nix).  1. 
Snowy,  of  snow.    2.  Snow-white 

Nix,  NLvis  (fem.  3  decl.).     Snow. 

NobTlfs,  is,  E(adj.  contracted  from 
NOsciBiLis).  Well-known,  il/us" 
irious,  yioble. 


NOT 

NocEo,  ERE,  ui,  iTUM  (ncut.  V.  2 
conj.).     To  huri,  to  injure. 

NocTU  (ablative  of  noctus,  us). 
By  nighty  in  the  nighttime. 

NocTUA,  ^  (fem.  1  decL).  An 
owl. 

NocTURNUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  noc- 
tus).    Nocturnal^  of  night. 

Nodus,  i  (raasc.  2  decl.).  A  knot, 
tie,  bond 

Nolo,  nolle,  n5lui  (irreg.  v.  from 
NON  and  volo).    To  be  unwilling. 

NoMADEs,  UM  (prop.  D.  3  decl. 
masc).  Nomddes,  a  pastoral 
race  or  people.  The  nominative 
singular,  Nomas,  adis  or  ados, 
is  not  much  used. 

Nomas,  adis,  vid.  Nomades. 

NoMEN,  iNis  (neut.  3  decl.  contract- 
ed from  NosciMEN,  which  comes 
from  Nosco).  A  name,  an  ap- 
pellation. 

NOMINO,    ARE,  AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  nomen).     To  name, 

to  call  by  name. 
Non  (adv.).     Not,  no. 
NoNAGiNTA  (numeral  adj.).  Ninety. 
Nongenti,   je,  a   (numeral  adj.). 

Nine  hundred. 
NoNNE    (interrogative    adv.    from 

NON  and  ne).     Not  7  ivhether  or 

not. 
Nonnullus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  non 

and  nullus).     Some. 
NoNNUNQUAM  (adv.  from  non  and 

nunquam).       Sometimes,    occa- 
sionally. 
Non  US,  A,  UM  (numeral  adj.  con- 
tracted   from    novenus,    which 

comes  from  novem).     The  ninth, 

a  ninth. 
Noster,    tra,    trum    (possessive 

pronoun,  from  nos).     Our,  ours, 

our  own. 
Nostras,  atis  (patrial  pron.).     Of 

our  country  or  nation,  of  our  sect 

or  party. 
Not  A,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  mark, 

a  sign,  a  note. 
NoTO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  v.  1  conj. 

from  nota).     To  mark,  to  note, 

to  distinguish  by  a  mark  or  note. 
iloTUs,   A,   UM   (verbal   adj.    from 

Nosco).     K'^iown. 


NUM 

Novacula,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
razor,  any  sharp  knife. 

Novem  (indeclinable  numeral  adj.). 
Nine. 

November,  bris  (masc.  3  decl.). 
November,  the  ninth  month  from 
March,  which  latter  originally 
commenced  the  Roman  year. 

Novi  (preteritive  verb,  the  perfect 
of  nosco).     1  know,  I  knew. 

No  VIES  (numeral  adverb,  from  no 
vem).     Nine  times. 

Novus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  New.  Com- 
parative NO VI OR,  superlative  no- 
vissiMUs.  Novum  Eboracum, 
New-  York. 

Noxius,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  noxia). 
Hurtful,  harmful,  injurious. 

NuBEs,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  cloud. 

Nucleus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  1. 
The  kernel  of  a  nut.  2.  The  pit 
of  an  olive,  plum,  peach,  or  other 
fruit. 

Nudus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Naked,  un- 
covered, bare. 

Nullus.  a,  um  (adj.  from  ne  and 
ULLUs)  None,  not  any  one,  no 
one,  nobody. 

NuM(adv.).  Whether  1  Often  ren- 
dered into  English  by  the  mere 
tone  of  the  voice. 

NuMA,  JE.  (prop.  n.  masc.  3  decl.). 
Numa,  the  successor  of  Romu- 
lus. 

NuMANTiA,  JE  (prop.  n.  fem.  1 
decl).  Numanlia,  a  city  of 
Spain,  famed  for  withstanding 
the  Romans  many  years. 

NuMANTiNus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  Nu- 
mantia).  Numantine,  of  or  be 
longing  to  Numantia. 

NuMEN,  INIS   (neut.  3   decl.  con- 

•  tracted  from  nuimen,  which 
comes  from  nuo).  1.  A  nod. 
2.  The  will  of  a  deity  expressed 
by  a  nod.  3.  The  will  of  Heav' 
en,  the  power  of  the  gods.  4. 
Deity,  divinity,  Divinejpower. 

NUMERO,    ARE,    AVI,   ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  numerus).    To  count, 

to  number,  to  reckon. 
Numerus,  i   (masc.  2   decl.).     A 

number,  number,  quantity. 
Numidia,  JE  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem  \ 
331 


oBJS 

Numididy  answering  nearly  to  the 

modern  country  of  Algiers. 
NuMiTOR,  ORIS  (prop.   n.   3  decl. 

masc).     Numitor. 
NuMMUs,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).     1.  A 

piece  of  money.     2.  Money. 
Nunc  (adv.).     NoWy  at  present^  at 

this  time. 
NuNQUAM  (adv.).     Never. 
NuNTius,  ii  (inasc.  2  decl.).     1.  A 

messenger.     2.    News,    tidings, 

tntelligence. 
NupER   (adv.).     Lately,  not  long 

ago. 
NuRus,    us    (fern.    4    decl.).     A 

daughter-in-law. 
NusQUAxM  (adv.).     Nowhere. 

NUTRIO,    IRE,    ivi,    ITUM    (a.     V.     4 

conj.).     To  nourish,  to  cherish, 
to  foster,  to  bring  up,  to  rear. 
Nux,  Nucis  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  7iut. 

O. 

O  (interj.) !     Oh  ! 

Ob  (prep,  with  the  accusative).    On 

account  of,  for. 
Obductus,  a,  um   (part,  from  ob- 

Duco).     Drawn  over,  laid  over, 

drawn,  across. 

ObDURO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  ob  and  duro).  To 
harden,  lo  make  hard. 

'Obediens,  entis  (verbal  adj.  from 
obedio).     Obedient. 

Obedio,  ire,  ivi,  ITUM  (neut.  v.  4 
conj.  from  ob  and  audio).  To 
obey,  to  comply  with. 

Obeo,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (neut. 
V.  4  conj.  from  ob  and  eo).  1. 
To  come  in  contact  with.  2.  To 
engage  in,  to  go  through,  to  pass 
or  travel  over.  3.  To  execute, 
to  fulfil.  4:.^To  move  up  and 
down.  Obire  diem  snpremum, 
to  die  (i.  e.,  to  come  in  contact 
with  one's  last  day).  Obire  mor- 
tem, to  die.  The  adjective  su- 
premum  is  often,  however,  un- 
derstood. 

ObLIVISCOR,      OBLIVISCI,       OBLITUS 

SUM  (dep.  V.  3  conj.).  To  for- 
get. 

Oblongus,  a,  um  (adj-).     Oblong. 

Obnoxius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ob  and 
332 


OCE 

Noxius).     Liable,  subject,  chnox 

ious,  exposed  to. 

ObsCURO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  obscurus).  To  ob- 
scure, to  darken. 

Obscurus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Obscure, 
dark. 

Obsequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum 
(dep.  V.  3  conj.  from  ob  and  se- 
quor).  To  comply  with,  to  obey, 
to  humour,  to  oblige,  to  gratify. 

Obses,  idis  (masc.  and  fern.).  A 
hostage. 

Obsum,  esse,  fui  (irreg.  neut.  v. 
from  OB  and  sum).  To  hinder,  to 
hurt,  to  prove  prejudicial  to. 

Obtempero,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (ncut. 
V.  1  conj).  To  obey,  to  comply 
with,  to  submit  to. 

Obtineo,  ere,  ui,  entum  (a.  v.  2 
conj.  from  ob  and  teneo).  I. 
To  hold  against  another,  to  have 
possession,  to  hold,  to  possess. 
2.   To  obtain. 

ObTRUNCO,    are,   AVI,   ATUM    (a.    V. 

1  conj.).      To  behead,  to  put  to 

death,  to  cut  off  the  limbs,  to  lop 

off 
OccA,  M  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  harrow, 

a  rake. 
OccAsTo,  oNis  (fem.  3  decl.).     An 

occasion,  an  opportunity,  a  fit  or 

convenient  season. 
OcciDo,  cidere,  cidi,  casum  (neut. 

V.  3  conj.  from  ob  and  cado).     To 

fall,  to  fall  down. 
OcciDo,  cidere,  cidi,  cisum  (a,  V. 

V.  3  conj.  from  ob  and  c^do). 

To   kill,  to  slay,  to  murder,  to 

cut  off. 
Occiduus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  occido). 

1.     Setting,    going    down.      2. 
Western. 
Occisus,  A,  UM  (part,  from  occido). 

Slain. 

OccULTO,    are,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.  V.  1 

conj.  frequentative  from  occuLo) 
To  conceal,  to  hide. 

OCCUPO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  ob  and  capio).     T» 
seize,  to  take  possession  of,  to  oc- 
cupy. 
'OcEANUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).      Tk^ 
ocean. 


OFF 

OcTAViANus,  I  (prop.  n>  2  decl. 
masc).     Ociavianus. 

OcTAVus,  A,  UM  (numeral  adjective 
from  ocTo).     The  eighth. 

OcTiEs  (numeral  adverb,  from  oc- 
To).     Eight  times. 

OcTiNGENTEsiMus,  A,  UM  (numeral 
adjective  from  ocTiNGENTi).  The 
eight  hundredth. 

OcTiNGENTi  (numeral  adj.).  Eight 
hundred. 

OcTLNGENTiEs  (numeral  adv.  from 
OCTINGENTI).  Eight  hundvcd 
times. 

OcTo  (numeral  adj.).     Eight. 

October,  bris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
ocTo).  October,  the  eighth 
month  from  March,  which  latter 
was  originally  the  beginning  of 
the  Roman  year. 

OcTOGENi,  JE,  k  (distributive  nu- 
meral). Eighty  each,  eighty  at 
a  time. 

OcTOGESiMUs,  A,  UM  (numeral  adj. 
from  octoginta).    The  eightieth. 

OcTOGiNTA  (numeral  adj.).  Eighty. 

Octoni,  je,  a  (distributive  numer- 
al).    Eight  each,  eight  by  eight. 

"Ocularis,  is,  e  (adj.  fromocuLus). 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  eye.  Vitra 
ocularia,  spectacles. 

"(^cularium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl  from 
ocuLus).  An  eyeglass.  Proper- 
ly an  adj.  with  vitrum  understood. 

"OcuLus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     The 

eye. 
Odi  (preteritive  verb,  from  the  old 
present  odio).     1  hate,  I  hated, 
1  have  hated. 

'Odiosus,  a,  UM  (adj.  frv>m  odium). 
Hateful,  odious. 

'Odium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.).  Hatred, 
hate,  ill-will,  odium. 

'Odor,  5ris  (masc.  3  dec!.).  A 
scent,  a  smell,  an  odour,  a  per- 
fume. 

'OuoRiFERus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  odor 
and  FERo).  Producing  an  odour ^ 
odoriferous,  sioeet-smelling. 

OfFENDO,  FENDERE,  FENDI,  FEN- 
BUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  hit, 
to  strike,  to  run  against.  2.  To 
offend,  to  displease. 

Offero,  offerre,  obtuli,  obla- 


OPE 

tum  (irreg.  v.  from  ob  and  fero) 
To  present,  to  bring  before,  U 
offer. 

Officina,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  1.  A 
workshop,  a  place  where  anything 
is  made  or  constructed.  2.  A 
generating-place. 

■OH(interj.)!     Oh!  0!  ah! 

"Ohe  (interj.)  !  What  ho,  there  . 
hold !  ^ 

^Oleum,  i  (neut.  2  decl).     Oil. 

Olfacio,  facere,  feci,  factum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  oleo  and  fa- 
cio).  To  smell,  to  smell  at,  to 
scent.  Passive  voice,  Olfio, 
fieri,  factus  sum. 

Olfactus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
olfacio).  The  sense  of  smell, 
smell,  a  smelling. 

"Olim  (adv.).  Formerly,  ago,  once 
upon  a  time,  a  while  ago. 

Olla,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.),  A  pot,  an 
earthen  vessel,  a,  jar. 

"Olus,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.).  Vege- 
tables, greens,  potherbs. 

''Olymfias,  adis  (fem.  3  decl).  An 
Olympiad,  a  period  of  four  years, 
from  one  celebration  of  the  Olym- 
pic games  to  another. 

"Olympicus,  A,  UM  (adj.).   Olympic. 

"Olympius,  a,  UM  (adj.).  Olympic. 
Olympii  (ludi),  the  Olympic 
games. 

"Olympus,  i  (masc.  2  decl).  Olym- 
pus, a  celebrated  mountain  oi 
Thessaly,  the  fabled  residence  oi 
the  gods. 

Omnino (adv. ).    Altogether,  wholly. 

Omnipotens,  entis  (adj  from  om- 
Nis  and  potens).  Omnipotent, 
all-powerful. 

Omnis,  is,  e  (adj.).     All,  every. 

"Onus,  eris  (neut.  3  decl'  A 
burden,  a  load. 

I  "Opera,  je  (fem.  1  decl).     Assist- 

I      ance,  work,  labour. 

I  "Operio,  operire,  operui,  oper- 
tum  (a.  V.  4  conj.).     To  shur.  up. 

"Operosus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  ope- 
ra). Laborious,  industrious,  ac- 
tive, busy. 

"Opes,  um  if  fem.  3  decl  plural  nunv 
ber,  from  ops).  Riches,  wealth, 
resources. 

•^3^ 


ORA 

Opifex,  ficis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.  from  '*^»l'«  and  facio).  An 
artist  J  a^  ^"-(ificerj  a  workman,  a 
maker. 

'OpiFiciDM,  IT  ''neut.  2  decl.  from 
opifex).  Workmanship,  handi- 
work. 

"Opimus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Fat, 
well-grown.  2.  Rich,  wealthy, 
abundant,  plentiful,  fertile,  pro- 
ductive, 

'Opinio,  6n:s  (fem.  3  decl).  Opin- 
ion, supposition. 

Opinor,  art,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  have  an  opinion,  to 
be  of  opinion,  to  think. 

"OpiTOLOR,  ARI,  ATUS  SUM    (dcp.  V. 

1  conj.).     To  help,  to  aid,  to  as- 
sist, to  succour. 
Opperior,     opperiri,     oppertus 
SUM  (dep.  V.  4  conj.).     To  wait 
for,  to  expect. 
Oppidum,    I    (neut.    2    decl.).     A 

town,  generally  a  walled  one. 
Ops,  opis  (fem.  3  decl.).     Means, 
resources,  assistance  (vid.  Opes). 
The  genitive,  accusative,  and  ab- 
lative are  alone  used  in  the  sin- 
gular. 
Optabilis,  is,  e  (verbal  adj.  from 
OPTO).     Desirable^  to  be  wished 
for. 
Optime  (adv.  superlative  of  bene). 

Very  well,  best,  excellently. 
Optimos,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative  of 
bonus).     Very  good,  best,  excel- 
lent. 
Ofto,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1  conj.). 

To  wish,  to  choose,  to  prefer. 
'Opulenter  (adv.).     Abundantly, 
richly.     The  form  opulente  is 
also  in  use. 
'Opulentus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  opes). 

Rich,  wealthy,  opulent. 
Opus,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.).    Work, 

labour,  performance,  task. 
"Opus  (indeclinable).    Need,  neces- 
sity. 
Ok  A,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).     1.   The 
extremity  or  margin  of  anything, 
a  border.     2.  A  coast,  seacoast, 
shore.     3.  A  region,  a  territory. 
Oraculum,  1  (neut.  2  dec].\     An 
orcclc. 
H34 


OS 

"Oratio,  6ni8  (fem  3  decl.  from 
ORo).  1.  A  speech,  discourse^ 
oration.  2.  A  prayer.  Oratio 
Dominica,  the  Lord's  prayer. 

"Orator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
ORo).  An  orator,  a  public 
speaker. 

Orbator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl).  A 
depriver,  a  bereaver. 

Orbis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).  1.  An 
orb,  a  globe.  2.  The  earth,  the 
world  {terrdrum  being  here  un 
derstood). 

Ordior,  ordiri,  orsus  sum  (dep 
V.  4  conj.).     To  begin. 

Ordo,  inis  (masc.  3  decl.).  Order^ 
arrangement,  rank,  a  rank  in 
military  language. 

'Orestes,  je  (masc.  1  decl.),  and 
is  (masc.  3  decl.  prop.  n.). 
Orestes. 

Orgetorix,  igis  (prop.  n.  3  decl 
masc).     Orgetorix. 

"Oriens,  entis  (verbal  adj.  from 
orior).  Rising.  Often  used 
as  a  noun,  with  sol  understood, 
and  then  meaning  the  east. 

'Origo,    inis   (fem.    3  decl.  from  ' 
orior).     An  origin,  a  source. 

■'Orior,  ori  and  oriri,  ortus  sum 
(dep.  V.  3  conj.).  To  arise,  to 
grow  up,  to  spring. 

Ornamentum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
orno).     An  ornament. 

Orno,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).     To  adorn,  to  ornament. 

Ornus,  i  (fem.  2  decl.).  A  wild 
ash,  a  mountain  ash. 

"Oro,  ark,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1  conj. 
from  OS,  oris).  1.  To  speak,  to 
utter.  2.  To  entreat,  to  pray, 
to  beseech,  to  beg. 

Orpheus,  eos  (prop.  n.  3  decl 
masc.  Greek  noun),  and  Orphe- 
us, El  (2  decl.).     Orpheus. 

Ortus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
orior).  1.  A  rising,  springing 
up.  2.  A  birth.  3.  A  begin- 
ning, origin. 

""Oryza,  m.  (fem.  1  decl.).     Rice. 
Os,  ORIS  (neut.  3  decl.).     1.   The 
mouth.    2.  The  countenance,  the 
face. 
Otj.  ossjs  0-^:^1   3  decl  ).     A  hone 


PAL 
38CEN,  iNis   (masc.  3  decl.).     A 
bird  that  forebodes  by  its  note  or 
cri/f  an  oscen. 

OSTENDO,  TENDERE,  TENDI,  TEN- 
SUM  or  TENTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj). 
To  show,  to  signify y  to  intimate. 

Ostium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.)-  A.  door, 
a  gate,  a  mouth  of  a  harbour. 

OsTRUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.)-  1-  The 
juice  of  a  shellfish  which  produces 
purple.  2.  PurplCj  scarlet,  crim- 
son. 

'Otiosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  otium). 
1 .  At  leisure,  unoccupied.  2. 1?i- 
dolent,  lazy.  3.  Secure,  quiet, 
calm. 

Otto,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.)- 
Oiho. 

'OviLE,  IS  (neut.  3  decl.  from  ovis). 
A  sheepfold,  a  fold. 

'Ovis,  is  (fern.  3  decl.).     A  sheep. 

"Ovum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     An  egg. 

P. 

Pabulum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from  pas- 

co).     Fodder,  pasture,  food  for 

cattle,  &c. 
Padus,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 

The  Po. 
Pal^polis,  is  (prop.   n.   fem.   3 

decl).     Palcepolis. 
Palam   (adv.).     Openly,  publicly, 

before  all. 
Palatum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     The 

palate. 
Pallas,  adis  and  ados   (prop.  n. 

fem.  3   decl.).     Pallas,  one   of 

the  names  of  Minerva. 
Palleo,  ere,  ui  (neut.  v.  2  conj.). 

To  turn  pale,  to  be  pale. 
Palliolum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  dimin- 
utive from   pallium).     A   little 

cloak  or  mantle. 
Pallium,  ii  (neut.    2   decl.).     A 

cloak,  a  mantle.     Properly  the 

outer  robe  of  the  Greeks. 
Pallor,    5ris    (masc.    3    decl.). 

Paleness. 
Palpebra,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     An 

eyelid. 
Palus,  i  *(masc.  2  decl.).    A  stake. 
Palus,  udis  (^m.  3  decl.).    A  fen, 

a  marsh. 
Palusteij,   TRis,   tre   (adj.    from 


PAR 

palus).     Marshy,  belonging  U 

a  marsh. 
Pampinus,   I    (masc.   and  fem.   3 

decl.).     1.  A  vine-shoot.     2.  A 

vine-leaf. 
Pandora,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.) 

Pandora,  the  name  of  the  female 

made  by  Prometheus. 
Panis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).     Bread, 

a  loaf  of  bread. 
Papaver,  eris    (masc.   and   neut, 

3  decl.).     The  poppy. 
Papilio,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

butterfly. 
Par,  PARIS  (adj.).     1.  Equal,  even 

in  number,  alike.     2.  Fit,  meet, 

suitable.     It  often  appears  in  the 

neuter  as  a  kind  of  noun. 
Paratus,  a,  um  (part,  from  paro). 

Prepared. 
Paratus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 

paro).     Prepared,  ready,  provi- 
ded, furnished. 
Parco,  parcere,  peperci,  parci- 

TUM    and    parsum    (neut.    v.    3 

conj.).     To  spare. 
Parous,   a,   um   (adj.).     Sparing, 

frugal,  penurious,  stingy.    . 
Parous,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  male 

panther,  a  pard. 
Parens,  tis    (masc.   and   fem.   3 

decl.).     A  parent. 
Pareo,  ere,  ui  (neut.  v..  2  conj.). 

To  obey. 
Paries,  etis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

wall  of  a  house. 
Paris,   ims   or   idos   (prop.  n.  3 

decl.  masc).     Paris. 
Parish,  orum   (prop.    n.    2   decl. 

masc).     Paris,    the    capital    of 

France.     Vid.  Lutetia. 
Pariter  (adv.  from  par).     In  like 

manner,  equally,  at  the  same  time. 
Paro,   are,   avi,   atum    (a.   v.    1 

conj. ).    To  get  ready,  to  prepare, 

to  furnish,  to  equip. 
Parricida  and  Paricida,  m  (maec 

and  fem.  1    decl.  from  parens 

and  c^Do).     A  parriSide. 
Paros,  I  (prop.  n.  fem.  2  decl.) 

Par  OS,  a  Greek  island,  one  of  the 
Cyclades. 
Pars,  partis   (fem.  3  decl.).     A 

part,  a  portion. 

335 


PAT 

ParsTmonia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
PA  ecus).  \.  Frugality.  2.  Par- 
simony^ stinginess, 

Partim  (adv.  properly  old  accusa- 
tive of  pars).     Partly,  in  part. 

Partio,  ire,  ivi,  iTUM  (a.  v.  4 
conj.).  To  dimdcy  to  parcel  out, 
to  part. 

PiRCM  (adv.).  Little,  but  little, 
not  enough.  Comparative  minus, 
superlative  minime. 

Parvulds,  a,  um  ^adj.  diminutive 
from  parvus).  Very  little,  very 
small,  very  diminutive. 

Parvus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Small,  little. 
Comparative  minor,  superlative 

MINIMUS. 

Pasco,  pascere,  pivr,  pastum  (a. 

V.  3  conj.).     To  feed,  to  graze, 

to  pasture. 
Passer,  eris  (masc.  3  decl.)-     -A 

sparrow. 
Passim  (adv.).     Everywhere. 
Pastor,  obis  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

PASCo).     A  shepherd,  a  feeder. 
Patefacio,  facere,  feci,  factum 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  pateo  and  fa- 

cio).     To  open,  to  lay  open,  to 

throw  open.     Passive  voice,  pa- 

TEFIO,  fieri,  FACTUS  SUM. 

Pateo,  ere,  ui  (neut.  v.  2  conj.). 
To  be  open,  to  lie  open. 

Pater,  tris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
father. 

Paterfamilias,  (masc.  1  decl. 
from  pater  and  f  ami  lias,  the 
old  genitive  of  the  first  declen- 
sion, for  famili^).  A  father  of 
a  family. 

Patina,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from  pa- 
teo).    A  dish,  a  plate,  a  pan. 

Patior,  pati,  pass  us  SUM  (dep.  v. 
3  conj.).  To  suffer,  to  undergo, 
to  endure. 

Patria,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from  fa- 
tkr).  a  fatherland,  a  native 
country.  Properly  the  feminime 
adjective  patria^  with  terra  un- 
derstood. 

Patrius,  a,  um  (adj.  from  pateb). 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  father,  a 
faXher's. 

Patulus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  pateo). 
Open^  large,  wide-spreading. 


PEL 

Pauci,  je,  a  (adj.  smgular  seldom 
*used).     A  few,  few. 

Paulo  or  Paullo  (adv.).  By  A 
little,  a  little,  somewhat. 

Paulum  or  Paullum  (adv.).  A 
little,  somewhat. 

Pauper,  eris  (adj.).  Poor.  Often 
taken  as  a  noun. 

Paupertas,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
pauper).     Poverty. 

Pausanias,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
masc.).     Pausanias. 

Pavo,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
peacock. 

Pax,  pacis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Peace, 
quiet,  tranquillity. 

Peccatum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
PECco).  A  fault,  an  offence,  a 
sin,  an  error. 

Pecco,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (ncut.  V.  1 
conj.).  To  do  wrong,  to  commit 
a  fault,  to  offend,  to  err,  to  sin, 
to  transgress. 

Pectus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.).  The 
breast,  the  chest. 

Pecunia,  2e  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  sum 
of  money,  money. 

Pecus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.).  Cat- 
tle, a  flock,  animals  of  any  kind, 
large  of  size,  such  as  horses, 
sheep,  goats,  oxen,  &c. 

Pecus,  udis  (fem.  3  decl).  1.  A 
brute,  beast,  an  animal.  2.  A 
sheep.  3.  A  flock.  The  strict 
diflference  between  this  noun  and 
PECUS,  ORIS,  is,  that  the  latter 
means,  properly,  an  entire  flock 
or  herd,  whereas  pecus,  udIs, 
refers  rather  to  the  individual 
animals  composing  that  flock  or 
herd. 

Pedes,  itis  (adj.  from  pes).  On 
foot.  It  is  most  frequently  taken 
as  a  noun,  a  person  on  foot,  a  pe- 
destrian, a  foot-soldier. 

Pedester,  tris,  tre  (adj.  frcm 
pedes).  Going  on  foot,  pedes- 
trian. 

Pejor,  oris  (adj.  comparative  cf 
MALUs).       Worse. 

Pelagus,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  Greek  n). 
The  deep  sea,  the  deep,  the  sea. 

Peleus,  EOS  (prop.  n.  3  decL 
masc.).     Peleus 


PER 

Pkllis,  is  (fern.  3  decl.)-    The  skin, 

a  hide, 
Pelopidas,  m   (prop.    n.    1    decl. 

masc).     Pelopidas. 
Peloponnesus,  i  (prop.  n.  fern.  2 

decl.).     The  Peloponnesus,  now 

the  Morea. 
Pelops,    opis    (prop.    n.    3   decl. 

masc).     Pelops. 
Pei.usium,    II    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

neut.)      Pelusium,  a  strong  city 

of  Egypt,  OQ  the  Syrian  frontier. 

I*ENDEO,  PENDERE,   PEPENDI   (nCUt. 

V.  2  conj.).      To  hang  froniy  to 

hang,  to  be  suspended. 
Penelope,   es   (prop.    n.    fem.    1 

decl.).     Penelope,    the    wife    of 

Ulysses. 
Penes  (prep,  with  accusative).    In 

the  power  of,  under  the  control  of. 
Peninsula  or  Peninsula,  m  (fern. 

I  decl.  from  p^ne  and  insula). 

A  peninsula. 
Penitus    (adv.).      1.  Far   within, 

inward,  inmost,  at   the   bottom. 

2.   Thoroughly. 
Penna,  je  (fem.   1    decl.).      1.  A 

feather,  a  wing,  a  quill.     2.  A 

pen.     Used  in  this  sense  by  later 

writers. 
Pennatus,    a,    um    (verbal    adj.). 

Winged,  feathered. 
Per   (prep,   with   accusative).     1. 

Through,  through  the  midst  of. 

2.  By,  by  means  of.     3.  During, 

&c.     In  composition  it  signifies 

through,  entirely,  very  much. 
Percussor,   oris   (masc.   3   decl. 

from   PERCUTio).     A   striker,  a 

slayer. 
Percutio,  cutere,  cussi,  cussum 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  per  and  qua- 

Tio).      To  strike,  to  smite,  to  hit. 
Perditus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 

PERDO).      Ruined,     lost,    aban- 
don -d. 
Pkrdiu  (adv.).     Very  long,  for  a 

great  while. 
Pkrdix,  icis   (masc.  and   fem.   3 

decl.).     A  partridge. 
Peruo,  perdere,  perdidi,  perdi- 

ruM  (a.  V.  3  conj  ).     To  destroy, 

to  ruin,  to  cose,  to  squander. 
Perduco,  duckre,  duxi,  ductum 
29 


PER 

(a,  v.  3  conj.  from  ier  exid  do 
CO).  \.  To  lead  through,  to  lead, 
to  bring  through,  to  conduct,  to 
convey.  2.  To  lengthen,  to  draw 
out,  to  prolong.  3.  To  besmear, 
to  cover  over. 

Peregre  (adv.).  Abroad,  from 
abroad. 

Peregrinus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  per- 
egre). Foreign,  coming  from 
foreign  parts.  Sometimes  taken 
as  a  noun,  a  foreigner,  a  stran- 
ger. 

Perendie  (adv.).  The  day  after 
to-morrow,  the  third  day  hence. 

Pereo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii  (neut.  v.  4 
conj.).  To  perish,  to  be  destroy- 
ed, to  be  lost. 

Perfectus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
PERFicio).  Finished,  completed, 
perfect,  excellent,  exquisite. 

Pergo,  pergere,  pkrrexi,  per- 
RECTUM  (neut.  v.  3  conj.).  To 
proceed,  to  move  onward,  to  go. 

Pergratus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  per 
and  gratus).  Very  pleasing, 
very  agreeable. 

Periculosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  per- 
iculum),  Dangerous,  perilous, 
hazardous. 

Periculum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  1. 
Trial,  proof.  2.  Danger,  risk, 
peril. 

Peritus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Skilled^ 
experienced,  expert. 

Permagnus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  per 
and  Magnus).  Very  large,  very 
great. 

Permoveo,  movere,  movi,  motum 
(a.  V.  2  conj.  from  per  and  mo- 
ve o).  To  move  greatly,  to  stir 
up,  to  arouse. 

Permultus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  per 
and  MULTUs).  Very  much,  very 
many. 

Pernecessarius,  a,  um  (adj.  from 
PER  and  NECEssARius).  Very 
necessary. 

Pernicies,  ei  (fem.  5  15ecl.  from 
PER  and  nex).  Destruction^  ejh 
termination,  ruin. 

PERNicidsus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from 
pernicies).  Destructive,  ruirir 
ous,  pernicious. 

337 


PHI 

Pernix,  icis  (adj.)  Swift,  active, 
nimble,  quick. 

Perpetuus,  a,  um  (adj.)-  Perpet- 
ual, continued,  uninterrupted. 

Persa,  m  (adj.).     A  Persian. 

Perseus,  eos,  and  Perseus,  si 
(prop.  n.  3  and  2  dec!.).    Perseus. 

PSRSEVERO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (nCUt. 

T.   1    conj.).     To  persevere,   to 
persist,  to  hold  out. 

Persicus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Persian. 

Persius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.). 
Persiu^, 

Persolyo,  solvere,  solvi,  solu- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  per  and 
soLVo).  To  pay  completely,  to 
pay,  to  render  fully. 

Perspicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  per  and 
sPECio).  To  see  clearly,  to  dis- 
cover fully,  to  discern,  to  ascer- 
tain* 

Pbrspicuitas,  atis  (fem.  from  per- 
spicuus).  Perspicuity,  clear- 
ness. 

Persuadeo,  suadere,  suasi,  sua- 
suM  (neut.  V.  2  conj.  from  per 
and  suADEo).  To  persuade,  to 
advise  earnestly. 

Pes,  pedis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
foot. 

Pessimus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative 
of  MALUs).  Very  HI,  very  bad, 
worst. 

Pestilej^a,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
pestilence. 

Pestis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).  A  pest, 
plague,  calamity,  ruin,  destruc- 
tion. 

Peto,  ere.  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (a.  v. 
3  conj.).  To  ask,  to  seek,  to  re- 
quest. 

Phalanx,  angis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
phalanx,  a  large  body  of  men  in 
close  array. 

Phalereus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Of  or 
belonging  to  Phalereus. 

Pharao,  ONis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc.).     Pharaoh. 

Pharmacopola,  m  (masc.  1  decl.). 
An  apothecary,  a  seller  of  medi- 
cines. 

Philippus,    1    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 
masc).     Philip, 
339 


PLA 

Philosopuia,  ^  (fem  1  decl.) 
Philosophy. 

Philosophicus,  a,  um  (adj. ).  Phil- 
osophical. 

Philosophor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep 
V.  1  conj.).     To  philosophize. 

Philosophus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.) 
A  philosopher. 

Phocenses,  iuM  (adj.).  The  Pho 
cians,  or  inhabitants  of  Phocis 
in  Greece. 

Phcenices,  um  (adj.).  The  Phu:- 
nicians. 

Pica,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  magpie. 

PicENTEs,  UM  (adj.).  The  Picen- 
tes,  an  Italian  tribe. 

Picus,  I  (raasc.  2  decl.).  A  wood- 
pecker. 

PiERiA,  JE  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Pieria,  a  district  of  Thessaly,  the 
native  country  of  the  Muses. 

PiETAs,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
Pius).  Piety,  veneraiion,  rev- 
erence, respect. 

PiGER,  GRA,  GRUM  (adj.).  Lozy, 
slothful. 

PiGNUs,  ORIS  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
pledge. 

PiGRiTiA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
piger).     Laziness,  sloth. 

Pilosus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  pilus). 
Hairy,  covered  with  hair. 

Pilum,  1  (neut.  2  decl.).  A  javelin, 
the  missile  of  the  Roman  foot- 
soldiers. 

PiNDARUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Pindar. 

PiNus,  us  (4  decl),  and  Pinus,  i 
(2  decl.  both  fem.).    A  pine-tree. 

Piper,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.).  Pcp- 
per. 

Pirum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     A  pear. 

PiRUs,  I  (fem.  2  decl.).  A  pear- 
tree. 

PiR.ffius,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 
The  Piraus,  one  of  the  harboure 
of  Athens. 

Piscis,  IS  (masc.  3  decl.).     A  fish. 

PisF  STRATUS,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Pisistralus. 

Pius,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Picus,  dutiful^ 
affectionate. 

PlaCEO,  ERE,  UI,  ITUM   (nCUt.  ¥    3 

conj.)      To  vlcuse. 


POM 

PlaCO,     are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a,    V.    1 

conj.)-      To  appease. 
Planeta,  m  (inasc.  1  decl.).     A 

planet. 
Planetarium,  ii  (neut    2  decl.). 

A  planetarium^  an  orrery. 
Planta,  m  (fern.  1  deel.).    A  plants 

the  sole  of  the  foot. 

PlaNTO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM   (a.    V.    1 

conj.).     To  plant. 
Planus,  A,  UM  (adj.).    Plane,  level. 
Platea,   jE    (fem.    1    decl.).     A 

broad  way,  a  street. 
Platina,  iE  (fem.  1  decl.).     Pla- 

ttna. 
Plato,   onis    (prop.    n.    3    decl. 

masc).     Plato. 
Plenus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Full. 
Plerique,    PLER.'EQUE,    pleraque 

(adj.).     Most,  the  greater  part. 

Wants  the  singular. 
Plerumque  (adv.  properly  the  neu- 
ter singular  of  plerique).     For 

the  most  part. 
Plotius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

Plotius. 
Plum  A,  je,  (fem.  1  decl).     A  small 

feather,  a  feather,  a  plume. 
Plumbum,  i  (neut.  2  decl).    Lead. 
Plurimus,  A,  UM  (adj.  superlative 

of  MULTUs).      Very  many,  most. 
Plus,  pluris  (adj.  comparative  of 

MULTUS ).     More. 
Pluto,    onis    (prop.    n.    3    decl. 

masc).     Pluto. 
Pluvia,  je.  (fem.  1  decl.).     Rain. 
PdcuLUM,  1  (neut.  2  decl.).    A  cup. 
PoEMA,  ATis   (neut.   3   decl.).     A 

poem. 
Poena,  m  (fem.  1  decl,).     1.  Atone- 
ment.    2.  Punishment,  penalty. 
PoETA,  M  (masc  1  decl.).     A  poet. 
Poetria,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  po- 

etess. 
PoLLEx,  icis  (masc.  3  decl.).     The 

thumb. 

POLLICEOR,    LICERI,     LICITUS     SUM 

(dep.  V.  2  conj.).     To  promise. 
Pollux,   ucis   (prop.   n.   3   decl. 

masc).     Pollux. 
Polyphemus,  i    (prop.  n.  2  decl. 

masc).     Polyphemus. 
PomIfer,  fera,  ferum  (adj.  from 

poMUM  and  fero).     Fruitful. 


POS 

PoMPEius,    II    (prop.    n.    2    dec 

masc).     Pompeius. 
PoMPiLius,  ii   (prop.  n.  2  decl.) 

Pompilius. 
PoMPONius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl.) 

Pomponius. 
PouuM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     Fruit 

an  apple.     It  includes,  properly- 
all  kinds  of  fruit. 
Pone  (adv.).     Behind.     Also  usee 

as  a  preposition  with  the  accusa 

tive. 

PONO,  PONERE,  POSUl,  POSITUM    (a. 

v.  3  conj.).  To  place,  to  put,  to 
set,  to  lay. 

Pons,  pontis  (masc.  3  decl).  A 
bridge. 

PoNTUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl).  The 
deep,  the  ocean,  the  sea. 

PopuLUs,  I  (masc  2  decl).  A 
people,  o  community. 

PopuLus,  I  (fem.  2  decl).  A  pop- 
lar. 

PoRcus,  I  (masc  2  decl).     A  hog. 

Porta,  .ffi  (fem.  1  decl).     A  gate. 

PoRTicus,  us  (fem.  4  decl).  A 
portico,  a  porch,  a  piazza. 

Porto,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).     To  carry,  to  hear. 

PoRTORiUM,  ii  (neut.  2  decl).  A 
tax,  an  impost,  a  duty  on  goods. 

PoRTUs,  us  (masc  4  decl).  A 
port,  a  harbour. 

PosiTUS,  a,  um  (part,  from  pono). 
Placed. 

Possum,  posse,  potui  (irreg.  v.). 
To  be  able,  to  have  power. 

Post  (prep,  with  accusative).  Af- 
ter.    Used  also  adverbially. 

PosTEA  (adverb,  post  ea).  After- 
ward, after,  hereafter. 

Posteaquam  (adv.).  After  that, 
after. 

POSTERI,  ORUM  (plural  of  POSTER- 
US  used  as  a  noun).  Posterity, 
descendants. 

Posterior,  or,  us  (adj.  compara* 
tive  of  posterus).  Coming  after ^ 
next  in  order,  later.    ** 

PosTQU AM  (ad V. ).  After  that,  aftei , 
when. 

Postremus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative 
of  PosTERUs).  Last,  latest,  hind- 
most. 

M:J9 


PIliE 

PosTREMO  (adv.  from  postremus). 
Finally^  lastly,  at  last. 

POSTULO,  ARE,   AVI,    ATUM    (a.  V.    1 

conj.).  To  claim  as  a  right,  to 
require^  to  insist,  to  demand. 

PoTENs,  ENTis  (verbal  adj.  from 
possum).  Strong,  able,  power- 
ful 

PoTENTiA,  ^  (fern.  1  decl.  from  pot- 
ENs).     Power,  authority.     Vid. 

POTESTAS. 

PoTESTAS,  AXIS  (fcm.  3  decl.  from 
possum).  Power,  authority.  The 
difference  between  this  word  and 
potentia  is  as  follows  :  potesta^ 
denotes  power  delegated  from 
another,  derived  from  others ; 
whereas  potentia  means  power  of 
one's  own  acquiring. 

PoTio,  oNis  (fem.  3  decl.  from  po- 
To).  1.  The  act  of  drinking. 
2.  A  potion,  a  drink. 

Potior,  or,  us  (adj.  comparative 
degree  of  potis).  Better,  pref- 
erable. 

Potior,  iri,  itus  sum  (dep.  v.  4 
conj.).  To  become  master  of,  to 
gain  possession  of,  to  acquire,  to 
get. 

PoTius  (adv.  properly  the  neuter  of 
potior).     Rather. 

Potissimum  (adv.).  Most  of  all, 
especially,  chiefly. 

PoTissiMUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  superlative 
of  POTis).  Chief  est,  most  supe- 
rior, best. 

PoTO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  COnj.)- 

To  drink,  to  quaff. 

PoTus,  A,  UM  (part,  from  poto).  1 . 
Having  drunk.  2.  Drunk,  in- 
toxicated. 

Potus,  US  (masc.  4  decl.  from  po- 
to).    A  drink,  a  draught. 

Vrje  (prep,  with  ablative).  Before, 
&c. 

Pr^ebeo,  ere,  ui,  itum  (a.  v.  2 
conj.).  To  afford,  to  supply,  to 
offer. 

Prjeceps,  ipitis  (adj.  from  vrje 
and  caput).  1.  Headlong.  2. 
Rash,  headstrong.  3.  Down  hill, 
steep,  precipitous.  4.  Quick, 
rapid. 

PruEceptor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl. 


PILE 

firom   PR^ciPio).     A  preceptor^ 

an  inslructer. 
PR.ff:cEPTUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     A 

precept,  an  order,  a   maxim,  a 

rule. 
pR^ciPUE  (adv.  from  pr^ecipuus). 

Particularly,  especially,  chiefly. 
Prjeclarus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  frm 

and    CLARUs).     Illustrious,    re- 
nowned. 
PfiiEco,  oNis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

herald. 
PR.fficoRDiA,  ORUM  (neut.  2  decl. 

singular  wanting).     The  midriffs 

the  diaphragm. 
PR.a:DA,  .ffi  (fem.  1  decl.).     Booty .^ 

plunder,  prey. 
Pr^do,  oNis  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

PR.ffiDA).     A  robber,  a  plunderer. 

PRjEFERO,  FERRE,  TULI,  LATUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj.  irreg.  from  pr^e  and 
FERo).  1.  To  bear  or  carry  be- 
fore, to  carry  openly.  2.  To 
prefer. 

Pr^^lium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
battle. 

Pr^longus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  PRiB 
and  LONGUS).      Very  long. 

Premium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
reward,  a  recompense. 

Pr^nuntia,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
foreteller,  a  harbinger,  a  forerun- 
ner, a  precursor.  Properly  the 
feminine  of  the  adjective  prje- 

NUNTIUS. 

Pr-^nuntius,  a,  um  (adj.  from 
PR^  and  NUNTius).  That  fore 
tells,  a  harbinger,  forerunner^ 
precursor. 

VB-MvIrO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V. 

from  PR.^  and  paro).  To  pre- 
pare, to  get  ready,  to  make  ready. 

PR.aEP6N0,  p5nere,  posui,  positum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  trje  and  po- 
No).  To  put  or  set  before,  to 
place  first. 

Pr^^sens,  ENTIS  (verbal  adj.  from 
pr^sum).     Present,  at  hand. 

PR.a:sERTiM  (adv.).  Especially, 
chiefly,  particularly,  principally. 

Prases,  idis  (masc.  and  fem.). 
One  who  presides,  a  president, 
a  superintendent,  a  .head,  a  got" 
ernor. 


PRE 

pRiEsiDiUM,  II  (neut.  2  decl.)-  Aidj 
assistance^  succour. 

Pr^estans,  ANTis  (veibal  adj.  from 
presto)  Excellingy  surpass- 
ing\  excellent,  distinguished,  re- 
mar  ka  Lie,  notable. 

Vrmstkt  (impersonal  verb,  pr^e- 
STO,  are).  It  is  better,  it  is  more 
advantageous.  Primitive  mean- 
ing, it  stands  before,  it  is  in  ad- 
vance of. 

Presto,  pr^stare,  pr^stiti, 
pr^stitum  (a.  V.  1  conj.  from 
PR^  and  sTo).  To  afford,  to  of- 
fer, to  give,  to  render.  Used  also 
impersonally  (vid.  Pr^stat). 
Primitive  meaning,  to  stand  be- 
fore, to  be  in  advance  of 

Presto  (adv.).  Present,  ready, 
at  hand. 

Prjesum,  esse,  fui  (irreg.  v.  from 
PR^  and  sum).  To  preside  over, 
to  be  over,  to  have  charge  of,  to 
be  in  authority. 

Prater  (prep,  with  accusative). 
By,  along,  past,  beside,  except, 
6lc. 

Pr^tereo,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum 
(irreg.  v.  from  prater  and  eo). 
To  pass  by,  to  go  beyond,  to  omit. 

Pr^teritus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj. 
from  pr^tereo).  Passed,  gone 
by. 

Pr^tor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
pretor,  a  Roman  magistrate. 

Pr^torium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
PR.^TOR,  in  its  primitive  sense  of 
**  a  commander").  A  general's 
tent  in  a  camp. 

Pr^validus,  a,  um  (adj.  fromPR^ 
and  VALiDus).  Very  able,  very 
strong. 

Pratum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  A  mead, 
a  green  field,  a  prairie,  a  mead- 
ow. 

Pravus,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Crooked, 
deformed.  2.  Depraved,  vicious, 
corru]  t. 

Preces,  um  (fem.  3  decl.  plural 
number ;  from  the  singular  prex). 
Prayers,  entreaties. 
Precor,  art,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 
conj.}.  To  pray,  to  entreaty  to 
beg,  to  supplicate. 
29* 


PRO 

pRKTiosus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  pret 
ium).      Valuable,  precious. 

Pretium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
price,  a  value. 

PRiAifliDEs,  /E  (patronymic  noun,  1 
decl.  mas(  ).     A  son  of  Priam. 

Primo  (adv  ;.  Atfirsty  in  thefirsi 
place,  first. 

Primum  (adv.).  The  first  time,  it 
the  first  place,  first,  first  of  all. 

Primus,  a,  um  (adj.).     First. 

Princeps,  iPis  (adj.).  First,  fore 
most.  Often  used  as  a  noun,  a 
prince,  a  chief,  a  leader. 

Principium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
prince  PS ).  A  beginning,  a  com- 
mencement. 

Prior,  or,  us  (adj.  comparative  de- 
gree, the  superlative  being  pri- 
mus). Former,  previous,  antece- 
dent. 

Priscus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Ancient, 
old,  out  of  date,  antique. 

Pristinus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Former j 
accustomed,  wonted,  original, 
pristine. 

pRius  (adj.  neuter  of  prior,  often 
used  as  an  adverb).  Before, 
sooner. 

Privatus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Private, 
one^s  own.  Sometimes  used  as  a 
noun,  a  private  individual. 

Pro  !  and  Proh  (interj.)  !     Oh  ! 

Pro  (prep,  with  ablative).  Before^ 
for,  instead  of,  &c. 

PrOBO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.).     To  approve  of,  to  com- 
mend, to  praise. 

Probus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Worthy,  up- 
right, honest,  virtuous. 

Procas,  ^  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  masc). 
Procas. 

Procedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum 
(neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  pro  and 
cedo).  To  jnoceed,  to  advance, 
to  go  onward. 

Procklla,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
tempest. 

Procellaria,  j&  (fem.  1  decl. 
from  procella).  A  storm^bird. 
Properly  an  adjective,  with  avis 
understood. 

Procerus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Lofty^ 
tall. 

341 


PRO 

PlOCREO,  ARE,  AVI,    ATUM   (a.  V.  1 

conj.  from  pro  and  creo).     To 

beget,  to  generate,  to  procreate. 
Procul  (adv.).     Far,  far  off,  at  or 

from  a  distance, 
Proditor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

PRODo).     A  betrayer,  a  traitor. 
Profectio,  oNis  (fern.  3  decl.  from 

proficiscor).     a  setting  out,  a 

departure. 
Profecto    (adv.).       Undoubtedly, 

assuredly,  certainly. 

PrOFERO,      FERRE,      TULI,      LATUM 

(irreg.  v.  from  pro  and  fero). 
To  carry  out,  to  bring  out,  to 
draw  out,  to  produce,  to  show,  to 
exhibit. 

Profestus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Not  holy, 
on  which  work  may  be  done,  sec- 
ular. Dies  profestus,  a  secular 
day,  not  a  holy  day. 

Proficiscor,  proficisci,  profec- 
Tus  SUM  (dep.  V.  3  conj.)-  To 
set  out  on  a  journey,  to  depart,  to 
go,  to  proceed. 

Prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itum  (a.  v.  2 
conj.  from  pro  and  habeo).  To 
keep  off  or  away,  to  ward  off,  to 
debar,  to  hinder,  to  prevent,  to 
prohibit. 

Promitto,  mittere,  misi,  missum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  pro  and  mit- 
To).     To  promise. 

Promontorium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.). 
A  promontory. 

PrONUNTIO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.    V. 

1  conj.  from  pro  and  nuntio). 
To  pronounce,  to  utter,  to  speak. 

Prope  ^adv.).     Near,  nigh. 

Propensus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
propendeo).  Hanging,  bending 
or  inclining  forward,  hanging 
down. 

Propero,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (ncut.  V. 
1  conj.).  To  hasten,  to  make 
haste,  to  be  quick. 

Propertius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
m  asc . ) .     Proper  tius . 

pROPiNQUus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Near, 
neighbouring. 

PropitTcs,  a,  um  (adj.).  Favour- 
able^ propitious,  merciful,  kind. 

**roprius,  a,  um  (adj.).  1.  Pecu- 
liar, proper,  one's  own.     2.  Fit, 

'       342 


PUG 

adapted.  Proprium  est,  it  he 
longs  to,  it  is  the  property  or  pau 

of- 

Propter  (prep,  with  the  accusa* 
tive).  1.  Near,  close  by.  2. 
On  account  of. 

Prorsus  (adv.).  Altogether,  en- 
tirely, wholly. 

Proserpina,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fem . ) .     Proserpina. 

PrOSPICIO,    SPICERE,     SPEXl,    SPEC- 

tum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  pro  and 
sPECio).  1.  To  behold  from  a 
distance.  2.  To  foresee,  to  per- 
ceive beforehand.  3.  To  provide 
for,  to  consult  f 01' . 

Prosum,  prodesse,  profui  (irreg. 
V.  from  PRO  and  sum).  To  profit, 
to  benefit,  to  prove  of  service. 

Proverbium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
proverb. 

Providentia,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
PRO  and  video). 

pRoviDUs,  A,  um  (adj.  from  pro  and 
video).  Provident,  foreseeing, 
prudent,  circumspect. 

Provincia,  .ffi  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
province. 

Proximus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative 
from  propior).     Nearest,  next. 

Prudens,  ENTis  (adj.).  Prudent, 
■wise. 

Prudentia, .a:  (fem.  1  decl.).  PrU' 
dence. 

Ptolem^us,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Ptolemy. 

PuBLicus,  A,  um  (adj.).     Public. 

PuBLius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2 decl.  masc.) 
Publius. 

PuDOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl.).  Mod 
esty,  shame,  bashfulness. 

PuELLA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  gtrl^ 
a  damsel. 

PuER,  ERi  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  boy, 

Pueritia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
puer).     Boyhood. 

PuERULUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  dimin- 
utive from  puer).     A  little  boy. 

PuGiL,  iLis  (masc.  3  dec].).  A 
boxer,  a  pugilist. 

PuGio,  oNis  (masc.  3  decl  ).  A 
dagger,  a  poniard. 

PuGNA,  JE.  (fem.  1  decL).  A  hat- 
tie,  a  fight. 


gUA 

JPUGNO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (neut ,  V.   ] 

conj.)-     To  fight. 

PULCHER,      CHRA,      CHKUM      (adj.)- 

Fair,  beautiful. 

PuLCHRiTUDO,  iNis  (fcm.  3  decl. 
from  pulcher).  Beauty,  fair- 
ness. 

PuLEX,  icis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
jlea. 

PuLLUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Blackish,  of 
a  dusky  colour. 

PuLLUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  The 
young  of  any  animal,  a  foal,  a 
young  horse,  a  chick,  &c. 

PuLMO,  5nis  (masc.  3  decl.).  The 
lungs. 

PuLs,  puLTis  (fern.  3  decl.).  Pot- 
tage, thick  gruel,  a  kind  of  food 
used  by  the  early  Romans  in 
place  of  bread. 

PULSO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.     1 

conj.  frequentative  from  pello, 
ere).  To  heat  often,  to  strike, 
to  hatter. 

PUNGO,    PUNGERE,     PUPUGI,     PUNC- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  To  prick, 
to  sting. 

PuNio,  IRE,  ivi,  iTUM  (a.  V.  4  conj.). 
To  punish,  to  chastise. 

PuRUs,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Pure,  clean, 
cleanly. 

Pus,  puRis  (neut.  3  decl.).  Cor- 
rupt matter  of  a  sore,  corruption. 

PuTEUs,  EI  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  pit, 
a  well. 

PUTRESCO,      PUTRESCERE,      PUTRUI 

(inceptive  verb,  from  putreo). 
To  groio- rotten,  to  begin  to  pu- 
trefy. 

Pyramis,  idis  and  idos  (fern.  3 
decl.).     A  pyramid. 

Pyren-^i,  orum  (prop.  n.  masc.  2 
decl.).  The  Pyrenees.  Properly 
an  adjective,  with  monies  under- 
stood. 

Pyrites,  m  (masc.  1  decl.).  Fire- 
stone, pyrites. 

Pythagoras,  ^  (prop.  n.  I  decl. 
masc).     Pythagoras. 

Pyxis,  idis  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  box. 

Q. 

'JuA  (adv.  properly  the  ablative  of 
Qii,  with  via  ot  parte  understood). 


QUA 
Which  way,  where,  by  or  through 
which  way. 

QuADRAGENi,  JR,  A  (distributive  nu- 
meral adj.  from  quadraginta). 
Forty  each,  forty  by  forty. 

Quadragesimus,  a,  um  (numeral 
adj.  from  quadraginta).  The 
fortieth. 

Quadraginta  (indeclinable  numer- 
al adj.).     Forty. 

Quadringentesimus,  a,  um  (nu- 
meral adj.  from  quadringenti). 
The  four  hundredth. 

Quadringenti,  je,  a  (numeral 
adj.).     Four  hundred. 

Quadrupes,  edis  (ipasc.  and  fem. 
3  decl.  from  quatuor  and  pes). 
A  quadruped,  a  four-footed  ani- 
mal. It  occurs  also,  occasional- 
ly, as  a  neuter. 

Quadruplo  (adv.  properly  ablative 
of  quadruplus).  Fourfold,  four 
times  as  much. 

Qu^RO,  QUuERERE,  QUuESIVI,  QU-«- 

siTUM  (a.  v.  3  conj.).     To  seek, 

to  seek  after,  to  acquire,  to  inquire 

into,  to  inquire. 
Qu^so  (defective  verb).    /  beseech. 
QuALis,  is,  e  (adj.).     Such  as,  aSf 

of  what  kind. 
QuAM  (adv.).     How,  how  much,  as 

much. 
QuAM  (conjc).     Than,  as. 
QuAMDiu  or  Quandiu  (adv.).     As 

long  as,  and,  as  an  interrogative, 

hou)  long  ? 
Quamobrem   (adv.   properly  quam 

OB  rem).     Why,  wherefore,  an 

what  account,  on  which  account. 
QuAMPRiMUM  (adv.).     As  soon  as 

possible. 

QUAMQUAM  or  QUANQUAM    (COUJc). 

Although. 
QuAMvis  (conjunction).    Although. 

(Adv.).     However  much. 
Quando  (adv.).    When,    (Conjc  ) 

Since. 
Quandoquidem  (conJQ,.).     Since. 

QuANQUAM,  vid.  QuAMQUAM. 

QuANTOPERE  (adv.).    How  greatly. 

how  much,  as  greatly  as. 
Quantum  (adv.  properly  the  neuter 

of  QUANTUs).     As  much  as,  hou 

much. 

343 


QUI 
QvAVTUs,  A,  VM  (adj.)'    H<no  gremtj 

hew  iutck,  as  great  as. 
QvAPBOiTBS  (adv.)'     !•  Forvkat 

reasoHf  uhf.     2.  For  which  rear 

son,  wherefore. 
QulKB  (adv.  for  qua  kk).     I.  Far 

wUdch    reason^    wherefore.      2. 

If]^  ?  wherefore  ? 
QoATSB    (nameial    adr.).      Pbatr 


QiTATKKin  (distribatiTe  numeral  adj. 

fimn  quatuob).    Four  eo^il,  /oitr 

ly  four. 
QuATUOBDECiM    (indeclinable   no* 

meial  adj.  from  quatuob  and  de- 

CKif).     FoturUen. 
Qvi   (enclitic,   alwajs  connected 

witli  the  preceding  word).    And, 

hoih,  also. 
QuKBcus,  us  (feoL  4  decL).     An 

oak. 

QVBKOB,  QUEBI,  QUBSTUS  SUM  (dep, 

T.  3  conj.).  To  complain,  to  Ui- 
ment,  to  bewail. 

Qm,  Q,VM,  QUOD  (relative  pron.). 
Who,  which,  ihaf. 

Qui  (adv.  properijT  an  old  ablative 
.  singular  from  qcis,  itself  an  old 
form  for  qui,  and  making  Qui  in 
the  ablathre,  jost  as  mitis,  for 
example,  makes  mitL  It  is  of  all 
genders).  How,  in  what  way, 
hy  means  of  which,  &c. 

Quia  (conjc).     Because. 

QUICUKQUE,      QUjECCHQUB,      QX30I>- 

cuxQUB  (compound  pronoun, 
from  QUI  and  cukqub).  Whoso- 
ever, whoever,  whatsoever. 

QCIDAX,    QU^DAM,     QUODDAM    and 

QCiDDAX  (pron.).  A  certain  one, 
one. 

QuiDBX  (adv.).  Jndeed,  truly,  in 
truth.  ^ 

Quinxi  (adv.).     Why  not  ? 

QuiBs,  Ens  (fern.  3  decL).  Rest, 
repose,  quiet. 

QuiiIbet,  qu^libet,  quodlibet 
and  QuiDLiBET  (compound  pro- 
noun from  QUI  and  libet).  Any 
one  whom  you  please,  whosoever 
ttill,  any  one  at  pleasure. 

Quiu  (conjc).  But  that^  Imt,  why 
not  7  ay,  and  more  than  that,  yet 
for  all  that. 


QUO 

QufNcecix  (indeclinable  numeral 
ad),  from  quixque  and  decem) 
Fifteen. 

Quikgektesimus,  a,  um  (numeral 
adj.  from  QuisGENTi).  The  five 
hundredth, 

QuiNGEKTi,  M,  A  (numeral  adj.). 
Five  hundred. 

QoiNQUAGEKi,  .^  A  (distributive 
numeral  adj.  from  quikquagik- 
ta).     Fifty  each,  fifty  by  fifty. 

(^i  SQu AGiEs  (numeral  adv. ).  Fif- 
ty times. 

QuixQUAGiNTA  (indeclinable  nu- 
meral adj.).     Fifty. 

QuiNQUE  (indeclinable  numeral 
adj.)-     Free. 

QuiKTUs,  A,  ux  (numeral  adj.). 
Ktfth. 

QuippE  (conjc).  Because,  since, 
for,  forasmuch  as,  in  fact. 

Quis,  qj2M,  QUID  and  QUOD  (interrog- 
ative pronoun).  Whol  which ^ 
what? 

Quis  (for  ALiQcis,  and  so  tbrough* 
out).     Some  one,  any  one. 

QUISMAM      or      QCINAM,      QUiENAX, 

QUiDXAX  or  QUODNAX  (compound 
pronoun).  Who  1  which  1  what  ^ 
who,  pray  1     • 

QUISPIAX,  QU.£PIAX,  QUtDPIAX  aUS- 

QuoDFiAX  (compound  pronoun) 
Any  one,  some  one. 

QUISQUAX,      QUJEQUAX,     QUIDQUAJ* 

or  QuicQUAX  (compound  pron.). 
Any  one. 

QUISQUE,  QUiEQUE,  QUODQUE  and 

QCiDQCB  (compound  pronoun). 
Each  one,  every  one. 

QciviS,  QUJEVI8,  QUODTfS  and  QCID- 

vis  (compound  pronoun).     Any 

one  you  pUase,  whosoever,  any 

one. 
Qvo  (adv ).     Whither.     (Conjc). 

In  order  that. 
QuociBCA  (adv.).     Wherefore. 
QuocuKQue  (adv.).    Whithersoever. 
Quod  (conjc).     Because,  in  that, 

that,  since. 
QuoxiMUs  (adv.).     The  less,  that 

not,  from. 
QuoMODo  (adv.).     Howl  in  whal 

manner  ox  rtay  ? 
QcoxiAX  (conjc.  from  quok,  an  old 


REG 

form  for  quum,  and  jam).    Since, 

seeing  that. 
QuoQUE  (conjc.)-     Also. 
QuoT  (indeclinable  numeral  adj.)- 

How  many  7  as  many  as. 
QuoTANNis  (adv.).     Yearly,  e^-ery 

year. 
QuoTENi,  JE,  A  (distributive  numer- 
al adj.  from  quot).    How  many  7 

to  what  number  7 
QuoTiDiE    (adv.).      Daily,    every 

day. 
QuoTiEs  (numeral  adv.  from  quot). 

How  often  7  as  often  as. 
QuoTUs,  A,  UM  (numeral  adj.  from 

quot).     Of  what  number  7  how 

many  7     Quota  hora  est,  what  is 

the  hour  7 
Quum  (adv.  and  conjc).     Same  as 

CUM. 

R. 

Radius,  ii  (masc.  2  decl.).    A  ray, 

a  beam. 
Radix,    icis   (fem.   3    decl).     A 

root. 
Ramus,    i    (masc.    2    decl.).      A 

branch,  a  bough. 
Rana,  m  (fem.  1  decl).     A  frog. 
Rapax,    acis    (adj.    from    rapio). 

Rapacious,  ravenous,  ravening, 

devouring. 
Rapidus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  rapio). 

Rapid,  swift. 
Rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptum  (a. 

V.  3  conj.).     To  seize,  to  carry 

off  by  force. 
Raritas,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

RARUs).     Thinness,  rarity  (op- 
posed to  density). 
Raro  (adv.  from  rarus).     Rarely, 

seldom. 
Rarus,    a,    um   (adj.).      1.    Rare, 

thin,  not  dense  or  thick.    2.  Rare, 

uncommon,  seldom  met  with. 
Ratio,   6ni»    (fem.    3   decl).     1. 

Reason,  the  rational  faculty.     2. 

Plan,  method,  way. 
Rbbello,  are,  avi,  atum  (neut.  v. 

1  conj.  from  re  and  bello).    To 

wage  war  again,  to  rebel,  to  re- 
volt. 
Recens,    entis    (a^j.).      Recent, 

lately  done    fresh. 


REG 

Receptaculum,  I  (neut.  2  dec!  > 
A  receptacle,  a  storehouse,  aplact 
to  keep  things  in. 

Recipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum  (a 
v.  3  conj.  from  re  and  capio) 
To  receive,  to  get  back,  to  recover 
Recipere  se,  to  betake  one^s  self 
to  retreat. 

Recito,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).     To  recite,  to  read  alo-ud 

ReCORDOR,  ARl,  ATUS  SUM  (dcp.  V.  1 

conj.).    To  remember,  to  be  mind 
ful  of. 

Recte  (adv.  from  rectus).  1.  Dt 
redly,  in  a  straight  line.  2 
Rightly,  properly. 

Rectus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
re  go).  Right,  straight,  direct^ 
upright,  just,  correct. 

Recurro,  currere,  curri  and  cu- 
cuRRi,  CURSUM  (ucut.  v.  3  conj. 
from  RE  and  curro).  1.  To  run 
again,  to  run  back.  2.  To  havt 
recourse  to.     3.   To  recur. 

Reddo,  reddere,  reddidi,  reddi- 
tum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and 
do).  To  give  back,  to  render,  to 
restore,  to  return. 

Redeo,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (neut 
V.  4  conj.  from  re  and  eo).  Tc 
return. 

Redigo,  redigere,  redegi,  re- 
DACTUM  (a.  v.  3  conj.  from  rs 
and  ago).  1.  To  bring  or  drive 
back.  2.  To  reduce,  to  constrain, 
to  compel. 

Reduco,  reducere,  reduxi,  re- 
DUCTUM  (a.  v.  3  conj.  from  re 
and  duco).  1 .  To  bring  or  lead 
back,  to  conduct  back. 

Refero,  referre,  retuli,  rela 
TUM  (irreg.  v.  from  re  and  fero) 
To  bear  back,  to  carry  back,  t, 
bear  again.  Referre  se,  to  re 
treat. 

Refrigero,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v. 
1  conj.).  1.  To  cool,  to  chill,  t« 
make  cool  or  chill.  ^  2.  To  rein- 
vigorate,  to  refresh^ 

Regillus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.) 
Regillus,  the  name  of  a  lake  in 
Latium,  near  Mount  Algidus. 

Regina,  m  (fem.  I  decl.  from  kex) 
A  queen. 


REP 
KiGio,  oNis  (fern.  3  dccl.).     A  re- 

giofiy  a  tract  of  land,  a  country. 
Rkgius,  a,   um   (adj.   from   rex). 

Kingly,  royal,  regal,  princely. 
Regnum,   I    (neut.   2    decl.    from 

rex),     a  kingdom. 

ReGO,  REGERE,  REXl,  RECTUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj.).  To  rule,  to  direct, 
to  lead  straight,  to  regulate,  to 
moderate. 

Rggulus,  I  (inasc.  2  decl.  diminu- 
tive from  RBx).  A  petty  mon- 
arch, a  prince. 

Regulus,  1  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Regulus.  , 

Religio,  O.MS  (fern.  3  decl.).  Ke- 
ligion. 

Relinquo,  linquerb,  liqui,  Lie- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and 
LiNQUo).  To  leave,  to  leave  be- 
hind, to  neglect,  to  abandon. 

RfiLiQuL«,  ARUM  (fern.  1  decl.  from 
relinquo,  singular  wanting). 
Remains,  residue  of  a  thing,  the 
rest,  the  remainder. 

Reliquus,  a,  um  (from  rellnquo). 
Remaining,  left. 

RbMANEO,  MANERE,  M.4NSI,  MAN- 
SUM  (neut.  V.  2  conj.).  To  re- 
main. 

Remex,  Tgis  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
REMUS  and  ago).     A  rower. 

Reminiscor,  MiNisci  (dcp.  V.  3 
conj.).  To  remember,  to  call  to 
mind. 

Remitto,  mittere,  MISI,  missum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and  mitto). 
To  send  back,  to  return. 

Removeo,  movere,  movi,  motum 
(a.  V.  2  conj.  from  re  and  mo- 
veo).  To  remove,  to  icithdraw, 
to  take  away. 

Remus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  An 
oar. 

Remus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Remtis,  the  brother  of  Romulus. 

Ren,  RENis  (masc.  3  decl.).  The 
reins,  the  kidneys.  More  com- 
monly found  in  the  plural,  renes, 

UM. 

Renes,  um  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
REN,  which  see). 

RePARO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from  rr  and  paro).     To  rc- 


RES 

pair,  to  retrieve,  to  recover,  to  re- 
view. 
Repello,  pellere,  puli,  pulsum 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and  pello). 

To  drive  back,  to  repel,  to  dnve 

away,  to  keep  off. 
Reperio,    perirk,    peri,    pertum 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and  pario). 

To  find,  to  find  out,  to  discover, 

to  ascertain. 
Repeto,  peterk,  petivi  and  petii, 

petitum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re 

and  PETo).     To  ask  or  demand 

again,  to  demand  back,  to  seek. 
Reprehendo,  prehendbre,   prb- 

HENDi,  prehensum  (a.  V.  3  conj. 

from  RE  and  prehendo).    1.  To 

catch,  to  seize.     2.   T'o  reprove, 

to  blame,  to  censure. 
Reprehensor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl. 

from  reprehendo).    A  reprover, 

a  blamer,  a  censurer. 

RePUDIO,    are,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.  V.    1 

conj.  from  repudium).  To  re- 
ject, to  refuse,  to  repudiate,  to  dt* 
vorce,  to  cast  off. 
Res,  rei  (fem.  5  decl.).  A  thing, 
a  matter,  an  affair.  Res  ges- 
tae, exploits,  operations,  literally 
things  carried  on. 

ReSALUTO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  I 

conj.  from  re  and  saluto).  To 
salute  in  return,  to  return  a  sa- 
lute. 

RespicTo,  spicere,  spexi,  spectuk 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and  spe- 
cio).  1.  To  look  back.  2.  To 
look  at,  to  observe.  3.  To  re- 
gard,  to  have  respect  for. 

Rks-pondeo,  spondere,  spondi, 
SPONSUM  (a.  V.  2  conj.).  To  an- 
swer, to  reply. 

Respublica,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  I. 
A  form  of  government,  a  govern' 
ment.     2.  A  republic. 

Restituo,  stituere,  stTtui,  sti- 
TUTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  re  and 
statuo).     To  replace,  to  restore, 

ResTO,    STARE,     STITI    (nCUt.    V.    1 

conj.  from  its  and  sto).     To  re- 
main. 
Resuroo,  suroere,  surrexi,  sob- 
rectum  (neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  rb 
and  suroo).      To  rise  again. 


ROM 

Ri£T£,  IS  (neut.  3  decl.)-     A  net. 

Reticeo,  ticere,  ticui  (neut.  v. 
2  conj.  from  re  and  taceo).  To 
be  silent,  to  keep  secret. 

Reus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.)-  An  ac- 
cused person.  Properly  an  ad- 
jective, REUS,  A,  UM. 

Revereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum 
(dep.  V.  2  conj.  from  re  and 
vereor).  To  reverence,  to  re- 
vere, to  stand  in  awe  of,  to  fear. 

Reverto,  vertere,  verti,  ver- 
suM  (neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  re 
and  verto).      To  return. 

ReVOCO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM   (a.    V.    1 

conj.  from   re   and  voco).     To 

recall,  to  call  back. 
Rex,    regis   (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

king. 
Rhenus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

The  Rhine. 
Rhetorice,    es    (fem.     1    decl.). 

Rhetoric. 
Rhinoceros,  otis  (masc.  3  decl.). 

A  rhinoceros. 
Rhodanus,    I    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc.)-     The  Rhone. 

RlDEO,  RIDERE,  RISI,  RISUM    (nCUt. 

V.  2  conj.).    'To  laugh. 

RiDicuLus,  a,  UM  (^dj.  from  kiueo). 
Laughable,  ridiculous,  exciting 
laughter,  worthy  of  being  laughed 
at. 

RiGiDus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  rigeo). 
Stiff,  rigid,  hard,  frozen. 

RipA,  2E  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  bank. 

Risus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  ri- 
de o).  Laughter,  laughing^  a 
laugh. 

Rivus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  brook, 
a  stream,  a  rill,  a  rivulet. 

RiXA,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A^ispute, 
strife,  quarrel. 

RoBUR,  ORIS  (neut.  3  decl.).  1. 
Oak,  oak  of  the  hardest  kind, 
heart  of  oak.  2.  Strength,  vig- 
our. 

RoBUSTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  robur). 
Strong,  robust,  vigorous,  power- 
ful. 

RoGO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj.). 
To  ask,  to  request,  to  entreat. 

Roma,  m  (prop.  r.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Rome. 


RUT 

Romanus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  Roma^ 
Roman,  a  Roman.  Romani,  tht 
Roma?is. 

Romulus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  .  masc). 
Romulus. 

Ros,  RORis  (masc  3  decl.). 
Dew. 

Rosa,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  rose. 

Roscius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 
Roscius. 

Rostrum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
beak,  a  beak  of  a  ship.  The  plural, 
rostra  denotes  the  rostra  at  Rome, 
the  place  from  which  tha  public 
speakers  addressed  the  people, 
and  which  was  adorned  with  the 
beaks  of  ships  as  naval  trophies. 

Rota,  uE  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  wheel 

RoTUNDus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  rota) 
Round,  circular,  globular. 

RuBEO,  ere,  ui  (neut.  v.  2  conj.). 
To  be  red,  to  redden,  to  blush. 

Ruber,  bra,  brum  (adj.).  Red, 
ruddy. 

Rubicon,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  T'he  Rubicon,  a  river  of 
Italy. 

Rubor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  Red- 
ness, a  red  colour,  a  blush. 

RuDis,  is,  e  (adj.).  Rude,  uncul- 
tivated, unpolished,  rugged,  un- 
formed, unwr  ought. 

RuiNA,  jsi  (fem.  1  decl.).  Ruin, 
destruction. 

RUMPO,  rumpere,  rupi,  ruptum 
(a.  v.  3  conj.).  To  break,  to 
sever,  to  burst,  to  rend. 

Ruo,  ruere,  rui,  ruitum  and  ru- 
tum  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  throw 
down,  to  overturn,  to  destroy,  to 
ruin.  2.  To  rush,  to  sally  foi'tk, 
to  run  ox  flock  together. 

RupEs,  is  Cfem.  3  decl).  A 
rock. 

Rus,  RuRis  (neut.  3  dec!.).  Thi 
country.  Rure,  from  the  coun- 
try.    Ruri,  in  the  country. 

Rusticus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  rus). 
Rural,  rustic,  rude^  homely. 

RuTiLus,  A,  u#(adj.).  Gleaming, 
shining. 

RuTULi,  oRUM  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Rutuli,  a  people 
of  Latium  in  Italv. 

347 


SAM 

S. 

Sabinus,  a  um  (adj.).     Sabine. 

Sacer,  cra,  um  (adj.).  Sacred^ 
holy.  Primitive  meaning,  devo- 
ted. 

Saccharum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.)«    'Sw- 

Sacerdos,  OTIS  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl.).     A  priest,  a  priestess. 

JSlCRO,     ARE,     AVI,    ATUM     (a.    V.    1 

conj.   from   sacer).      To  conse- 
crate, to  dedicate. 
S.^cuLUM  or  Seculum,  i  (neut.  2 
decl.).     A   scRculum,  an  age,  a 
period  of  120  years. 
S/EPE  (adv.).      Often. 
Sag  ITT  A,  iE   (fem.   1   decl.).     An 

arrow. 
Sal,  salis  (masc.  and  neut.  3  decl. 
plural  SALES,  masc).     Salt.     In 
the  plural,  witticisms^  vnt,  pleas- 
antry. 
Salamis,    i.vis    (prop.    n.   3    decl. 
fem.).     Salamisy  an  island  in  the 
Saronic  Gulf,  over  against  Eleu- 
sis,  and  near  JEgina. 
Salii,  orum  (masc.  2  decl.  plural). 

The  Saliij  priests  of  Mars. 
Sallustius,  ii   (prop.  n.  2   decl. 
masc).     Sallust,    a    celebrated 
Roman  historian. 
Salluvius,   ii    (prop.   n.   2   decl. 

masc).    A  Salluvian. 
Salomo,   5nis    (prop.   n.   3    decl. 

masc).     Solomon. 
Salsus,    a,   um    (adj.    from    sal). 

Salt,  salted. 
Salto,  are,  avi,  ATUM  (ncut.  V.  1 
conj.  frequentative  from  salio). 
1.   To  leap.     2.   To  dance. 
Saluber,  BRis,  ERE  (adj.  from  sa- 
Lus).    Healthful,  wholesome,  sa- 
lubrious. 
Salus,  uTis  (fem.  3  decl.).     Pres- 
ervation, safety. 
Salutaris,  is,  e  (adj.  from  salus). 

Salutary,  healthful,  wholesome. 

Salijto,  are,  AVI,  JLtum  (a.  v.  1 

conj.  from  saluS).     To  salute, 

to  greet,  to  pay  one^s  respects  to. 

Salve,  eto  (defective  v.  imperative 

mood).     Hail. 
Samnis,  itis  (adj.).     A  Samnite. 
348 


SAT 

SamTi,  drum  (adj.).     Samians. 
SancTo,  sancfre,  sanxi,  sancitum 
and  sanctum  (a.  v.  4  conj.).     To 
decree,  to  ordain,  to  establish,  ts 
ratify. 
Saptcte  (adv.  from  sanctus).    Re 
ligiously,  piously,  devoutly,  sor- 
emnly. 
Sanguis,    inis    (masc.    3    decl.;. 

Blood. 
S ANITAS,  ATis  (fcm.  3  dccl.  from 
SANUs).     Health,   soundness   of 
body. 
SannIo,  ONis  (masc.  3  decl.  frcA_ 
sanna).     a  buffoon,  a  jester,  « 
mimic,  a  zany. 
Sanus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Sound,  heal- 
thy, whole,  sane. 
Sapidus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  sapio.). 

Savoury,  palatable. 
Sapiens,  entis   (verbal  adj.  from 

SAPio).      Wise,  skilful. 
Sapientia,  je  (fem.   I  decl.  from 

sapiens).  Wisdom. 
Sapio,  ere,  ivi  and  ii  (neut.  v.  3 
conj.).  ].  To  have  a  taste  or 
relish.  2.  To  savour  or  smell 
of  3.  To  be  wise,  to  know  well, 
to  understand. 
Sapor,  oris   (masc  3  decl.).     A 

taste,  savour^  relish. 
Sarcio,    sarcire,   sarsi,  sartum 
(a.,  v.  4  conj.).     To  patch,  to  re 
pair,  to  mend,  to  sew  up. 
Sardanapalus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 

masc).     Sardanapalus. 
Sarissa,  m  (fem.  1  decl..).     A  «ft- 
rissa,  a  long  Macedonian  spear. 
Sartor,  oris  (masc  3  decl.  from 
sarcio).     a  mender,  a  patchery 
a  botcher. 
Satelles,  itis  (masc  and  fem.  3 
decl.).     1.  A  lifeguard.     2.  An 
attendant,  a  satellite. 
Satiatus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  frcw 

SATio).     Satiated,  sated. 
Satis  (adv.)     Enough,  sufficiently 
Satius  (adv.  comparative  of  satis) 

Better,  preferable. 
Satur,  ura,  urum  (adj.  from  sat- 
is).    Full,  well-fed,  stuffed,  sa- 
ted. 
Saturnus,    I    (prop.    n.    2    ded 
masc).     Saturn. 


SEC 

Saxones,  um  (ailj.)-     Saxons  i 

Saxosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  saxum). 

Stony,,  rocky. 
ScALPRUM,  I   (neut.  2   decl.  from 

scalpo).     I.  a  paring-knife.    2. 

A n  erasing-knife .   ^.  A  penknife . 
ScAMNUM,    I   (neut.    2   decl.).     A 

bench,  a  stool. 

SCELERATUS,  A,  UM  (adj.   frOm  SCE- 

Lus).  Wicked,  impious,  accur- 
sed. 

ScELESTUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  sce- 
Lus).  Wicked,  unprincipled,  de- 
praved. 

ScELUs,  ERis  (neut.  3  decl.).  Vil- 
lariy,  wickedness,  guilt,  crime. 

ScHOLA,  M  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
school. 

Scintilla,  jk  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
spark. 

SCIO,    SCIRE,    SCIVI,    SCITUM   (a.    V. 

4  conj.).     To  know,  to  under- 
stand, 
SciPio,    ONis    (prop.    n.    3    decl. 
masc).     Scipio. 

SCISCITO,   ARE,  AVI,   ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.).  To  inquire,  to  demand, 
to  ask,  to  interrogate.  More 
commonly  found  as  a  deponent. 

SCISCITOR,  ARI,  ATUS   SUM    (dep.  V. 

Iconj.).    Same  meaning  as  SCIS- 


CITO. 

SCIURUS,     I 

squirrel. 

SCOPULUS, 

high  rock 

SCRIBA,     M 
SCRIBO), 


(masc.    2    decl ).     A 


(masc.  2  decl.).     A 
a  cliff,  a  crag. 
(masc.    1    decl.   from 
A  scribe,  a  writer,  a 
secretary,  a/clerk. 

ScRIBO,    SCRIBERE,   SCRIPSI,  SCRIP- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).     To  write. 
ScRiNiUM,  II   (neut.  2  decl.).     A 
case,  an  escritoir,  a  portfolio^  a 
writing-desk. 
ScRiPTUM,  I   (neut.   2   decl.   from 
scRiBo).     A   writing,    anything 
written. 
ScYTHA,  M   (masc.   1   decl.).     A 

Scythian, 
ScvTHiA,  j&  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 

Scythia. 
Seco,  secare,  segui,  sectum  and 
SIC  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  conj.).    To  cut, 
to  cut  off. 
30 


SEN 

Secundum  (prep,  with  accusativ3) 
According  to,  by,  along,  &c. 

Secundus,  a,  u.\i  (adj.  from  se 
quor).  I.  Second.  2.  Favour- 
able, prosperous.  Res  secundap 
prosperity.  Fortuna  secunda 
good  fortune. 

Securus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Safe,  s€ 
cure,  unconcerned,  careless,  re 
gar  dies  s. 

Sed  (conjc).     But,  however,  6cc. 

Sedeo,  sedere,  sedi,  sessum  (neut, 
V.  2  conj.).      To  sit,  to  sit  down 

Sedes,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  seat. 

Sedile,  is  (neut.  3  decl.).  A  seat^ 
a  bench,  a  stool. 

Sedijlitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
sEDULUs).  Assiduity,  applicO" 
tion,  diligence,  zeal,  earnestness. 

Sedulus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Assiduous, 
sedulous,  earnest,  zealous,  dili- 
gent. 

Seges,  etis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1 
Land  prepared  to  receive  seed. 
2.  Land  tilled  and  sown.  3.  A 
crop,  a  harvest.  4.  Grain,  stand- 
ing corn. 

Segnis,  is,  e  (adj.).  Lazy,  sloWj 
dull,  heavy. 

Sejanus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  maec). 
Sejanus,  prime  minister  of  Tibe 
rius. 

Sella,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  seat, 
a  chair. 

Semel  (adv.).     Once. 

Semen,  inis  (neut.  3  decl.).    Seed 

Semianimis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  ^emi 
and  anima).  Half  dead,  only 
half  alive. 

SeMINO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.  from  semen).     To  sow. 
Semita,  ^  (fem.  1  conj.).    Afoot 

path,  a  path,  a  narrow  way. 
Semper  (adv.).     Always,  cver,foi 

ever. 
Sempiternus,    a,    UM    (adj.    from 

SEMPER).     Eternal,  everlasting 

endless. 
Senator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

senex).     a  senator. 
Senectus,  utis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

senex).     Old  age,  age. 
Senex,  senis,  contracted  from  sen 

Id 8   (adj.).     Oldt  aged.     Ofter 
3W 


SER 

nsed  as  a  noun,  an  old  man,  an 
aged  person. 
Seni,  -<e,  a  (distributive  numeral, 
from  sex).     Six  each,  s4z  by  six, 
&c. 
Senilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  senex). 
Of  or  belonging  to  age,  senile, 
an  old  man's. 
Senior,  oris  (adj.  comparative  of 
senex).     Elder,  more  advanced 
in  years. 
Sensus,   us   (masc.  4   decl.  from 
sENTio).     Sense,    a    sense,    the 
faculty  of  perceiving. 
Sententia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
s  E  NTi  o ) .    Opinion,  judgm  ent,  in- 
tention, purpose,  view,  sentiment. 
Sentio,  sentire,   sensi,    sensum 
(a.  V.  4  conj.).     To  discern  by 
the  senses,  to  perceive,  to  feel,  to 
be  aware  of. 
Sepelio,  sepelire,  sepelivi   and 
sEPELii,  SEPULTUM  (a.  v.  4  conj.). 
To  bury,  to  inter. 
Septem  (indeclinable  numeral  adj.). 

Seven. 
September,  bris   (masc.    3  decl. 
from  septem).  September.  Prop- 
erly an  adjective,  mensis  being 
urderstood,  and  so  called  from 
its  being  the  seventh  month  from 
March,  when  the  earlier  Roman 
year  began. 
'^EPTENi,  M,  A  (distributive  numer- 
al, from  septem).     Seven  each, 
by  sevens,  seven  by  seven. 
Septentrio,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.). 
The    North.      More    frequently 
used  in  the  plural.     The  primi- 
tive meaning  is,  the  seven  stars 
that  form  the  Greater  Bear. 
Septentri5nalis,  is,  e  (adj.  from 

septentrio).     Northern. 
Septies    (numeral    adverb,    from 

septem).     Seven  times. 
Septimius,   Ii    (prop.    n.    2   decl. 

masc).     Septimius 
Septimus,  a,  um   (numeral  adjec- 
tive, from  septem).     Seventh. 
Septingentesimus,  a,  um  (numer- 
al adjective,  from  septingenti). 
Seven  hundredth. 
Septingenti,  je,  a  (numeral  adjec- 
tive).    Seven  hundred. 
350 


S£V 

SeptuagesTmus,   a,   um    (numeraj 
adjective,    from    septuaginta). 
The  seventieth. 
Septuagies  (numeral  adv.).     Sev- 
enty times. 
Septuaginta  (indeclinable  numer- 
al adj.).     Seventy. 
Sepulcrum    or     Sepulchrum,    j 
(neut.  2  decl.  from  sepelio).    A 
sepulchre,  a  tomb. 
Sequani,  orum   (prop.  n.  2  decl. 

masc).      The  Sequani. 
Sequana,  je  (prop.  n.  fem.  1  decl.). 

The  Seine. 
Sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum  (dep. 

V.  3  conj.).     To  follow. 
Sera,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  bar,  a 

bolt. 
Serenitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
sERENUs).     Serenity,  calmness, 
fair  iceather. 
Serenus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Calm,  se- 
rene, fair. 
Sermo,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.).     Dis' 
course,  speech,  conversation ;   a 
discourse,  a  speech. 
Sero,  serere,  serui,  sertum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.).     To  set  in  order,  to 
arrange,  to  connect  together. 
Sero,  serere,  sevi,  satum  (a.  v. 

3  conj.).     To  sow,  to  plant. 
Serpens,  entis  (masc  and  fem.  3 

decl.).     A  serpent,  a  snake. 

Servator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

servo),     a  preserver,  a  saviour. 

Servio,  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (neut. 

V.  4  conj.).     To  serve,  to  be  a 

slave  to  one. 

Servitus,  utis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

servus).     Servitude,  slavery. 
Servo,  are,  avi,  atum   (a.   v.    1 

conj.).     To  save,  to  preserve. 

Servus,  i  (masc  2  decl.).    A  slave. 

Sestertius,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A 

sesterce,  a   Roman   silver  coin, 

equal   to  about  3  cents  8  milk 

of  our  currency. 

Seta,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  brislU, 

stiff  hair. 
Setosus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  seta). 

Full  of  bristles,  bristly. 
Seu  (conjc).     Whether,  or,  either. 
Severus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Austere, 
severe,  grave,  rigorous. 


SIM 

Sex    (indeclinable    numeral    adj.). 

Six. 
Sexageni,  je,  a   (distributive  nu- 
meral, from  sexaginta).     Sixty 

each,  by  sixties. 
Sexagesimus,  a,  um  (numeral  adj. 

from    sexaginta).      The    sixti- 
eth. 
Sexaginta   (indeclinable   numeral 

adj.).     Sixty. 
Sexcentesimus,   a,   um  (numeral 

adj.  from  sexcenti).     The  six 

hundredth. 
Sexies  (numeral  adv.).    Six  times. 
Sextus,    a,    um    (numeral    adj.). 

The  sixth. 
Si  (conjc).     If.     Joined  with  both 

the   subjunctive  and  indicative. 

With  the  latter  it  often  has  the 

meaning  of  since. 
Sic  (adv.).     Thus,  so. 
Siccus,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Dry,  arid, 

•parched,  thirsty. 
SiciLiA,  M  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 

Sicily. 

SiDO,     SIDERE,     SIDI     (uCUt.     V.      3 

conj.).  1.  To  settle,  to  descend, 
to  light.     2.   To  he  fixed. 

SiDUs,  ERis  (neut.  3  decl.).  A  con- 
stellation, a  cluster  of  fixed  stars, 
a  star. 

SiGNiFER,  ERi  (masc.  2  decl.  from 
siGNUM  and  fero).  A  standard- 
bearer. 

SlGNIFICO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.    1 

conj.  from   signum  and   facio). 

To  signify,  to  indicate,  to  show, 

to  point  out,  to  declare. 
SiGNUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).    A  sign, 

a  mark. 
Silentium,  n  (neut.  2  decl.  from 

8ILE0).      Silence. 
SiLEO,  ERE,  ui  (neut.  V.  2  conj.). 

To  be  silent. 
SiLEX,    icis    (masc.    and    fem.    3 

decl. ).     A  flint,  flints  tone. 
SiLVA  or  Sylva,  .m  (fem.  1  decl.). 

A  wood,  a  forest. 
SiLvius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

Silvius. 
SiMiA,  JE  (fem.  I  decl.).     An  ape. 
SiMTLis,  IS,  E  (adj.).     Like,  resem- 
bling, similar. 
BiMiUTUPO,    iNis    (fem.    3    decl. 


SOL 

from  siMiLis).    Likeness,  resem- 
blance. 

Simplex,  icis  (adj.).  Simple, sin- 
gle, candid,  nncere. 

SiMUL  (adv.).  Together,  at  the 
same  time.  Simul  ac,  as  soon 
as. 

Sin  (conjc).     But  tf,  if,  however. 

SiNCERus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  Sinceri, 
candid. 

Sine  (-prep,  with  ablative)  With" 
out. 

SiNGULi,  M,  A  (adj.).  Each,  one 
by  one,  single,  every.  The  sin- 
gular is  seldom  used. 

Sinister,  tra,  trum  (adj.).  Left, 
on  the  left.  Sinistra,  the  left 
hand,  maims  being  understood. 

SiNo,  sinere,  sivi,  siTUM  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).  To  permit,  to  suffer,  to 
allow. 

SiQUiDEM  (conjc.  from  si  and  Qui- 
dem).  Since,  seeing  that,  inas- 
much as. 

SiQuis,  siQUA  or  siQu^E,  siQUOD  or 
siQuiD  (compound  pronoun).  IJ 
any  one. 

SiTis,  IS  (fem.  3  decl.).     Thirst. 

Situs,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from  sino). 
Situated,  placed. 

Situs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  sino) 
Site,  situation. 

Soger,  eri  (masc  2  decl.).  A 
father-in-law. 

Socius,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  com- 
panion, an  ally. 

Socrates,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl 
masc).     Socrates. 

SocRus,  us  (fem.  4  decl.).  A 
mother-in-law. 

Sol,  solis  (masc.  3  decl).  The 
sun. 

Solatium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
solor).  Consolation,  comfort^ 
solace. 

Soleo,  solere,  solitus  sum  (neu- 
ter passive  v.  2  conj.).  To  bf 
accustomed,  to  be  wont. 

SoLERTiA,  ^  (fem.  1  ^ecl.  from  ho- 
lers). Sagacity,  skill,  ingemi' 
ity. 

Solitus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
soleo).  Accustomed,  wonted, 
usual. 

351 


SPA 
SollicItudo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl.). 

Solicitude,  anxiety,  disquiet. 
Solon,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  masc.)- 

Solon. 
Solum  (adv.  from  solus).     Only, 

alone. 
Solum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).     1.   The 

ground,  the  soil.     2.  The  bottom 

of  anything. 
Solus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Alone,  only. 

SOLVO,  SOLVERE,  SOLVI,  SOLUTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  loosen, 
*  to  disengage,  to  unbind.  2.  To 
weaken,  to  relax.  3.  To  pay,  to 
discharge. 
SoMNiFER,  ERA,  ERUM  (adj.  from 
soMNUs  and  fero).  Somnifer- 
ous, soporiferous,  causing  sleep. 

SOMNIO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

con},  from  somnium).  I'o  dream 
of  to  dream. 

Somnium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
dream. 

SoMNUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     Sleep. 

SoNiTUs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
soNo).     A  sound,  noise. 

SoNo,  are,  ui,  itum  (a.  v.  1  conj.). 
To  sound,  to  sound  forth,  to  re- 
sound. It  sometimes  appears  as 
a  neuter  verb. 

Sons,  soNTis  (adj.).  Guilty,  crim- 
inal. 

Sonus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A  noise, 
a  sound,  din. 

Sophocles,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Sophocles,  a  celebrated 
Athenian  tragic  poet. 

SOBBEO,    ERE,    UI     (a.    V.    2    COUJ.). 

To  suck  up  or  in,  to  drink  up,  to 
absorb. 

SoRDiDUs,  a,  um  (adj.  from  sordes). 
Filthy,  sordid,  mean,  dirty. 

Soror,  oris  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
sister. 

SoRs,  soRTis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1. 
Lot,  fate,  destiny.  2.  Chance, 
fortune. 

SoRTioR,  iRi,  ITUS  SUM  (dep.  V.  4 
conj.  from  sors).  1.  Tc  cast 
lots,  to  draw  lots,  to  allot,  to  se- 
lect by  lot. 

SpaRGO,    SPARGERE,   SPARSI,    SPAR- 
SUM  (a.  V.  3  conj  ).     To  scatter, 
to  throic  about. 
3d2 


SPL 

Sfartanus,  h,  UM  (adj.).  Spartan 
Used  also  as  a  noun,  a  Spartan. 

Sparus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).    A  dart 
a  spear.     Sometimes  sparum, 
(neut.)  is  employed. 

Spatior,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  walk  about,  to  walk 
up  and  down,  to  range,  to  wau' 
der. 

Spatium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
space,  a  distance. 

Species,  ei  (fem.  5  decl).  1.  J 
form,  figure,  fashion,  shape,  ap 
pearance.     2,  A  species,  a  sort. 

Specto,  are,  Avr,  atum  (a.  v.  I 
conj.).  To  behold,  to  gaze  at,  tc 
view.  Properly  a  frequentative 
from  sPECio. 

Spectrum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
spectre,  a  phantom,  aan-apparition. 

Speculum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
sPECio).  A  mirror,  a  looking- 
glass. 

Specus,  us  (masc.  fem.  and  neut 
4  decl.  The  masculine  is  most 
common  ;  the  neuter  appears  onl;y 
seldom ;  the  feminine  occurs  in 
the  earlier  writers).  A  cave,  a 
den,  a  grot,  a  cavern. 

Sperno,  spernere,  sprevi,  spre- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  To  spurn, 
to  contemn,  to  despise. 

SpERO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

canj.  from  spes).  To  hope,  to 
hope  for. 

Spes,  spei  (fem.  6  decl.).     Hope. 

Sphynx,  sphyngis  (fem.  3  decl.). 
A  Sphynx,  a  fabulous  animal, 
having  the  head  and  hands  of  z 
maiden,  the  body  of  a  hound,  the 
wings  of  a  bird,  the  tail  of  a  drag- 
on, the  claws  of  a  lion,  and  & 
human  voice.  It  propounded 
riddles,  and  destroyed  those  who 
could  not  solve  them. 

Spina,  m  (fem.  i  decl.).  1.  A 
thorn,  a  prickle.  2.  The  gpine, 
the  backbone. 

Splen,  splenis  (masc.  3  dec*.). 
The  spleen. 

Splendidus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from 
splkndeo).  Bright,  brilliant, 
shining,  splendid. 

Splendor,  oris   (masc.  3   decl.) 


STR 

Effulgence,  splendour,  brilliancy, 
lustre. 

Spons,  spontis  (fern.  3  decl.). 
Free  will,  accord.  Found  merely 
in  the  genitive  and  ablative  sin- 
gular, especially  the  latter.  Spon- 
te,  of  one^s  own  accord,  sponiane- 
ously,  %)illingly,  voluntarily. 

Stapia,  iE  (fem.  1  decl.).  a  stirrup, 

Stabilio,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (a.  v.  4 
conj.  from  stabilis).  To  make 
firm,  to  render  stable,  to  establish, 
to  support. 

Stabilis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  sto). 
Firm,  stable,  steadfast. 

Statio,  onis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
sto).  a  station,  a  position,  a 
post,  an  outpost,  a  vidette. 

Statua,  je  (fem.  1  decL).  A 
statue. 

Statuo,  uere,  ui,  utum  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).  1.  To  place,  to  fix,  to 
establish.  2.  To  determine,  to 
resolve. 

Status,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
STo).  A  state,  a  condition,  a 
position. 

Statutus,  a,  um  (part,  from  stat- 
uo).   Resolved,  determined  upon. 

Stella,^  (fem.  I  d^cl).     A  star. 

Stelliger,  era,  brum  (adj.  from 
STELLA  and  GERo).  Bearing 
stars,  starry. 

Stellio,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
lizard.  A  peculiar  kind,  having 
the  back  variegated  with  spots 
like  stars. 

Stercus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl). 
Dung.,  manure. 

Sterno,  sternere,  stravi,  stra- 
tum (a.  V.  3  conj.).  1.  To  strew, 
to  spread.  2.  To  overthrow,  to 
lay  low. 

Stipes,  iTis  (masc.  3  decl.).  \.  A 
stake  fixed  in  the  ground.  2.  A 
log,  a  trunk,  a  thick  branch. 

Stomachus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  1. 
The  gullet,  the  oesophagus,  2. 
The  stomach. 

Stramen,  inis  (neut.  3  decl.  from 
BTERNo).     Anything  strewn  on 
the  ground,  straw. 
Strepitus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
sTEEPo).     Noise,  din,  tumult. 
30* 


SUB 

Strix,  strigis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
screech-ovd. 

Structura,  .^  (fem  1  decl.  from 
STRUo).  1.  Building,  construc- 
tion, structure,  arrangement.  2. 
A  structure,  a  building. 

Struthio,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.)« 
An  ostrich. 

Studi5sus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  stu- 
dium).  Studious,  eager,  desi- 
rous, attentive,  zealous,  solicit 
ous. 

Studium,  II  (neut.  2  decl.).  Zeal, 
eagerness,  ardour,  study. 

Stulte  (adv.  from  stultus).  Fool- 
ishly. 

Stultitia,  m  (fem.  1  decl.  from 
stultus).     Folly. 

Stultus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Foolish. 

SUADEO,    SUADERE,    SUASI,     SUASUM 

(a.  V.  2  conj.).     To  advise. 

SuAvis,  IS,  E  (adj.).  Agreeable, 
pUasant,  sweet. 

Sub  (prep,  with  accusative  and  ab- 
lative).     Under,  beneath,  &c. 

SuBEO,  IRE,  ivi  and  ii,  itum  (neut, 
V.  4  conj.  from  sub  and  eo).  1. 
To  go  under,  to  come  under,  to 
undergo.  2.  To  approach,  to 
draw  near.  S.  To  occur,  to  sug- 
gest itself.  4.  To  come  after,  tc 
follow, 

Subjectus,  a, 'Um  (part,  from  sub- 
Jicio).  1.  Placed  under,  set  un- 
der, subject  to.     2.  Applied  to. 

SuBJIcio,  jig  ERE,  JECl,  jectum  (a 

V.  3  conj.  from  sub  and  jacio). 
1 .  To  lay  under,  to  put  under,  ti 
subject.     2.    To  substitute 

SUBLEVO     ARE.  AVI,    ATUM    (a.  V.    ] 

conj.  from  sub  and  levo).  1 
To  lift,  to  raise,  to  hold  up.  2 
To  lighten,  to  lessen.  3.  To  aid 
to  help,  to  succour. 

Subscribo,  scribere,  scripsi 
scRiPTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  sui- 
and  scRiBo).  To  write  beneati 
or  under,  to  subscribe. 

Subsequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum 
(dep.  V.  3  conj.  from  sub  and  se- 
quor).  To  follow  after,  to  come 
after,  to  succeed. 

Subter  (prep,  with  accusative  and 
ablative).     Beneath,  under. 
353 


SUP 
fcJuBiiLia,    IS,    E    (adj.).     Subtile^ 
thin,  fine,  small,  slender. 

SUBTRAHO,  TRAHERE,  TRAXI,  TRAC- 

TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  sub  and 
TRAHo).  To  subtract,  to  draw  or 
take  from  under. 

SOOCEDO,    CEDERE,    CKSSI,     CESSUM 

(neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  sub  and 
CEDo).  I.  To  succeed,  to  follow. 
2.   To  draw  near,  to  approach. 

Successor,  oris  (raasc.  3  decl. 
from  succEDo).     A  successor. 

SuccEssus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
succEDo).  Success,  good  for- 
tune. 

Succdsus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  suc- 
cus).  Full  of  juice,  juicy,  moist, 
sappy, 

SUCCURRO,  CURRERE,  CURRl,  CUR- 
SUM  (neut.  V.  3  conj.  from  sub 
and  cuRRo).  To  run  to  one's 
aid,  to  succour,  to  help. 

Sudor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  Per- 
spiration, sweat. 

SuEciA,  JE  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fern.). 
Sweden. 

SuEvi,  ORUM  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Suevi,  a  German 
nation. 

Sui  (pron.).  Of  himself ,  of  herself , 
of  itself,  &c. 

Sulphur  or  Sulfur,  uris  (neut.  3 
decl.).     Sulphur. 

Sum,  esse,  fui  (irreg.  v.).  To  be, 
to  exist,  &c. 

SuMMUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  superlative  of 
suPERUs).  Highest,  uppermost, 
topmost,  very  high,  &C. 

SuMPTUs  or  SuMTUs,  us  (masc.  4 
decl.  from  sumo).  Expense,  cost, 
charge. 

SuMTUS,  us,  Vid.  SUMPTUS. 
SUPELLEX,  PELLECTILIS  (fcm.  3 

decl.).  Household  furniture,  an 
article  of  furniture,  moveables. 
•  Super  (prep,  with  accusative  and 
ablative).  Above,  beyond,  &c. 
Super  coenam,  at  supper,  liter- 
ally over  supper. 

SUPERBIO,  IRE,  iVf,  ITUM    (nCUt.  V. 

4  conj   from  superbus).     To  be 
proud,  to  act  proudly,  to  boast 
proudly. 
Superbus,  a,   um   (adj.)      Proud, 
354 


SULT 

haughty.  Tarquinius  Superbu*, 
Tarquin  the  Proud. 

Supercilium,  ii  (neut.  2  decl.). 
4.  An  eyebroijo.  2.  Pride,  su- 
perciliousness, haughtiness. 

Superficies,  ei  (fem.  6  decl.  from 
SUPER  and  facies).  A  surface, 
a  superficies.  • 

Superior,  or,  us  (adj.  comparative 
of  suPERUs).     Higher. 

SUPERO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.  from  super).    To  overcome, 

to  conquer,  to  surmount. 
Supplex,  plicis  (adj.).    Suppliant, 

humble,  entreating. 
Supra  (prep,  with  the  accusative). 

Above,  beyond,  &c. 
Supremus,  a,  um  (adj.  superlative 

of  SUPERUS).    Highest,  supreme. 
SuRDus,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Deaf. 

SURGO,     SURGERE,     SURREXI,     SUR- 

RECTUM  (neut.  V.  3  conj.).  To 
arise,  to  spring  up,  to  grow 

SURRIPIO,  RIPERE,    RIPUI,    REPTUM 

(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  sub  and  ra- 

pio).     To  take  away  secretly,  to 

steal,  to  filch. 
SuRsuM  (adv.).     Upward,  on  high, 

up. 
Sus,  suis  (masc.  and  fem.  3  decl.). 

A  hog,  a  sow,  a  boar. 

SUSCIPIO,  CIPERE,  CEPI,  CEPTUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj.  from  sub  and  capio). 

To  take  up,  to  undertake,  to  en- 
gage in. 

SUSCITO,    ARE,    AVI,   ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.).  To  arouse,  to  excite,  to 
stir  up. 

SusPECTUs,  A,  ^M  (part,  from  sus- 
picio).     Suspected. 

SusPECTUs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
suspicio).     A  looking  upward. 

Suspicio,  5nis  (fem.  3  decl.).  Sus- 
picion, mistrust.  ^ 

SUSTENTO,   ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.    1 

conj.  frequentative  from  sustin- 
Eo).  To  sustain,  to  uphold,  to 
support. 

SUSTINEO,  TINERE,  TINUI,  TENTUM 

(a.  v.  2  conj.  from  sub  and  ten- 
Eo).     To  sustain,  to  support. 
Suus,  A,  UM   (pron.   adj.).     One's 
own,  its  own,  particular,  proper^ 
peculiar,  favourable. 


TAU 

T. 

TIbulA;  2e  (fern.  1  decl.)-  A 
hoards  a  plank.  Tabula  picta,  a 
picture^  with  picta  sometimes 
understood. 

ricEO,  ERE,  ui,  ITUM  (neut.  V.  2 
conj.).  To  become  silent,  to  hold 
one^s  peace,  to  be  silent.  Taceo, 
properly,  is  to  become  silent  after 
having  spoken,  and  sileo  to  re- 
main silent  after  having  been  so 
previously. 

Tacitus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
TAG  eg).     Silent. 

Tacitus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.)« 
Tacitus. 

Tactus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
tango).      Touched,  affected. 

Tactus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
tango).  Touch,  the  sense  of 
touch. 

Talpa,  je  (masc.  and  fem.  more 
commonly  the  former,  1  decl.). 
A  mole. 

Tam  (adv.).     So,  so  much. 

T AM  E  N  (conjc . ).  Notwithstanding, 
yet,  nevertheless,  however. 

Tamesis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).  The 
Thames. 

Tametsi  (conjc.  from  tamen  and 
ETsi).     Though,  although. 

Tanlo,  tangere,  tetigi,  tactum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.).     To  touch. 

Tanquam  (adv.).  As  if,  as,  as  it 
were. 

Tantalus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Tantalus. 

Tantum  (adv.).  1.  So  much,  to 
such  a  degree.     2.   Only,  alone. 

Tantus,  a,  um  (adj.).  So  great, 
so  much,  so  important. 

Tapes,  etis  (masc.  3  decl.).  Ta- 
pestry. 

Tarandus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
reindeer. 

Tardus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Slow,  inert, 
lazy,  dull. 

Tarquinius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Tarquinius.    Vid.  Su- 

PERBUS. 

Taurus,   i    (masc.    2    decl.).     A 

hull. 
Taurus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 


TER 

Mount    Taurus,    au    extensive 

mountain  range  in  Asia. 
Tectum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from  te 

go)!     1.  A  covering.    2.  A  roof. 

3.  A  house,  a  dwelling. 
Tegumentum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 

TEGo).     A  covering. 
Tellus,  uris  (fem.  3  decl.).     The 

earth. 
Tellus,    uris    (prop.  n.    3   decl. 

fem. ).    The  goddess  of  the  earth, 

Tellus. 
Telum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     A  leeap- 

on,  a  dart,  a  missile.    Any  weap- 
on of  attack. 
Temo,  oNis  (masc.  3  decl.).     The  ^ 

pole  of  a  chariot,  the  beam  of  a 

plough,  the  draught-tree. 
Temperantia,    m    (fem.    1    deci. 

from  temperans).     Continence, 

self-control,  moderation,  temper- 
ance. ^ 
Tkmperatus,   a,  um   (verbal   adj. 

from  tempero).    Tempered,  mod- 
erated, restrained,  mixed. 
Tempestas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

TEMPus).     \.  A  particular  time, 

time.     2    A  storm,  a  tempest. 
Templum,   I   (neut.   2   decl.).     A 

temple. 
Tempus,    oris    (neut.    3    decl.). 

Time.     It  differs  from  tempestas 

in  denoting  time  generally. 
Tempus,  oris  (neut.  3  decl.).     One 

of  the  temples  of  the  head.     Tem- 

pora.  The  temples. 
Tenebr.^,    arum    (fem.    1    decl. 

wants  the  singular).     Darkness^ 

obscurity,  gloom. 
Teneo,   tenere,   tenui,   tentum 

(a.  V.  2  conj.).     To  hold,  to  keep 

firm,  to  retain. 
Tener,  era,  erum  (adj.).     Tende/y 

soft,  pliant,  yielding. 
Tenuis,    is,    e    (adj.).     1.   Thin, 

slender,  fine.     2.    Weak,  feeble. 
Tenus   (prep,   with    ablative,  and 

placed  generally  after  its  case). 

As  far  as,  up  to,  down  to. 
Ter  (numeral  adv.).    Thrice,  three 

times. 
Terentius,  II   (prop.    n.   2   decl 

masc.).*  Terence. 
Tergum,  i   (neut.  2  decl.).     Tht 
355 


THE 
back,  whether  of  man  or  beast,  a 
back  of  any  object. 

Term,  m,  a  (distributive  numeral, 
fromTER).   Three  each,  by  threes. 

Tero,  terere,  trivi,  tritum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.).  To  rub,  to  wear 
away,  to  consume,  to  bruise. 

Terra,  ^  (fern.  I  decl.)-  The 
earth. 

Terribilis,  is,  e  (verbal  adj.  from 
TERREo).  Terrible,  fearful,  for- 
midable. 

Terror,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.). 
Terror,  fright,  alarm. 

Tertio  (adv.  from  tertius).  The 
third  time,  for  the  third  time,  a 
third  time. 

Tertios,  a,  um  (numeral  adj.  from 
ter).      Third. 

TfiSTAMENTuai,  I  (neut.'2  decl.  from 
testor).     a  testament,  a  will. 

Testis,  i%  (masc.  and  fem.).  A 
witness. 

Testor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep  v.  1 
conj.).  To  testify,  to  bear  loit- 
ness  to,  to  show,  to  declare.  2. 
To  declare  solemnly,  to  conjure, 
to  invoke. 

Testudo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1. 
A  tortoise.  2.  A  tortoise-shell. 
3.  A  lyre.  4.  A  testudo  in  mil- 
itary language,  when  the  soldiers 
advanced  to  attack  the  walls  with 
their  shields  locked  over  their 
heads  like  the  shell  of  a  tor- 
toise. 

Teter,  tra,  trum  (adj.).  Foul, 
offensive,  noisome,  disgusting, 
shocking. 

Teucer,  CRT  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  Teucer,  half  brother  of 
Ajax. 

Thales,  lis  and  letis  (prop.  n.  3 
decl.  masc).  Thales,  a  celebra- 
ted philosopher. 

Theatrum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
theatre. 

Theb^,  arum  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fem.).      Thebes. 

Thebanus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Theban. 
As  a  noun,  a  Theban. 

Themestocles,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc),     ThemistocleS. 

Thermop^l-^:,  arum  (prop.  n.  fem. 
350 


TON 

1     decl.    wants    the    singular^ 

Thermopylce. 
Thersites,  ^   (prop.   n.    1    decl 

masc).      Thersites. 
Thessalia,  je   (prop.   n.    1    decl 

fem.).      Thessaly. 
Thetis,  idis  or  ioos   (prop.  n.  3 

decl.  fem.).     Thetis. 
Thorax,  acis  (masc  3  decl.).     1 

The  breast,  the  chest,  the  thorax. 

2.  A  breastplate,  a  corslet. 
Thracia,  je,  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem  ; 

Thrace. 
Thronus,  I   (masc  2   decl.).     A 

throne. 
Thus,  thuris,  vid.  Tus. 
Tiberis,  IS  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  masc). 

The  Tiber.     It  also  occurs  in  the 

following  forms,  Tibris,  is,  and 

Thybris,  idis  or  ioos. 
Tiberius,    ii    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc).     Tiberius. 
TiBULLus,    1    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc).      Tibullus. 
TiciNUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc). 

The  Ticinus,  a  river  of  Italy, 
.  now  the  Tesino. 
Tigris,  is  and  idis  or  ioos  (masc 

anJ  fem.  3   decl.)^     A  tiger,  a 

tigress. 
TilTa,  je.  (fem.   1  decl.).     A  lin- 
den-tree. 
TiMEo,  ere,  ui  (a.  V.  2  conj.).    Tc 

fear. 
TiMiDus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  timeo). 

Timid,  fearful. 
TiMOLEON,  ONis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 

masc).     Timoleon. 
Titan,  anis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

Titan. 
Titus,  i  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.) 

Titus. 
Toga,  je  (fem.  1  decl).     A  toga, 

an  outer  robe  or  gown,  of  a  white 

colour,  worn  by  the  Romans. 

ToLERO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.   V.    1 

conj.).      To  endure,  to  bear^  to 
suffer. 

TONDEO,  TONDERE,  TOTONDl,  ?  ON- 

suM  (a.  V.  2  conj.).     To  shear, 
to  cut,  to  shave. 
Tonitru  (neut.  4  decl.  indeclinable 
in  the  singular  ;  in  the  plural  ton- 
itrua).     Thunder. 


TRA 

TONO,    TONARE,    TUNUI    (neu^.  V.    ] 

conj.).     To  thunder. 

ToNSOR,  5ris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
TONDKo).     A  barber. 

Torques,  is  (masc.  and  fern.  3 
decl.).  A  chain  worn  round  the 
neck,  and  made  of  twisted  work, 
a  collar. 

Torridus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  tor- 
REo).     Dry^  parched^  dried  up. 

Tot  (indeclinable  adj.)     So  many. 

ToTiDEM  (adv.  from  tot  and  idem). 
As  many,  just  so  many. 

ToTiEs  (adv.  from  tot).     So  often. 

ToTus,  A,  UM  (adj.).  The  whole^ 
all  together,  entire,  total. 

Trabs,  trabis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A 
beam,  a  rafter,  a  piece  of  wood. 

Traditus,  a,  um  (part,  from  tra- 
Do).  Delivered  up,  given  up, 
surrendered,  handed  over. 

Trado,  tradere,  tradidi,  tra- 
ditum  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  trans 
and  do)  To  deliver,  to  give 
over,  to  surrender,  to  consign. 

Tragious,  a,  um  (adj.).      Tragic. 

Tragcedia,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).  A 
tragedy,  tragedy. 

Trajanus,    I    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc).      Trajan. 
Trames,  itis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 
cross-way,   a  cross-road^   a  by- 
path, a  path. 

Trans  (prep,  with  accusative). 
Across,  beyond,  over. 

Transduco,  ducere,  duxi,  duc- 
TUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.  from  trans 
and  Duco).  To  lead  over,  to  car- 
ry over,  to  convey  across,  to  lead 
through,  to  transport. 

Transeo,  ire,  ivi,  iTUM  (irreg.  v. 
from  trans  and  eo).  To  go  or 
pass  over  or  beyorji,  to  cross 
over. 

TraNSFERO,  FERRE,  TULT,  LATUM 

(irreg.  v.  from  trans  and  pero). 
To  bring  or  carry  over,  to  trans- 
fer, to  remove  from  one  place  to 
another. 
Transigc  igere,  egi,  actum  (a. 
V.  from  trans  and  ago).  1.  To 
drive  through,  to  pierce.  2.  To 
accomplish,  to  perform,  to  con- 
cludey  to  transact. 


TRI 

Trebia,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
The  Trebia,  a  river  of  northern 
Italy,  where  Hannibal  gained  one 
of  his  victories  over  the  Romans 
It  falls  into  the  Po  near  Placen 
tia  or  Placenza. 

Trecentesimus,  a,  um  (numeral 
adj.  from  trecenti).  The  three 
hundredth. 

Trecenti,  je,  a  (numeral  adj.  from 
TRES  and  centum).  Three  hun- 
dred. 

Tremor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
trembling,  a  tremour. 

Tres,  tres,  tria  (numeral  adj.) 
Three. 

Treviri,  drum  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Treviri,  a  people 
of  Belgic  Gaul.  Their  ancient 
capital  is  now  Treves. 

Tribuo,  uere,  ui,  utum  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).  To  give,  assxgn,  grant, 
to  bestow,  to  attribute. 

Triceni,  m,  A  (distributive  numer- 
al adj.  from  TRIG inta).  Thirty 
each,  by  thirties. 

Tricesimus,  a,  UM,  or  Trigesimus 
(numeral  adj.  from  triginta) 
The  thirtieth. 

Trioies  (numeral  adv.  from  tri- 
ginta).    Thirty  times. 

Triduum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
TRES  and  dies).  The  space  of 
three  days,  three  days.  Properly 
an  adjective,  with  spatium  under 
stood. 

Triginta  (indeclinable  numeral 
adj.).     Thirty. 

Triplex,  plicis  (adj.  from  tres 
and  plica).     Triple,  threefold. 

Triplo  (ablative  neuter  of  trip 
Lus).     Three  times. 

Triplus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Thrice  as 
much,  three  times. 

Triticum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  Wheat. 

Triton,  5nis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 
masc).  Tn/ow,  a  sea-god.  Also 
a  common  noun,  signifying  a  tri- 
ton.  The  tritons  were  the  attend- 
ants  upon  the  cars  of  the  sea- 
deities,  and  blew  on  shells.  Tri- 
ton himself  was  the  attendant  on 
Neptune  and  Amphitrite. 

Tbiumpho,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
2b7 


TUT 
conj.).     To  triumph,  to  celebrate 
a  triumph, 

Triumphus,  1  (masc.  3  decl.).  A 
triumph. 

Troja  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Troy. 

Trojanus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  Tro- 
ja).     Trojan, 

TrUCIDO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM   (a.  V.    1 

conj.).     To  butcher,  to  slaughter, 

to  kill  cruelly,  to  cut  to  pieces,  to 

massacre. 
Truncus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).     The 

flunk  of  a  tree,  the  trunk  of  a 

human  body  without  the  limbs. 
Truncus,  a,  um  (adj.).     Maimed, 

mutilated,  dismembered,  deprived 

of. 
Tu  (pron.).     Thou, 
Tuber,  eris   (neut.  3  decl.).     A 

tumour,  a  bump,  a  swelling. 

TUEOR,    TUERI,    TUITUS     OF    TUTUS 

SUM  (dep.  Y.  2  conj.)-  1.  To 
behold,  to  gaze  upon,  to  look 
steud/astly,  to  look  carefully  to  a 
thing.  2.  To  protect,  to  take 
care  of,  to  defend,  to  preserve. 
TuLiPA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  tu- 

lip. 

TuM  (adv.).     Then,  thereupon. 

TuMiDus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  tumeo). 
Swollen,  swelling,  tumid,  protu- 
berant. 

TuMULTUs,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
tumeo).  a  tumult,  commotion, 
uproar. 

Tunc  (adv.).     Then,  at  that  time, 

TuRCA,  -ffl  (masc.  1  decl.).  A 
Turk. 

TuRPis,  IS,  E  (adj.).  Foul,  dis- 
graceful, filthy,  loathsome,  ugly. 

TuRRis,  is(fem.  3decl.).    Atoicer. 

TuRTUR,  uRis  (masc.  3  decl,).  A 
turtle,  a  turlk-dove. 

Tus  or  Thus,  uris  (neut.  3  decl.). 
License,  frankincense. 

Tusci,  ORUM  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).  The  Etrurians  or  Tus- 
cans. 

TuTE  (compound  pron.  from  tu  and 
the  strengthening  suffix  te). 
Thou  thyself, 

Tuto  (adv.  from  tutus).     Safely. 

Tutor,  ari,   .\Tue  sum  (dep,  v.    1 


UND 

conj.  from  tueor).     To  protect 

to  defend. 
Tutus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from  tu- 
eor).    Safe,  protected. 
Tuus,  A,  um  (pronominal  adj.  from 

tu).     Thy,  thine. 
Tydides,    je    (prop.    n.    1    decl. 

masc).     Tydides,  a  patronymic 

appellation   for   Di-Dmedes,  who 

was  the  son  of  Tydeus. 
Tyndarus,    I    (prop.    n.    2    decl. 

masc).     Tyndarus. 
Tyrannis,  idis   or  ioos   (fem.  3 

decl.  from  tyrannus).  Tyranny, 
Tyrannus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     A 

tyrant. 

U. 
Ubi  (adv.).     Where,  in  which  place, 

in  what  place. 
Ubique  (adv.).     Everywhere. 

UlCISCOR,      ULCISCI,      ULTUS      SUM 

(dep.  v.  3  conj,).     To  punish, 

to  avenge,  to  take  vengeance  upon. 
Ulcus,  ceris  (neut.  3  decl.).     An 

ulcer,  a  sore. 
Ullus,  a,   um   (adj.).     Any,  any 

one. 
Ulpianus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl,  masc). 

Vlpian. 
Ulterior,  oris  (adj.  comparative 

degree).     Farther,  beyond, 
Ultimus,   a,   um    (adj.  superlative 

degree).     Farthest,  farthermost 

utmost. 
Ultra    (prep,    with    accusative). 

Beyond,  on  the  farther  side  of 

past. 
Ulula,  je,  (fem.  1  decl.).  '  An  owl. 
Ulysses,    is    (prop.    n.    3    decl. 

masc).     Ulysses. 
Umbra,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  shad- 
ow, a  shade. 
Un ANIMUS,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  unus 

and  animus).     Of  one  mind,  in 

complete   accordance    with    each 

other. 
Uncia,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     1.  An 

ounce.     2.   The  twelfth  part  of 

any  whole. 
Unda,  je  (fem,  1  decl.).     Water. 
Undecim     (indeclinable     numeral 

adj.).     Eleven. 
UxnEciMus   A,  UM  (numeral  adjec 


UTI 
tive  trom  undecim).     The  elev- 
enth. 

Undenonagesimus,  a,  um  (numeral 
adj.  from  undenonaginta).  The 
eighty-ninth. 

Undetriginta  (indeclinable  nu- 
meral adj.).     Twenty-nine. 

Undeviginti  (indeclinable  numeral 
adj.).     Nineteen. 

Undique  (adv.).  From  all  sides, 
from  every  quarter,  on  all  sides. 

Unguis,  is  (masc.  3  decl.).  A  nail 
of  the  finger  or  toe,  a  claw,  a 
talon. 

Ungula,  m  (fem.  I  decl.  from  un- 
guis).    A  hoof. 

Unio,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.  from 
UNUs).  1.  Unity,  the  number 
one.     2.  A  pearl. 

Universus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  unus 
and  versus).  The  whole,  uni- 
versal, the  whole  taken  at  once. 

Unquam  (adv.).  Ever,  at  any 
time. 

LInus,  a,  um  (numeral  adj.).  One, 
single,  alone. 

Unusquisque,  unaqu^que,  unum- 
QUODQUE,  &c.  (compound  pron. 
from  UNDs  and  quisque).  Ev- 
ery, every  one. 

Urania,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.). 
Urania,  the  muse  of  astronomy. 

Urbanus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  urbs). 

1.  0/  or  belonging  to  the  city. 

2.  Polite,  refined,  courteous. 
Urbs,  urbis  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  city. 
Ursus,  i  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  bear. 
Urus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  wild 

ox,  a  buffalo. 

Usque  (adv.).  1.  Even,  as  far  as. 
2.  Continually,  incessantly,  al- 
ways. 

Ut  (adv.).  As,  like  as,  just  as, 
even  as,  how,  when. 

Ut  (conjc).     That,  in  order  that. 

Uter,  tra,  trum  (pronominal  adj.). 
Which  of  the  two,  whether  of  the 
two. 

Uti  (adv.).     As.     Same  as  ut. 

Uticensis,  is,  b  (adj.  from  Utica). 
Of  Utica.  An  appellation  given 
to  he  younger  Cato,  from  his 
ending  his  existcrce  at  Utica  by 
bis  own  hand. 


VAS 
Utilis,   is,    e    (verbal    adj.    irom 

utor).      Useful,  advantageous. 
Utilitas,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

utilis).      Utility,  advantage. 
Utinam  (adv.).    /  wish  that,  would 

that,  oh  that  I 
Utor,  uti,  usus   sum   (dep.  v.  3 

conj.).     To  use,  to  make  use  of 

to  enjoy. 
Utrinque  (adv.).     On  both  sides. 
Utrum  (adv.).     Whether. 
UvA,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  grape. 
Uxor,   oris    (fem.    3   decl.).     A 

wife, 

V. 

Vacca,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  cow* 

V^  (interj.) !     Wo  !  alas  I 

Vagor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v.  I 
conj.).  To  wander,  to  rove,  to 
stray,  to  move  up  and  down. 

Valde  (adv.).  Greatly,  very,  ex- 
ceedingly. 

Vale  (imperative  of  valeo).  Fare- 
well. 

Valeq,  ere,  ui,  iTUM  (ucut.  v.  2 
conj.).  To  be  well,  to  enjoy  good 
health,  to  be  strong,  to  be  power- 
ful. 

Valetudo,  inis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
VALEo).  Health,  whether  good 
or  bad. 

Validus,  a,  UM  (adj.  from  valeo). 
Sound,  in  sound  health,  strong, 
powerful. 

Vallis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  valley. 

Vanitas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
vaNus).     Emptiness,    vainness, 

Vannus,  I  (fem.).    A  corn-fan. 

Vapor,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.).  An 
exhalation,  vapour,  steam. 

Vapulo,  are,  avi,  atum  (neutral 
passive  v.  1  conj.).  To  be  beat- 
en, to  be  whipped,  to  be  chastised. 

Varietas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
VARius).     Diversity,  variety. 

Vario,  are,  avi,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).  To  diversify,  to  varie- 
gate, to  vary,  to  change. 

Varius,  a,  um  (adj.).  Various 
different,  diversified,  variegated. 

Vas,   vadis   (masc.   3   decl.).     A 

surety,  bail. 
I  Vas,  vasis  (neut.  3  decl.).    A  vast, 
359 


VEN 
a  ves&cl.     In   the  plural,  vasa, 

ORUM. 

Vastus,  a,  um  (adj.)-  1-  Vastj 
spacioust  ample.  2.  Waste,  un- 
peopled, deserted. 

Vati'jinor,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v. 
1  conj.  from  vates  and  cano). 
To  prophesy,  to  predict,  to  divine. 

Ve  (conjc).  Or.  Always  placed 
at  the  end  of  a  word  as  a  suffix. 

Vectigal,  ALis  (neut  3  decl.  from 
vgHo).  Duty  on  goods,  &,c., 
impost.  In  the  plural,  taxes,  rev- 
enue, duties,  customs,  &c.,  trib- 
ute.      , 

Vehementer  (adv.).  Vehement- 
ly, extremely,  eagerly,  warmly. 
Comparative  vehementius,  su- 
perlative VEHEMENTISSIME. 

Veu,  orum  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.). 

Veii,  an  ancient  city  of  Etruria, 

not  far  from  Rome. 
Vel  (conjc).     Or,  either. 
Velocitas,    ATis    (fern:    3    decl. 

from   vELox).      Velocity,   swift- 
ness, speed,  quickness. 
Velox,  ocis  (adj.).     Fleet,  simft, 

quick,  rapid. 
Velut  or  Veluti  (adv.).    As,  like 

as. 
Venatio,  ONis  (fern.  3  decl.  from 

venor).     a  hunting,  the  chase. 
Venator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

venor).     a  hunter,  a  huntsman. 
Venatus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 

venor).     a  hunting,  a  chasing. 

VeNDO,  venders,  VENDIDl,  VEN- 

DiTUM  (a.  V.  3  conj.).  To  sell, 
to  vend. 

Venenatus,  a,  um  (verbal  adj.  from 
vENENo).     Poisoned,  envenomed. 

Venenum,  1  (neut.  2  decl.).  Poi- 
son.  Primitive  meaning,  a  drug 
or  medicine. 

Veneror,  ari,  atus  sum  (dep.  v. 
I  conj.).  To  venerate,  to  rever- 
ence, to  adore,  to  worship. 

Venia,  tb.  (fern.  I  decl.).  Pardon, 
indulgence,  permission,  leave,  li- 
cense. 

VenIO,      VEnIrE,       VENl,      VENTUM 

(neut.  V.  4  conj.).  To  come,  to 
arrive.  * 

Venor,  ari,  atus  bum  (dep.  v.  1 
^60 


VER 

tonj.).     To  hunt,   to   chas6,    U 
pursue. 

Ventricui.us,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  dim- 
inutive from  venter).  A  ven- 
tricle, the  stomach.  Primitive 
meaning,  a  little  stomach. 

Ventus,  1  (masc.  2  decl.).  Wind, 
a  wind. 

Venus,  ekis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  fem.). 
Venus. 

Venustas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
Venus).  Elegance,  grace,  love- 
liness. 

Ver,  veris  (neut.  3  decl.).  The 
spring. 

Verbek,  eris  (neut.  3  decl.).  A 
lash,  a  scourge. 

Verbum,  I  (neut.  2  decl).  A 
word,  an  expression. 

Vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum 
(dep.  V.  2  conj  ).  To  dread,  to 
fear,  to  regard  with  reverential 
awe. 

Vergo,  vergere,  VERsi  (neut.  v. 
3  conj.  perfect  rarely  found).  1. 
To  incline,  to  bend,  to  look  to- 
wards.    2.   To  pour  out. 

Veritas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 
vERUs).     Truth,  verity. 

Vermis,  is  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
worm. 

Vero  (adv.).  Certainly,  truly,  in- 
deed. It  often  appears  as  an  ad- 
versative adverb,  but. 

Verres,  is  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  masc). 
Verres. 

Versicolor,  oris  (adj.  from  ver 
TO  and  color).      Changeable  of 
colour,  changing  its  hue,  varies 
gated. 

Versor,  ari,  atus  SUM  (dep.  v.  1 
conj  ).  1.  To  frequent,  to  be  fre- 
quently  in  a  place.  2.  To  be  con- 
versant with,  to  be  often  engaged 
in,  to  be  employed  in. 

Versus,  us  (masc  4  decl.  from 
vKRTo).     A  verse. 

Versus  (prep,  with  accusative,  and 
commonly  following  its  case). 
Towards. 

Vertebra,  je  (fem.  I  decl.  from 
vEKTo).  A  vertebra,  one  of  the 
joints  of  the  spine. 

Vertex,  ic IS  (masc.  3  decl.  firom 


fKRTo)      A    top,   a  summit,   a 
height.     Primitive    meaning,    a 
point  or  extremity  on  which  any- 
thing   revolves.      Hence    arises 
also  another  frequent  meaning  of 
a  whirlpool,  a  vortex. 
Vbrto,   vertere,  verti,  versum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.).     To  turn,  to  turn 
round,  to  direct  another  way. 
Veru  (neut.  indeclinable  4  decl.). 
1.  A  spit.     3.  A  thin  tapering 
spear. 
Terum  (adv.).     1.   Truly,  just  so, 
exactly  so.     2.  More  frequently 
adversative,  hut,  however. 
Verumtamen     or     Veruntamen 
(adv.).     But,  however,  neverthe- 
less, notwithstanding. 
Verus,  a,  um  (adj.)-     True,  real, 

sincere. 
Vervex,  ecis  (masc.  3  decl.).     1. 
A  wether,  a  wether-sheep.     2.  A 
dull  fellow,  a  blockhead. 
Vespasianus,  I   (prop.  n.  2   decl. 

masc).      Vespasian. 
Vesper,  eris  (masc.  3  decl.).     The 

evening  star,  evening. 
Vespera,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).    Even- 
ing. 
Vespere  or  Vesperi   (ablative  of 

vesper).     In  the  evening. 
Vespbrus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).    Same 

meaning  as  vesper. 
Vespertilio,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.). 

A  bat. 
Vespertinus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  ves- 
per).    Of  evening,  in  the  even- 
ing, evening^s. 
Vbspillo,  onis  (inasc.  3  decl.  from 
vesper).     One  who  carries  out 
dead  bodies  at  dark,  an  interrer, 
a  bier-bearer,  a  sexton. 
I^BSTALis,  is,  e  (adj.  from  Vesta). 
Of  Vesta,  Vestal.     Virgo  Ves- 
talis,  a  Vestal  virgin. 
iTKSTBR,  TRA,   TRUM    (pionominal 

adj.).  Your,  yours. 
VESTioiuM,  II  (neut.  2  decl.).  A 
print  of  a  foot,  a  footstep,  a  track, 
a  trace. 
Vestimentum,  I  (neut.  2  decl. 
from  vESTio).  A  garment,  a 
vestment,    an    article  of  cloth- 

Dl'J. 

31 


VIG 

Vestio,  ire,  ivi,  iTUM  (a.  v.  4 

conj.}.     To  clothe,  to  cover. 
Vestis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  gar* 

ment,  a  vestment.  , 

Vestitus,  a,  um  (part,  from  ▼£■• 

Tio).     Clad,  arrayed,  clothed. 
Vestras,  ATis  (adj.  from  vbstbr). 

Of  your  country,  of  your  party, 

of  your  family,  &c. 
Vesuvius,    ii    (prop.   n.    2    decl. 

masc).     Vesuvius,  a  mountain 

near  Naples. 
Vetus,  eris  (adj.).     Old,  ancient, 

of  long  standing.     Comparative 

VETERioR,  superlative  veterrx- 

MUS). 

Vetustas,  ATIS  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

vetus).     1.  Antiquity,  ancient- 

ness.     2.  Length  of  time. 
Via,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  way,  a 

path. 
Viator,  oris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

via),     a  traveller,  a  wayfaring 

man. 
Vibex,  icis  (fem.  3  decl.).     The 

yiark  of  a  stripe  or  blow,  a  weal. ' 
VicENi,  JE,  A  (distributive  numeral 

from  viGiNTi).     Twenty  each,  by 

twenties. 
VicEsiMus  or  ViGEsiMUs  (numeral 

adjective,   from  viginti).     The 

twentieth. 
ViciEs    (numeral  adv.).     Twenty 

times. 
VicissiTUDO,  iNis   (fem.  3  decl.) 

Change,  vicissitude. 
Victor,  5ris  (masc.  3  decl.  from 

viNco).     A  victor,  a  conqueror. 
Victoria,  je  (fem.  1  decl.  from  tic- 
tor).     Victory. 
Victoria,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.), 

Victoria. 
Victrix,  icis  (feminine  adj.).    She 

that  is  victorious,  victorious. 
ViCTUs,   us   (masc.  4  decl.   from 
vivo).      Food,    sustenance,    the 

means  of  existence. 
VicTUs,  A,  UM  (part.irom  vinco). 

Conquered,  overcome. 
Video,  viderb,  vidi,  visum  (a.  ▼. 

2  conj.).     To  see,  to  perceive. 
Videor,  videri,  visus  sum  (passive 
of  video).    To  appear,  to  he  seen 
ViGiLATUs,  A,  UM  (vcrbal  ,i'ii  iVom 


VIS 

▼iGiLo).      Spent    in    watching^ 

spent  without  sleep. 
ViGiNTi     (indeclinable     numeral). 

7wenty, 
ViLis,  IS,  E  (adj.)-    Vile,  worthless, 

cheap,  of  little  value» 

ViNCO.   VINCERE,  VICI,    VICTUM    (a. 

V.  3.  conj.).  To  conquer,  to 
overcome. 

Vinculum,  i  (neut.  2  decl.  from 
viNCio).  A  bond,  a  chain,  a  fet- 
ter. 

ViNDEx,  icis  (masc.  and  fem.  3 
decl. ).  1 .  An  avenger,  a  redress- 
er  of  grievances.  3.  An  assert- 
or,  a  defender. 

ViNDiciA,  .as  (fem.  1  decl.  more 
commonly  found  m  the  plural). 
A  claim. 

ViNDOBONA,    iE    (prop.    H.     1     dccl. 

fem.).     Vienna. 

ViNUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).      Wine. 

Viola,  -ae  (fem.  1  decl.).    A  violet. 

ViPERA,  ^  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  vi- 
per. 
^ViR,  viRi  (masc.  2  decl.).    A  man, 
a  hero. 

ViRGiLius,  ii  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Virgil. 

Virgo,  inis  (fem.  3  de(S.).  A  vir- 
gin, a  maiden. 

ViRiDis,  IS,  B  (adj.).  Green,  ver- 
dant. 

ViRiLis,  IS,  E  (adj.  from  vir).  Of 
or  belonging  to  a  man,  manly. 

ViRiTiM  (adv.  from  vir).  Man  by 
man. 

Virtus,  utis  (fem.  3  decl.).  1. 
Energy »  2.  Talent,  merit.  3. 
Virtue. 

KiRvs,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).  1.  Juice, 
moisture.  2.  Venom,  poison. 
3.  A  rank  or  fetid  smell. 

Vis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.  the  nominative, 
accusative,  and  ablative  are  alone 
teed  in   the    singular.      In   the 

plural,    VIRES,    VIRIUM,   viribus, 

&c.,  is  regular).  Force,  vig- 
jUr,  strength.  In  the  plural,  1. 
Strength,  bodily  powers.  2.  Re- 
sources, means. 

ViscuM,  I  (neut.  2  decl).  1.  The 
mistiei'*^..     2.  Birdlime. 

Visctis,  ^Rf?    '-^e^ut.  3  decl ).     A 


VOL 

bowel  or  entrail.  The  plural  is 
more  common,  viscera,  um. 

Vi§o,  visERE,  visi,  yisuM  (a.  v.  3 
conj.).     To  visit. 

Visus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  vid- 
eo).   Sight. 

Vita,  je,  (fem.  1  decl.).  Life,  ex- 
istence. 

ViTELLius,  II  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Vitellius. 

ViTis,  IS  (fem.  3  decl.).     A  vine~ 

ViTiuM,  II  (neut.  2  decl.).  A  trice, 
a  failing,  a  fault. 

VlTO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  COnj.). 

To  avoid,  to  shun. 
ViTREus,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  vitrum) 

Of  glass,  glassy. 
ViTRUM,  I  (neut.  2  decl.).     Glass 

Vitra  ocularia,  spectacles,  glasses 

for  the  eyes. 
ViTUPERATOR,  ORIS  (masc.  3  decl 

from  viTUPERo).     A  defamer^  a 

reviler. 

VlTUPBRO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1 

conj.).     To  defame,  to  abuse,  to 

revile. 
Vivo,  vivERE,  vixi,  VICTUM  (neut. 

V.  3  conj.).     To  live. 
Vivus,  A,  UM  (adj.).     Alive,  living. 
Vix  (adv.).     Scarcely,  hardly. 

VOCO,  ARE,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  COUJ.). 

To  call,  to  summon,  to  invite,  to 
name. 
VoLATUst  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
voLo,  are).     The  act  of  flying 
flying. 

VOLITO,  ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (uCUt.  V. 

1  conj.  frequentative  from  volo, 

are).     To  fly  up  and  down,  to 

flutter  about,  to  fly  about,  to  waryi. 
Volo,  are,  avi,  atum  (neut.  v.  1 

conj.).     To  fly. 
Volo,  velle,  volui  (irreg.  v.).    To 

be  willijig,  to  loish. 
VoLucER,    ORIS,    ore    (adj.    from 

VOLO,  ARE).     Swift,  flying,  fleet, 

winged,  rapid. 
VoLUcRis,  IS    (masc.  and   fem.  3 

decl.  properly  an  adjective).     A 

bird,  a  winged  creature,  anything 

that  flies. 
Voluntas,  atis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

VOLO,  velle).    Will,  inclinatioKt 


VUL 

VoLUPTAs,   AXIS    (fcm.    3    decl.). 

Pleasure^  joy,  delight. 

Vomer,  e>ris  (masc.  3  decl.)-  A 
ploughshare. 

Vox,  vocis  (fem.  3  decl.).  A  voices 
an  accent. 

VuLCANUs,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 
masc).     Vulcan. 

Vulgaris,  is,  e  (adj.  from  vulgus). 
Vulgar,  common,  mea7i,  ordinary. 

VuLGo  (adv.).  Commonly,  gener- 
ally. } 

VuLGO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM     (a.     V.     1 

conj.).  To  make  common,  to 
spread  abroad. 
Vulgus,  i  (masc.  and  neut.  more 
commonly  the  latter,  2  decl.). 
The  common  people,  the  populace, 
the  vulgar,  the  lower  orders^  the 
multitude. 


ZAM 

VuLNus,  KRIS  (neut.  3  decl.).     A 

wound. 
VuLPEs,  IS  (fem.  3  decl).     A  fox. 
VuLTUR,  uRis  (masc.  3  decl.).     A 

vulture. 
VuLTus,  us   (masc.  4  decl.  from 

voLo,    velle).     The   look,    thi 

countenance. 


Xerxes,    is    (prop.    n.    3    decl, 

masc).     Xerxes. 
Xenophon,  ontis  (prop.  n.  3  decl. 

masc.)      Xenophon. 

Z. 

Zingiber,  beris   (neut.  3   decl.). 

Ginger. 
Zama,  je  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  fem.) 

Zama. 

363 


WOROS  OMITTED  IN   THE  FOREGOING  DICTIONARY 


AQU 
A. 

ACCIPIO,  CIPERE,  CEPI,  CEPTUM  (a. 

V.  3  conj.  from  ad  and  capio). 
To  receive^  to  takcy  to  obtain. 
AcciPiTER,  piTBis  (masc.  3  decl.). 

1.  A  bird  of  prey;  a  general 
name  for  all  birds  of  prey  which 
have  hooked  beaks  and    claws. 

2.  Generally,  a  hawk. 

ACCUSO,  SAKE,  SAVIf  SATUM  (a.  V.  1 

conj.  from  ad  and  causa).  To 
accuse,  to  arraign,  to  blame. 

^ACiDEs,  M  (patronymic  from^A- 
cus;  masc.  1  decl.).    Son,  or  de- 
scendant of  JEacus. 
EoYPTius,   A,  UM  (adj.).     Egyp- 
tian.— ^Egypth,  the  Egyptians. 
Egrotus,    a,    um    (adj.).       Sick, 

weak,  diseased. 
Esopus,  I  (prop.  n.  masc.  2  decl.), 
^sop,  a  celebrated  fabulist,  who 
is  supposed  to  have  lived  about 
620  B.C. 

\gnus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     A  lamb. 

Alimentum,  1  (neut.  2  decl).  Nu- 
triment, food,  victuals. 

Alteruter,  alterautra,  alter- 
UMUTRUM  (from  alter  and  uter, 
both  being  declined).  The  one 
or  the  other,  one  or  other  of  two. 

Amphibidm,  I  (neut.  2  decl).  An 
amphibious  animal. 

Antea  (adv.).  Before,  former- 
ly. 

Apennninus,  I  (masc.  2  decl.  ; 
properly  an  adj.  with  mons  under- 
stood). The  Apennine  range ; 
the  Apennines,  a  chain  of  mount- 
ains in  Italy. 

Aper,  APR!  (masc.  2  decl.).  A 
wild  boar,  a  boar. 

Aquilo,  onis  (masc.  3  decl.)  The 
northeast  wind. 

AmaEsso,  ERE,  sivi,  siTUM  (a.  V.  3 
3fi4 


CON  I 

conj.).     To  call,  to  send  jor^  u 

summon. 
AssYRii,  ORUM  (prop.  n.  2  decl). 

The   Assyrians,  inhabitants   ctf 

Assyria,  a  country  of  Asia. 
Attius,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl).    Attius 

B. 

Bellicus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  bbl 
lum).  Warlike,  of  or  belonging 
to  war. 


CaLEFO,  FIERI,  FACTUS  (v.  3  COnj. 

as  passive  to  calefacio).     Te 
be  made  hot,  to  he  warmed. 

Capitolium,  I  (neut.  2  decl).  The 
Capitol,  a  celebrated  temple  of 
Jupiter  at  Rome  on  the  Tarpeian 
Rock. 

Carthaginiensis,  e  (adj.  from 
Carthago).  Carthaginian ; 

Carthaginienses,  the    Carthu' 
ginians. 

Celo,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v.  1 
conj.).     To  conceal,  to  hide. 

Cervix,  icis  (fem.  3  decl).  The 
nape  of  the  neck,  the  neck. 

Cicero,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl). 
Cicero,  a  celebrated  Roman  ora- 
tor, born  at  Arpinum,  B.C.  107. 

Cinctus,  a,  um  (part,  from  cingo). 
Girded,  surrounded. 

CiRCUM  (prep,  with  accus.).  Aloui, 
round  about. 

Clavus,  i  (masc.  2  decl).  A  nail, 
a  tiller. 

COMBURO,  rere,  bussi,  bustum  (a 
v.  3  conj.  from  con  and  uro) 
To  burn  up,  to  consume  with  fire- 

Conscientia,  m  (fem.  1  decl) 
Conscience. 

Contbndo,  dere,  di,  sum  and  TUft 


FAS 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  con  ai.(i  ten- 
do).   -To  strain,  to  contend,  to 
tie  with. 


DeDO,    BRE,   DIDI,   DITUM  (a.    V.    3 

conj.  from  de  and  do).  To  sub- 
mity  to  yield,  to  give  up. 

D&FERO,  FERBE,  TULI,  LATUM  (a.  V. 

3  conj.  from  de  and  fero).     To 

carry  from  one  place  to  another, 

to  offer,  to  devolve. 
Defunctus,  a,  um  (part,  from  de- 

fungor).  Dead. 
Dehum  (adv.).     At  length,  certain- 

Jy-  -    - 

Differo,  febre,  distuli,  dilatum 
(a.  V.  3  conj.  from  dis,  apart,  and 
FERO,  to  carry).  To  put  asun- 
der, to  put  off,  to  defer. 

DiSPLICEO,  ERE,   CUI,  CITUM  (nCUt. 

V.  2  conj.  from  dis  and  placeo, 
to  please).  To  displease,  to  dis- 
like. 

DlSSIPO,    ARE,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.    1 

conj.).     To  scatter,  to  dissipate, 
E. 

KdOCEO,   ere,   CUI,   CTUM   (a.    V.    2 

conj.  from  e,  thoroughly,  and  do- 
CEo,  to  teach).  To  instruct  care- 
fully, to  teach  thoroughly. 

Ennius,  1  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  En- 
nius,  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  born 
at  Rudia?,  in  Calabria. 

EuROPEUs,  A,  UM  (adj.  from  Euro- 
pa).     European. 

Eva,  m  (prop.  n.  1  decl.).     Eve, 

ExoPTATUs,  A,  UM  (part,  from  ex- 
opTo).  Greatly  desired,  earnest- 
ly longed  for,  desirable, 

EXORIOR,    IRI,     ORTUS     (V.    dcp.     4 

conj.  from  ex  and  orior,  to  rise). 
To  rise  from,  to  spring  up,  to 
arise. 
Cxosus,  A,  UM  (part.  adj.  from  ex- 
6di).    Hating,  hateful. 

EXPECTO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V. 

from  EX  and  specto).  To  look 
for,  to  wait,  to  hope  for. 


Palx,  CIS  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  scythe, 

a  sickU. 
Fastidio,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (a.  v.  4 


LOIS 

conj.).     To  loathe,  to  abhor,  H 

disdain. 
Faustulus,  I   (prop.  n.  2  decl.) 

Faustulus,    the    shepherd    who 

found  Romulus  and  Remus. 
Faustus,   a,   um   (adj.).      Luckf 

prosperous. 
Fio,  FIERI,  FACTUs  (uscd  as  passive 

to  PACio).     To  be  made  or  done, 

to  become. 
Fossa,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  ditch, 

FbENO,   are,    AVI,   ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.   from  fruENum,  a  bridle). 
To  bridle,  to  curb. 

G. 

Gallina,  jr  (fem.  1  decC.).    A  hen 
Gregatim  (adv.  from  grex,  a  herd 
In  herds. 

I, 

IndTcus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Indian,  of 
India. 

Infectus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  in,  7iot, 
and  FACTUS,  done).  Not  done, 
undone,  unaccomplished. 

Infirmus.  A,  UM  (adj.  from  in,  not, 
and  FiKMUs,  firm).    Feeble^  weak. 

Inhumanitas,  axis  (fem.  3  decl.) 
Inhumanity,  cruelty. 

Innocens,  tis  (adj.  from  in,  not, 
and  NOCENs,  hurling).  Harm- 
less, innocent. 

JosEPHus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  Jo* 
seph. 

IrRITO,    are,    AVI,    ATUM    (a.    V.     1 

conj.).     To  provoke,  to  irritate, 
JocoR,  ARi,  ATUs  (dcp.  V.  1  conj.). 

To  speak  in  jest,  to  jest. 
JuBAR,  ARis  (neut.  3  decl.).     Th» 

beam  of  the  sun. 
Juno,  onis  (prop.  n.  3  decl.  fem.) 

Juno. 
Juvo,  are,  juvi,  jutum  (a.  v.   \ 

conj.).     To  aid,  to  assist. 

L. 
Led  A,  JE  (fem.  1  decl.).     Leda, 
Levitas,  ATI 8  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

LEVIS,  smooth).  Smoothness, 
Lima,  je  (fem.  1  decl.).  A  file. 
LinQUo,  ERE,  lIqui,  lictum  (a.  V. 

3  conj.).     To  leave,  to  abandon. 
Longitudo,  dinis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

LONGUs,  long.)     I^ength. 
365 


PAR 
LuDo,  ERE,  usi,  usvM  (a.  V.  3  conj.)- 
To  play. 

M. 
Manlius,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.)-   Man- 
lius. 

VIecum  (for  CUM  me).     With  me. 

Memorabilis.  e  (adj.  from  memoeo, 
to  relate).  Worthy  of  being  re- 
lated, memorable,  remarkable. 

MoRsus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from 
mordeo,  to  bite).    A  bite,  a  sting. 

MusicA,  JE  (ferp,  1  decl.).    Music. 

N. 

Natio,  oNis  (fern.  3  decl.;.  A  na- 
tionJ 

Navius,  1  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  Na- 
vius. 

Nego,  are,  AVI,  atum  (a.  v.  1  conj.). 
To  deny,  to  refuse. 

Nequeo,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (neut.  v.  4 
conj.  from  nec,  not,  and  queo,  to 
be  able).     To  be  unable,  cannot. 

NiLus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).  The 
Nile. 

Nosco,  ere,  novi,  notum  (a.  v.  3 
conj.)  To  learn,  to  become  ac- 
quainted with ;  in  the  tenses 
formed  from  the  perfect,  to  know. 

Nox,  CTis  (fem.  3  decl).     Night. 

O. 

Obsto,  are,  stiti,  stitum  and  sta- 
tum  (a.  V.  1  conj.  from  ob, 
against,  and  sto,  to  stand).  To 
stand  against,  to  oppose,  to  ob- 
struct. 

OcciDENs,  Tis  (properly  a  part,  of 
occiDO,  to  go  down,  but  used  as  a 
noun  with  sol  understood).  The 
west;  i.  e.,  the  quawr  where 
the  sun  goes  down. 

Odoratus,  js  (masc.  4  decL).  The 
sense  of  smelling,  smell. 

Olynthius>  a,  um  (adj.  from  Olyn- 
THUs,  a  town  orThrace).  Olyn- 
ihian ;  Olyn^iii,  the  Olyn- 
tkians. 

P. 

Paro/b,  arum  (fem.  plur.  1  decl.). 
The  Fates,  Clotho,  Lachzsia,  and 
Atropos. 

Partior,  iRi,  iTUs  (dep.  y.  4  ccnj.). 
To  divide,  to  share, 
366 


SEM 
Pelvis,  is  (fem.  3  decl.).    A  basin 
Pentas,  A.DI3   (fem.  3  decl.  from 

Greek  izivre,  five).     A  pentad, 

the  number  five. 
Percussus,  a,  um  (pari,  from  per- 

cuTio,  io  strike).     Struck,  slaiut 

astonished,  affected. 

PEREGRiiNUS.  A,  UM  (adj.  frOm  FEB 

EGR  E,  abroad).  Foreign,  strange^ 
remote. 

Peefeeo,  ferre,  tuli,  latum  (a. 
V.  3  conj.  from  per,  through,  and 
fero,  to  carry).  To  carry 
through,  to  bear  patiently,  to  en- 
dure. 

Perutilis,  e  (adj.  from  per,  intens  . 
and  UTiLis,  useful).  Very  use- 
ful. 

Phalereus,  EOS  (3  syllables,  prop, 
n.  3  decl.)      Phalereus. 

Phidias,  ^  (prop.  n.  1  decl.  masc). 
Phidias. 

PiLUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).     Haii. 

Plat^eje,  arum  (prop.  n.  1  decl. 
fem).     Platace. 

PoNTUs,  I  (masc.  2  decl.).  Pom 
tus,  a  couniry  of  Asia  Minor. 

Pr^eo,  Ike,  Ivi,  itum  (from  prjb, 
before,  and  eo,  to  go).  To  go 
before,  to  lead  the  way. 

Prodigus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Prodigal, 
wasteful,  extravagant,  liberal. 

Profundus,  a,  um  (adj.).  Deep 
high,  profound. 

PUTO,  are,  AVI,  ATUM  (a.  V.  1  COSJ.). 

To  think,  to  consider,  to   sup- 
pose. 


Quatuor  (num.  adj.).     Four. 
QuiNTUs,  A,  UM  (num.  adj.  ord.j. 
7'he  fifth. 

QUISQUIS,    QU^QUiE,     QUIDQUID    01 

QuicQuiD     (pron.).        Whoever, 
whatever. 


S. 
(adv.    from 


SAPIENS) 


Sapienter 

Wisely. 
SciENTiA,   JE  (fem.   1    decl.  from 

scio).     Knowledge,  science. 
SacuM  (for  cum  se).    With  himself, 

with  themselves. 
SsMiRAMis,  iDis  (prop.  u.  3  decl.). 

Semiramis,  queer  of  A«svria. 


TEC 

Sbro  (adv.)-     Late^  lately. 
SociETAs,  ATis  (fem.  3  decl.  from 

socius,  an  ally).     Alliance,  com- 
pany, friendskip. 
Spatiosus»  a,  um  (adj.  from   spa- 

TiuM,  space).     Spacious,  roomy. 
Spectacolum,  I  (neut.  2  decl.  from 

SPECTO,  to  behold).     A  spectacle^ 

a  sight,  a  public  show. 
Spekatus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  spero, 

to  hope).     Hoped  or  looked  for, 

expected. 
Stapia,  J®  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  stir- 

rap. 

SU«<PEND0,    ERE,    DI,    SUM    (a.    T.    3 

conj.).     To  suspend. 
Symbolum,   I   (neut.  2  decl).     A 

symbol,  a  token. 
SyRACUSiE,    ARUM    (fem.    1    decl. 

plur  ).      Syracuse,  a   celebrated 

city  of  Sicily. 
Ststema,  ATIS  (neut.  3  decl.).     A 

system. 


Tbcum  (for  CUM  TE).     With  thee. 


ZON 

"fBGoTERE,  XI,  CTUM  (a.  V.  3  COIIJ.) 

To  cover,  to  protect. 
Terreo,  ERE,  RUi,  rYtum  (a.  V.  S 

conj . ) .    To  terrify,  to  make  afraid^ 

to  alarm. 
Theophrastus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl. 

masc).     Theophrastus,  a    Gre 

clan  philosopher. 
TuLLius,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.  masc.) 

Tullius,  one  of  the  names  of  Ci 

ccro,  marking  the  gens  or  clan 

to  which  he  belonged. 
Tyrus,  I  (prop.  n.  2  decl.).     Tyrs, 

a  celebrated  city  of  Phoenicia. 

V. 

Veto,  are,  ui,  itum  (a.  v.  1  conj.'. 

To  forbid,  to  prohibit. 
Vetustus,  a,  um  (adj.  from  vetus, 

old).     Old,  ancient. 
Usus,  us  (masc.  4  decl.  from  uxor, 

to  use).     Use. 


Zona,  m  (fem.  1  decl.).     A  gtrdla 
a  zone. 

367 


THB  nnh. 


Uiri7BRSIT7): 


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